Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/joukko
Proto-Finnic
Etymology
Probably, as per Koivulehto, borrowed from Proto-Germanic *jaukiją (“team of oxen”) (whence Old Norse eykr), from Proto-Indo-European *yewg-.[1]
In the past it was thought that the word could originate from Proto-Finno-Ugric *jowkkᴈ, but it is now widely agreed that Hungarian gyakor, on which this reconstruction primarily rests, is in fact not related to the Finnic word, and that Proto-Uralic most likely did not have clusters of three or more consonants.
The word is also occasionally, albeit not universally, held to be related to Udmurt [script needed] (ľuk) and Komi-Zyrian юк (juk). According to one theory, the loanword would be old enough to have reached the Permic languages as well.[1] Alternatively, the Permic words could be borrowed from Finnic.
Inflection
Note: The Proto-Finnic declension system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility. | |||
singular | plural | ||
---|---|---|---|
nominative | *joukko | *jouk'ot | |
accusative | *jouk'on | *jouk'ot | |
genitive | *jouk'on | *joukkodën *joukkoidën | |
partitive | *joukkoda | *joukkoida | |
inessive | *jouk'ossa *jouk'ohna |
*jouk'oissa *jouk'oihna | |
elative | *jouk'osta | *jouk'oista | |
illative | *joukkohën | *joukkoihën | |
adessive | *jouk'olla | *jouk'oilla | |
ablative | *jouk'olta | *jouk'oilta | |
allative | *joukkolën *joukkolëk |
*joukkoilën *joukkoilëk | |
essive | *joukkona | *joukkoina | |
translative | *jouk'oksi | *jouk'oiksi | |
instructive | *jouk'on | *jouk'oin | |
comitative | *joukkonëk | *joukkoinëk | |
abessive | *jouk'otta | *jouk'oitta |
Descendants
References
- Koivulehto, Jorma. 1981. "Paikan ja joukon tulo kieleen". Virittäjä 85, pp. 195–213.