< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰéyōm

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *ǵʰey- (“winter”) +‎ *-ōm.

Noun

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*ǵʰéyōm f[1][2]

  1. winter
  2. year (as a measure of time)
    Synonyms: *wétos, *yóh₁r̥
  3. frost, snow
    Synonyms: *snígʷʰs, *snóygʷʰos

Inflection

Per Rieken:[2]

Athematic, amphikinetic
singular
nominative *ǵʰéyōm
genitive *ǵʰimés
singular dual plural
nominative *ǵʰéyōm — —
vocative *ǵʰéyom — —
accusative *ǵʰéyōm — —
genitive *ǵʰimés — —
ablative *ǵʰimés — —
dative *ǵʰiméy — —
locative *ǵʰyém, ǵʰyémi — —
instrumental *ǵʰiméh₁ — —

Per Beekes:[1]

singular
accusative*ǵʰyémm̥
genitive*ǵʰimós

Alternative reconstructions

Derived terms
  • *ǵʰ(e)i-m-ḗr or *ǵʰéy-m-r̥[4][5]
    • Proto-Armenian:
      • Old Armenian: ձմեռն (jmeṙn) (< acc.sg. *ǵʰim-ér-m or < *ǵʰimer-n) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Hellenic: *kʰímər
    • ⇒ *ǵʰeym-er-i(H)nó-s
      • Proto-Hellenic: *kʰeimerinós
      • Proto-Italic: *heimrinos
  • *ǵʰeym-eh₂
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źeimā́ˀ (see there for further descendants)
  • *ǵʰyem-os
    • Proto-Celtic: *gyemos (see there for further descendants)
  • *-ǵʰim-os (“wintery, winters old, years old”) (often as a second member of compound adjectives)
    • ⇒ *dús-ǵʰim-os
      • Proto-Hellenic: *dúskʰimos
        • Ancient Greek: δύσχιμος (dúskhimos, “winterly, troublesome, fearful, terrible”, literally “of bad winters”)
    • ⇒ *dwi-ǵʰim-os (“two years old”, literally “of two winters”)
      • Proto-Germanic: *twigimaz (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Italic: *dwihimos
    • ⇒ *tri-ǵʰim-os (“three years old”, literally “of three winters”)
      • Proto-Italic: *trihimos
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ȷ́ʰimas
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-źʰimas
        • Sanskrit: -हिम (-hima) (ex. शतहिम (śatáhima, “hundred-year-old”))
      • Proto-Iranian: *-ȷ́ʰimah
        • Avestan: -𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬨𐬀 (-ziiama)
          • ⇒ Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬢𐬭𐬋𐬹𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬨 (hazaŋrō ziiam, “thousand-year (lit), millennium”)
            • → Middle Persian: (/⁠hazangrōzim⁠/, “Zoroastrian millennium”)
              Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (hznglwzym), [Book Pahlavi needed] (hcnklwcym)

Descendants
  • Proto-Anatolian:
    • Hittite: 𒄀𒂊𒈪 (gi-e-mi /⁠gyemi⁠/, “in the winter”, loc.sg.) (< loc.sg. *ǵʰyémi)
  • Proto-Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: ձիւն (jiwn, “snow”) (< gen.sg. *ǵʰim-ós)[6] (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *gōį̄
    • Old Norse: gói (“late winter”), gæ
      • Icelandic: gói, góa
      • Swedish: göja
      • Scanian: Gyja
      • Norwegian Nynorsk: gjø, dial. goi, goa, go
      • Danish: gue (dial.)
      • Faroese: gø (“month”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰimás (< gen.sg. *ǵʰim-ós) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *kʰiṓn (“snow”)
    • Ancient Greek: χιών (khiṓn) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic: *hiom-[7]

See also
Seasons in Proto-Indo-European · [Term?] (layout · text) · category
*wósr̥ (“spring”) *semh₂- (“summer”) *(s)h₁es- (“autumn”) *ǵʰéyōm (“winter”)

References
  1. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 196
  2. Rieken, Elisabeth (1999) Untersuchungen zur nominalen Stammbildung des Hethitischen (Studien Zu Den Bogazkoy-Texten; 44)‎ (in German), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →DOI, page 78: “*g̑ʰéi̯-ōm/g̑ʰi̯-ém-i/*g̑ʰi-m-és”
  3. Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, § 294.1
  4. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1620
  5. Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “jmeṙn”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 436–337
  6. Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “jiwn”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 434–435
  7. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “hiems”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
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