< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ruppōną
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This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈrup.pɔː.nɑ̃/
Etymology 1
From Pre-Germanic *Hrupnéh₂-, a zero-grade iterative to *reufaną (“to break off, open”).
Inflection
The original paradigm consisted of two stem variants, singular *rupp- against non-singular *rub-
Conjugation of *ruppōną (weak class 2)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *ruppō | *ruppǭ | — | *ruppōi | ? |
| 2nd singular | *ruppōsi | *ruppōs | *ruppō | *ruppōsai | *ruppōsau |
| 3rd singular | *ruppōþi | *ruppō | *ruppōþau | *ruppōþai | *ruppōþau |
| 1st dual | *ruppōs | *ruppōw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *ruppōþiz | *ruppōþiz | *ruppōþiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *ruppōmaz | *ruppōm | — | *ruppōnþai | *ruppōnþau |
| 2nd plural | *ruppōþ | *ruppōþ | *ruppōþ | *ruppōnþai | *ruppōnþau |
| 3rd plural | *ruppōnþi | *ruppōn | *ruppōnþau | *ruppōnþai | *ruppōnþau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *ruppōdǭ | *ruppōdēdį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *ruppōdēz | *ruppōdēdīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *ruppōdē | *ruppōdēdī | |||
| 1st dual | *ruppōdēdū | *ruppōdēdīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *ruppōdēdudiz | *ruppōdēdīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *ruppōdēdum | *ruppōdēdīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *ruppōdēdud | *ruppōdēdīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *ruppōdēdun | *ruppōdēdīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *ruppōndz | *ruppōdaz | |||
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *ruppōn
- >? Old English: *rubbian
- Old Frisian: *robbia
- Saterland Frisian: robje
- Old Saxon: *roppōn
- Old Dutch: *roppon
- Old High German: ropfōn, *ruphōn
- Old Norse: ruppa, *rubba
Etymology 2
An iterative verb likely of sound-symbolic origin.[2]
Inflection
The original paradigm consisted of two stem variants, singular *rupp- against non-singular *rup-
Conjugation of *ruppōną (weak class 2)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *ruppō | *ruppǭ | — | *ruppōi | ? |
| 2nd singular | *ruppōsi | *ruppōs | *ruppō | *ruppōsai | *ruppōsau |
| 3rd singular | *ruppōþi | *ruppō | *ruppōþau | *ruppōþai | *ruppōþau |
| 1st dual | *ruppōs | *ruppōw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *ruppōþiz | *ruppōþiz | *ruppōþiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *ruppōmaz | *ruppōm | — | *ruppōnþai | *ruppōnþau |
| 2nd plural | *ruppōþ | *ruppōþ | *ruppōþ | *ruppōnþai | *ruppōnþau |
| 3rd plural | *ruppōnþi | *ruppōn | *ruppōnþau | *ruppōnþai | *ruppōnþau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *ruppōdǭ | *ruppōdēdį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *ruppōdēz | *ruppōdēdīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *ruppōdē | *ruppōdēdī | |||
| 1st dual | *ruppōdēdū | *ruppōdēdīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *ruppōdēdudiz | *ruppōdēdīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *ruppōdēdum | *ruppōdēdīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *ruppōdēdud | *ruppōdēdīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *ruppōdēdun | *ruppōdēdīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *ruppōndz | *ruppōdaz | |||
Derived terms
Descendants
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*rupp/bon-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 418
- Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*rup(p)on-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 418
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