< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰewgʰ-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰewg-
 This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*bʰewgʰ-[1][2]

  1. to bend
  2. curve, arch

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰewgʰ-‎ (34 c, 0 e)
  • *bʰéwgʰ-e-ti (thematic present)
    • Proto-Germanic: *beuganą[3] (see there for further descendants)
  • *bʰowgʰ-éye-ti (éye-causative)
  • *bʰugʰ-to-
    • Proto-Albanian: *bukta
  • *bʰugʰ- (zero-grade root present)
    • >? Armenian: բուկ (buk) (seems to reflect *bʰewg-)
    • >? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰuǰáti, *bʰúǰas (seems to reflect *bʰewg-)
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰuȷ́áti, *bʰúȷ́as
        • Sanskrit: भुजति (bhujáti), भुज (bhúja)
      • Proto-Iranian: *bʰuȷ́áti
        • Younger Avestan: 𐬜𐬡𐬀𐬊𐬖𐬀 (δβaoγa, “bend”) (perhaps)
          Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬌𐬞𐬌𐬜𐬡𐬀𐬊𐬖𐬀 (aipiδβaoγa, “bending from behind”)
        • Khotanese: [script needed] (nihujs, “to sink down, set”) (+ *ni- (“down”)); [script needed] (haṃbujs, “to bow down”) (+ *ham- (“co-”))
  • *bʰugʰ-eh₂-yé-ti (eh₂-denominal causative)
    • Balto-Slavic:
      • ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *bъgati (“to bend”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *bʰugʰ-néh₂-ti (iterative)
    • Proto-Germanic: *bukkōną (“to bend”)[5]
      • ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *bugô (“bow”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *bʰu-né-gʰ- ~ *bʰu-n̥-gʰ-e-ti (nasal-infix present)
    • Proto-Celtic: *bungeti[6] (see there for further descendants)
  • *bʰéwgʰ-ti-s ~ *bʰugʰ-téy-s
    • Proto-Germanic: *buhtiz (“bend, arch, curve”) (< *bʰúktis) (see there for further descendants)
  • *bʰowgʰ-o-s
    • Proto-Germanic: *baugaz (“bend”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰuǰás
      • Proto-Iranian: *bʰúȷ́ah
        • Baluchi: بوگ (bōg, “joint, knot”)
    • Proto-Slavic: *bugъ (“armillary”)
    • ⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *baugāˀ
      • Latvian: buoga (“marshy place at a river”)
      • Proto-Slavic: *buga (“marsh, oxbow lake”)[7]
  • *bʰówgʰ-ro-s
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Latvian: baũgurs
      • Proto-Slavic: *bugrъ (see there for further descendants)
  • >? *bʰowgʰ-ú-s
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Lithuanian: baugùs (“fearful, easily frightened”)[8]
        • ⇒ Lithuanian: bū́gti (“to fear”) (sta-present)
      • ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *bugavъ (“mentally challenged”) (rare)
  • *bʰugʰ-nó-s (“bent”)
    • >? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰugnás (< *bʰewg-)

With metathesis *gʰewbʰ-:

  • *gʰu-né-bʰ- ~ *gʰu-m-bʰ- (nasal-infix present)
    • Balto-Slavic:
      • Latvian: gubt
      • Lithuanian: gùbti
  • *gʰubʰ-néw- ~ *gʰubʰ-nu- (nu-present)
    • Balto-Slavic:
      • Proto-Slavic: *gъ(b)nǫti (see there for further descendants)
  • *gʰowbʰ-eye- (causative/iterative)
    • Balto-Slavic:
      • Proto-Slavic: *gubìti (see there for further descendants)

References
  1. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*bʰeu̯gʰ-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 85
  2. Pokorny, Julius (1959) “2. bheug-, bheugh-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 152
  3. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “beugan- ~ *būgan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 61
  4. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “baugjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 55
  5. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*bukk/gōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 83
  6. Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*bu-n-g-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 84
  7. Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1976), “*buga”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 3 (*bratrьcь – *cьrky), Moscow: Nauka, page 78
  8. Derksen, Rick (2015) “baugus”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 83
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