Reconstruction:Proto-Austronesian/bahi

This Proto-Austronesian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Austronesian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /bahi/

Noun

*bahi

female, woman

Descendants

Formosan:
- Amis: fafahi (“wife”), fafahiyan (“female, woman”); pafafahiyen (“get someone a wife”)
- Papora: pai
- Puyuma: babayan
- Paiwan: vavayan
- Rukai: ʔavai
Proto-Malayo-Polynesian: *bahi (“woman, wife, female of animals”), *babinahi, *binahi
- East Barito:
  - Lawangan: bawe
  - Ma'anyan: babei
  - Malagasy: vehivavy, vavy
- Proto-Philippine: *bahi, *babahi; *mababahi (“to womanize, to court girls”); *babahiən (“to take a woman as mistress”); *binabahi (“effeminate”)
  - Abenlen Ayta: babai
  - Aklanon: babaye
  - Batad Ifugao: babāi, obay
  - Bontok: bai (“female animal”)
  - Cebuano: bayi, bai (“female animal or plant”), babaye (“woman, human female”), pamabayi (“to womenize”), panghimabayi (“to chase after women”), binabayi (“effeminate”), pagkababayi (“femininity”), kababayin-an (“group of women”), balayi (“parents of one's children-in-law”), binalayi (“daughter-in-law”)
  - Central Bontoc: babái
  - Central Cagayan Agta: babbay
  - Hanunoo: bayi (“femininity”); babayi (“woman, girl”)
  - Hiligaynon: babayi
  - Ibanag: babay
  - Ilocano: babai; babayen (“to court a woman”)
  - Isnag: babay
  - Itawit: babay
  - Proto-Kalamian:
    - Agutaynen: babay
  - Kankanaey: babái
  - Kapampangan: babai mambabai (“to court girls”)
  - Limos Kalinga: babai
  - Manobo:
    - Binukid: bahi
    - Western Bukidnon Manobo: bahi
  - Maranao: bebay
  - Palawan Batak: baba'i
  - Sangir: bawine
  - Tagalog: bai, bayi (“princess, royal lady”), babae; mambabae (“to womanize”); babaihin (“take a concubine”); kababaihan (“womanhood, femininity”)
  - Tausug: babai
  - Waray-Waray: babaye
  - Yami: vai (“daughter-in-law”)
- Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian: *bai (“woman, female”)
  - Alune: bina
  - Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:
    - Proto-Halmahera-Cenderawasih:
      - Biak: bin
      - Wandamen: babin
    - Proto-Oceanic: *papine, *pe- (“mother”)
      - Admiralty Islands: *pepine (“woman”)
        Loniu: pihin
        
        Lou: pein
        
        Nali: pihin
        
        Nauna: pehin
        
        Penchal: pehin
        
        Seimat: hehin
        
        Sori-Harengan: bibiŋ
        
        Titan: pein
        
        Tulu-Bohuai: pihin
        
        Wuvulu-Aua: pifine
      - Central-Eastern Oceanic:
        Micronesian:
        Chuukese: feefin (“woman, womanhood, female”)
        
        Gilbertese: aine (“female”)
        
        Pohnpeian: pein (“woman”), peinakapw (“young woman”)
        
        Woleaian: faifil
        
        North-Central Vanuatu:
        Big Nambas: vənmaran (“old woman”)
        
        Hiw: yeqën
        
        Mafea: v̋av̋ine (/ð̼að̼ine/, “woman”)
        
        Mota: vavine
        
        Mwotlap: lōqōvēn
        
        Neverver: vin
        
        Paama: ahin
        
        Raga: vavine
        
        Proto-Polynesian: *fafine (see there for further descendants)
        
        Sie: vevne (“sister of a man”)
        
        Southeast Solomonic:
        Bauro: hehene
        
        Bughotu: vaivine
        
        Fagani: hehene
        
        Gela: vaivine
        
        Kahua: hehene
        
        Talise: vaivine
      - Niwer Mil: fifin
      - Ura (Vanuatu): yarvin
      - Western Oceanic:
        Are: babine
        
