< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/(s)ḱeh₃-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*(s)ḱeh₃-

  1. darkness, shadow

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)ḱeh₃-‎ (23 c, 0 e)
  • *(s)ḱeh₃-tó-s[1][2][3][4]
    • Proto-Celtic: *skātos (“shadow”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Hellenic:
  • *(s)ḱéh₃-u-s ~ *(s)ḱh₃-éw-s
    • Proto-Germanic: *hēwijaz (“dark blue”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *(s)ḱéh₃-yo-s
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śájas (“shaded; blue”)
      • Proto-Slavic: *sojь
        • ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *osòjь (“shaded place”) (+ *ob-) (see there for further descendants)
        • ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *soja (“jay”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *(s)ḱh₃-tú-s
    • Proto-Germanic: *skadwaz (“shadow”) (see there for further descendants)
*(s)ḱeh₃-i-{{ref|group=n|Alternative forms
ḱyeh₁-,[5] ḱh₁ey-[4][6]}}
  • *(s)ḱéh₃y-ō ~ *(s)ḱih₃-nés
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śáiˀnas
  • *(s)ḱeh₃i-ro-s[7][4]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śáiˀras
      • Proto-Slavic: *śěrъ (“grey”) (possible Germanic loanword[8]) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Celtic: *kēros[9]
      • Old Irish: cíar (“dark, black”)
        • Irish: ciar (“dusky”)
        • Scottish Gaelic: ciar (“dusky”)
    • Proto-Germanic: *hairaz (“grey”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Italic: *skoiros (“dark”)
      • ⇒ Latin: obscūrus (see there for further descendants)
  • *(s)ḱih₃-mó-s[5]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śjēˀmas (vṛddhi-derivation[4])
      • Lithuanian: šė̃mas (“blue-grey”)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćyaHmás (“dark-colored”)[10] (vṛddhi-derivation[4])
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćyaHmás
      • Proto-Iranian: *cyaHmáh
        • Avestan: 𐬯𐬁𐬨𐬀 (sāma, “black”)
  • *(s)ḱih₃-wó-s[11][4]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śī́ˀwas (“grey”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćyaHwás (“dark-colored”) (vṛddhi-derivation[4]) (see there for further descendants)
    • >? Proto-Celtic: *kiwos (“fog”)[12]
*(s)ḱeh₃-u-
  • *(s)ḱeh₃w-ō ~ *(s)ḱuh₃-nés
    • Proto-Germanic: *skuwwô (“shadow, reflection”) (see there for further descendants)

Notes

    References
    1. Pokorny, Julius (1959) “skot-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 957
    2. Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*skāto-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 340
    3. Lubotsky, Alexander (1988) The System of Nominal Accentuation in Sanskrit and Proto-Indo-European‎, Brill, page 128
    4. Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 105, 110
    5. Pokorny, Julius (1959) “k̑i̯ē-, k̑ī-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 540-541
    6. Lubotsky, A.M. (1989) “Against a Proto-Indo-European phoneme *a”, in Vennemann, Th., editor, The New Sound of Indo-European, Essays in Phonological Reconstruction‎, Berlin - New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 65
    7. Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 91
    8. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*haira-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 201
    9. Koch, John (2004) “*keiro-”, in English–Proto-Celtic Word-list with attested comparanda‎, University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies, page 84
    10. Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “śyāmá-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
    11. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hēwja-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 224
    12. Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages *kiw-o-–205
    13. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*skuwwan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 452
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