< Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic
Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/jumala
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This Proto-Finnic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Finnic
Etymology
Proto-Finno-Permic *juma (“sky, god”) + *-la, probably borrowed from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dyūman- (“shining, divine”).[1] First attested in 1026 in a description of St. Olaf's journey to Karelia, in which it appears in the form Jómali, referring to a holy statue, possibly of the sky god of the pagan Finns. May also be related to Baltic *Jumala in Latgalian Jumala (“goddess of harvest and fertility”), which could be borrowed from Finnic.
Inflection
Inflection of *jumala
| Note: The Proto-Finnic declension system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility. | |||
| singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *jumala | *jumalat | |
| accusative | *jumalan | *jumalat | |
| genitive | *jumalan | *jumaladën *jumaloidën | |
| partitive | *jumalata | *jumaloita | |
| inessive | *jumalassa *jumalahna |
*jumaloissa *jumaloihna | |
| elative | *jumalasta | *jumaloista | |
| illative | *jumalasën | *jumaloisën | |
| adessive | *jumalalla | *jumaloilla | |
| ablative | *jumalalta | *jumaloilta | |
| allative | *jumalalën *jumalalëk |
*jumaloilën *jumaloilëk | |
| essive | *jumalana | *jumaloina | |
| translative | *jumalaksi | *jumaloiksi | |
| instructive | *jumalan | *jumaloin | |
| comitative | *jumalanëk | *jumaloinëk | |
| abessive | *jumalatta | *jumaloitta | |
Descendants
- Estonian: jumal
- Finnish: jumala
- Ingrian: jumala, (Soikkola) jummaala
- Karelian: jumala
- Livonian: jumāl
- Livvi: jumal
- Ludian: d'umal
- Veps: jumal
- Võro: jummal'
- Votic: jumalõ
- → Southern Sami: Jupmele
- → Lule Sami: jubmel
- → Pite Sami: jupmêl
- → Ume Sami: jybmela
- → Northern Sami: ipmil
- → Inari Sami: immeel
- → Akkala Sami: юммель (jumm’el’)
- → Kildin Sami: ӣммель (jimm’el’)
- → Ter Sami: [Term?] (jimmel̜)
References
- Junttila, Santeri, Kallio, Petri, Holopainen, Sampsa, Kuokkala, Juha, Pystynen, Juho, editors (2020–), “jumala”, in Suomen vanhimman sanaston etymologinen verkkosanakirja (in Finnish), retrieved 2022-11-29
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