Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰéǵʰōm

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *dʰeǵʰ- +‎ *-ōm.

However, Kloekhorst argues that the Sanskrit and Anatolian evidence point towards a reconstruction of the root *dʰeǵ- as opposed to *dʰeǵʰ- on the basis that:

In the Sanskrit oblique stem jm-, -j- must reflect *ǵ-, and cannot reflect *ǵʰ-, which would regularly give -h- in all positions.
The long vowel in the Hittite nom. sg. [tēkan] suggests a "voiced unaspirated" (pre-glottalised) velar. See Kloekhorst (2012).
The *ǵʰ- reconstructable from Latin, Germanic and Greek can be explained in the glottalic theory as a simplification of the cluster *dʰǵ /dˀɡ/ to *dʰǵʰ /dɡ/. The opposite development is much less likely.

It should be noted, however, that the glottalic theory is not generally accepted.

A phonetically difficult but possible connection is with *(s)teǵ- (“to cover”), with devoicing of *dʰ to *t via Siebs' law.[1]

Noun

*dʰéǵʰōm f[2]

earth
human

Inflection

According to Ringe:

Athematic, amphikinetic
	singular
nominative	*dʰéǵʰōm
genitive	*ǵʰmés
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dʰéǵʰōm	—	—
vocative	*dʰéǵʰom	—	—
accusative	*dʰéǵʰōm	—	—
genitive	*ǵʰmés	—	—
ablative	*ǵʰmés	—	—
dative	*ǵʰméy	—	—
locative	ǵʰém, ǵʰémi	—	—
instrumental	*ǵʰméh₁	—	—

Notes:

Nom. from **dʰéǵʰoms
Acc. from **dʰéǵʰomm̥

The Hittite evidence suggests a regular hysterokinetic inflection; Kloekhorst reconstructs the original paradigm as:

Nom. sg. *dʰéǵ-m-

Acc. sg. *dʰǵ-ém-m

Gen. sg. *dʰǵ-m-és

Synonyms

*h₁er-

Derived terms

*dʰǵʰom-o-[3]
- Proto-Italic: *homos
  - Latin: humus
*dʰǵʰem-elo-
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: χθαμαλός (khthamalós)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: humilis
- Phrygian: ζεμελως (zemelōs)
*dʰǵʰom-yos
- Proto-Celtic: *gdonyos[4] (see there for further descendants)
*(dʰ)ǵʰm̥-yéh₂
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źmijā́ˀ
  - Proto-Slavic: *zmьja
*(dʰ)ǵʰm̥(m)-ṓ (“earthling, human”)
*dʰǵʰ(é)m-er
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰžʰ(á)mar
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: *जमर् (*jámar)
      - ⇒ Sanskrit: जामर्य (jā́marya) (possibly)
  - Proto-Iranian: *jámar
    - Eastern Iranian:
      - Avestan: zəmar-

Descendants

Proto-Albanian: *dzō < *dʰgʰōm (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Anatolian: *déǵm̥
- Hittite: 𒋼𒂊𒃷 (te-e-kán /⁠tēkan⁠/), 𒁖𒈾𒀸 (ták-na-aš /⁠taknas⁠/, gen.)
- Luwian:
  Cuneiform script: 𒋾𒄿𒀀𒄠𒈪𒅖 (/⁠tiyammiš⁠/)
  