        Anuki: wavine
        
        Arifama-Miniafia: babin (“woman”), babine (“old woman”)
        
        Bilbil: pain
        
        Biliau: paen
        
        Bilur: vaina
        
        Boselewa: vavine
        
        Buhutu: waihin
        
        Bulu (New Guinea): tavine
        
        Bunama: wahine
        
        Bwaidoka: vavine
        
        Bwanabwana: waine
        
        Dawawa: wavine
        
        Diodio: vavine
        
        Dobu: waine
        
        Doga: babine
        
        Duau: wahine
        
        Gabadi: vavine
        
        Gapapaiwa: wavine
        
        Gedaged: pain
        
        Ghayavi: wavine
        
        Gweda: wavine
        
        Iamalele: vavine
        
        Kakabai: wavine
        
        Kaninuwa: vivine
        
        Keapara: vavine
        
        Kilivila: vivila
        
        Koluwawa: vavine
        
        Konomala: fafni
        
        Magori: vaini
        
        Manam: áine
        
        Mandara: vevine
        
        Matukar: pain
        
        Mbula: waine
        
        Meramera: tavine
        
        Minaveha: vavine
        
        Mindiri: pen
        
        Minigir: vavina
        
        Molima: vavine
        
        Motu: hahine
        Hiri Motu: hahine
        
        Muduapa: tavine
        
        Nimoa: vaini
        
        Patpatar: hahin
        
        Ronji: pain
        
        Roro: babine
        
        Sepa (New Guinea): waine
        
        Sinaugoro: vavine
        
        Sio: taine
        
        Suau: waihin
        
        Takia: pein
        
        Taupota: wavine
        
        Tawala: wawine
        
        Tolai: wawina
        
        Torau: baine
        
        Tungag: aina
        
        Uneapa: tavine
        
        Wab: pain
        
        Wedau: wavine
        
        Wogeo: veine
      - Yapese: pin
  - Kambera: kawini
  - Ngadha: fai
  - Sika: bai
  - Tetum: fen (“wife”)
- Komodo: wine (ata wine (“woman”)
- Li'o: fai
- Kaili-Pamona:
  - Ledo Kaili: mombine
- Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan:
  - Proto-Malayo-Chamic:
    - Proto-Chamic:
      - Bih: pine
    - Proto-Malayic: *bini (“wife, married woman”)
      - Malayan
        Malay: bini / بيني
        Indonesian: bini
      - Malay: bai (“mother”)
      - Banjarese: binian
      - Iban: bini (“wife, married woman”)
        → Betawi: bini (“wife”)
- Muna-Buton:
  - Muna: roɓine
  - Tukang Besi North: wowine
  - Tukang Besi South: wowine
- Palauan: babil (“female”)
- Proto-South Sulawesi:
  - Bambam: baine
  - Mamasa: baine
  - Mandar: tobaine
- Wotu-Wolio:
  - Wolio: bawine
- Tunjung: wawe

Usage notes

This word shows a wide range of concurrent forms in various Austronesian languages. One of the most productive forms is PAN *babahi ("woman, lady, girl"), with CV- reduplication of the first syllable, which appears to convey a diminutive sense. In Proto-Philippine, this reduplicated form can be augmented by verbal affixes like PPh *ma- or PPh *-en. Finally, in Proto-Malayo-Polynesian this word is reconstructed either as Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bahi (“woman, female of animals”) or as Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *babinahi (“woman, female”), with no apparent differences in meaning. The latter form probably gave rise to Proto-Oceanic *papine (“woman”), which is the only one attested for the term woman in Proto-Oceanic and Proto-Polynesian branches of the Austronesian language family, although the residual non-reduplicated form *pe- is still present as a prefix.

References

Blust's Austronesian Comparative Dictionary — *bahi
Lynch, John (1998) Pacific Languages: An Introduction, University of Hawaii Press, →ISBN
Guérin, Valérie (2011) A Grammr of Mavea — An Oceanic Language of Vanuatu, University of Hawaii Press

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