πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΎπŒ°πŒ½

Gothic

Etymology

From 𐌲𐌰- (ga-) +β€Ž Proto-Germanic *hardijanΔ…. By surface analysis, 𐌲𐌰- (ga-) +β€Ž πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΏπƒ (hardus) +β€Ž -𐌾𐌰𐌽 (-jan).

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /Ι‘aˈhardjan/

Verb

πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΎπŒ°πŒ½ β€’ (gahardjan)

  1. to harden
    • Romans 9:18:
      𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌿 𐌽𐌿 𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌴𐌹 π…πŒΉπŒ»πŒΉ πŒ°π‚πŒΌπŒ°πŒΉπŒΈ, 𐌹𐌸 𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌴𐌹 π…πŒΉπŒ»πŒΉ πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒ΄πŒΉπŒΈ.
      ΓΎannu nu jai ΓΎanei wili armaiΓΎ, iΓΎ ΓΎanei wili gahardeiΓΎ.
      Therefore hath he mercy on whom he will have mercy, and whom he will he hardeneth. (KJV)

Conjugation
Class 1 weak
Infinitive πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΎπŒ°πŒ½
gahardjan
Indicative Present Past Present passive
1st singular πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΎπŒ°
gahardja		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΉπŒ³πŒ°
gahardida		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΎπŒ°πŒ³πŒ°
gahardjada
2nd singular πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒ΄πŒΉπƒ
gahardeis		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πƒ
gahardidΔ“s		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΎπŒ°πŒΆπŒ°
gahardjaza
3rd singular πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒ΄πŒΉπŒΈ
gahardeiΓΎ		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΉπŒ³πŒ°
gahardida		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΎπŒ°πŒ³πŒ°
gahardjada
1st dual πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΎπ‰πƒ
gahardjōs		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πŒ³πŒΏ
gahardidΔ“du		 β€”
2nd dual πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΎπŒ°π„πƒ
gahardjats		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πŒ³πŒΏπ„πƒ
gahardidΔ“duts		 β€”
1st plural πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΎπŒ°πŒΌ
gahardjam		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πŒ³πŒΏπŒΌ
gahardidΔ“dum		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΎπŒ°πŒ½πŒ³πŒ°
gahardjanda
2nd plural πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒ΄πŒΉπŒΈ
gahardeiΓΎ		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πŒ³πŒΏπŒΈ
gahardidΔ“duΓΎ		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΎπŒ°πŒ½πŒ³πŒ°
gahardjanda
3rd plural πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΎπŒ°πŒ½πŒ³
gahardjand		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πŒ³πŒΏπŒ½
gahardidΔ“dun		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΎπŒ°πŒ½πŒ³πŒ°
gahardjanda
Subjunctive Present Past Present passive
1st singular πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΎπŒ°πŒΏ
gahardjau		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πŒ³πŒΎπŒ°πŒΏ
gahardidΔ“djau		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπŒ³πŒ°πŒΏ
gahardjaidau
2nd singular πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπƒ
gahardjais		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πŒ³πŒ΄πŒΉπƒ
gahardidΔ“deis		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπŒΆπŒ°πŒΏ
gahardjaizau
3rd singular πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉ
gahardjai		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πŒ³πŒΉ
gahardidΔ“di		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπŒ³πŒ°πŒΏ
gahardjaidau
1st dual πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπ…πŒ°
gahardjaiwa		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πŒ³πŒ΄πŒΉπ…πŒ°
gahardidΔ“deiwa		 β€”
2nd dual πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπ„πƒ
gahardjaits		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πŒ³πŒ΄πŒΉπ„πƒ
gahardidΔ“deits		 β€”
1st plural πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπŒΌπŒ°
gahardjaima		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πŒ³πŒ΄πŒΉπŒΌπŒ°
gahardidΔ“deima		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπŒ½πŒ³πŒ°πŒΏ
gahardjaindau
2nd plural πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπŒΈ
gahardjaiΓΎ		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πŒ³πŒ΄πŒΉπŒΈ
gahardidΔ“deiΓΎ		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπŒ½πŒ³πŒ°πŒΏ
gahardjaindau
3rd plural πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπŒ½πŒ°
gahardjaina		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πŒ³πŒ΄πŒΉπŒ½πŒ°
gahardidΔ“deina		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπŒ½πŒ³πŒ°πŒΏ
gahardjaindau
Imperative
2nd singular πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒ΄πŒΉ
gahardei
3rd singular πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΎπŒ°πŒ³πŒ°πŒΏ
gahardjadau
2nd dual πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΎπŒ°π„πƒ
gahardjats
2nd plural πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒ΄πŒΉπŒΈ
gahardeiΓΎ
3rd plural πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΎπŒ°πŒ½πŒ³πŒ°πŒΏ
gahardjandau
Present Past
Participles πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΎπŒ°πŒ½πŒ³πƒ
gahardjands		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°π‚πŒ³πŒΉπŒΈπƒ
gahardiΓΎs

Further reading
  • Streitberg, Wilhelm (1910). Die gotische Bibel. Zweiter Teil: Gotisch-griechisch-deutsches WΓΆrterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s UniversitΓ€tsbuchhandlung, p. 55
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