  Anatolian Hieroglyphs script: 𔓤 (/⁠takam⁠/)
Armenian:
- Old Armenian: ցամաք (cʻamakʻ, “dry; dry land”) (possibly)
Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źémē, *źémijā < (accusative) *ǵʰem-m̥ (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Slavic: *zemľa < *ǵʰðʰem-
Proto-Celtic: *gdū < *gdō, *gdon- (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Hellenic: *kʰtʰṓn
- Ancient Greek: χθών (khthṓn), χαμαί (khamaí), χῶμα (khôma)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰžʰáHs < *dʰǵʰḿ̥h₂s
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ḍẓʰáHs
  - Sanskrit: क्षम् (kṣám), क्षाः (kṣā́ḥ, nom. sg), ज्मः (jmáḥ, gen.) (see there for further descendants)
    - ⇒ Sanskrit: क्ष (kṣá)
    - ⇒ Sanskrit: ग्मा (gmā́)
    - ⇒ Sanskrit: ज्मा (jmā́)
      - ⇒ Sanskrit: ज्मन् (jmán)
    - ⇒ Sanskrit: क्ष्मा (kṣmā́)
- Proto-Iranian: *jáHs
  - Eastern Iranian:
    - Avestan: 𐬰𐬃 (zā̊), 𐬰𐬆𐬨 (zəm, acc.)
  - Northeastern Iranian:
    - Ossetian: зӕхх (zæxx)
    - Khotanese: 𐨩𐨿𐨯𐨨 (ysama)
    - Sogdo-Bactrian:
      - Bactrian: ζαμιιο (zamiio /⁠*zamī⁠/)
      - Sogdian:
        Sogdian script: [script needed] (zʾyh), [script needed] (zʾy)
        
        Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫀𐫏𐫍 (zʾyh), 𐫉𐫀𐫏 (zʾy)
        
        Syriac script: ܙܐܝ (zʾy), ܙܝ (zy), ݍܝ (žy)
  - Southeastern Iranian:
    - Pashto: ځمکه (dzmə́ka), مځکه (mdzə́ka), زمکه (zmə́ka) > *jáHs-akah
    - Yazghulami: زماذ (zəmāδ)
  - Northwestern Iranian: *jáHs-īkah
    - Baluchi: زمین (zamín), زمیگ (zamíg)
    - Kurdish:/zavī ~ zawī/
      Northern Kurdish: zevî
      
      Central Kurdish: زەوی (zewî), زەڤی (zevî), زەوین (zewîn)
      
      Southern Kurdish: زەۊ (zeẅ)
    - Proto-Medo-Parthian:
      - Caspian:
        Old Mazanderani: زمین (zamīn)
        Mazanderani: زمین (zamīn)
        
        Gilaki: زمین (zəmīn, zimīn)
      - Parthian: (/⁠zamīg⁠/)
        Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫖𐫏𐫃 (zmyg), 𐫉𐫖𐫏𐫞 (zmyq)
        
        → Middle Persian: (/⁠zamīg⁠/)
        Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫖𐫏𐫃 (zmyg), 𐫉𐫖𐫏𐫞 (zmyq)
        
        Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (zmyk')
        
        Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮆𐮋𐮈𐮉 (zmyk)
        
        Pazend script: 𐬰𐬀𐬨𐬍 (zamī)
        
        Classical Persian: زمی (zamī)
        Dari and Iranian Persian: زمین (zamîn)
        
        Tajik: замин (zamin)
        
        → Yagnobi: замин (zamin)
      - Kermanic::
        Kermani: زمین (zemīn)
        
        Zoroastrian Dari: زوین (zvīn), وزین (vzīn)
      - Tafreshi::
        Amorehi: زمین (zemīn)
        
        Kahaki: زمین (zemīn)
        
        Vafsi: زوین (zavīn)
      - Old Azari: زمی (zamī)
        Harzani: زمی (zamī)
        
        Karingani: زمی (zamī)
      - Talysh: (/⁠zamī⁠/)
        Arabic script: زمی
        
        Latin script: zəmı
      - Zaza-Gorani:
        Gurani: زەمین (zemîn /⁠zamīn⁠/)
        
        Zazaki: zimê (/⁠zimē⁠/), zemîn (/⁠zamīn⁠/)
  - Southwestern Iranian: > *jáHs-īkah
    - Middle Persian: (/⁠damīg⁠/)
      Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (dmyk')
      - Classical Persian: دمیک (damīk)
Proto-Tocharian: *tken (see there for further descendants)

References

Kortlandt, Frederik (2014) “Proto-Indo-European “thorn”-clusters”, in Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics‎, volume 127, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, →JSTOR
Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, § 45.1
Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 156