-𐌾𐌰𐌽

Gothic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *-janΔ….

Suffix

-𐌾𐌰𐌽 β€’ (-jan)

  1. Derives denominatives from nouns and factitives from adjectives.

Usage notes

Appears to function as an iterative suffix in 𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gaggjan).

Conjugation

The form of this suffix in the second- and third-person singular present active indicative, as well as in the second-person plural present active indicative and imperative, vary according to Siever's law:

  • Following a long stem, which has either a long vowel or diphthong, or a short vowel followed by several consonants, the suffix is -𐌴𐌹-.
Class 1 weak
Infinitive -𐌾𐌰𐌽
-jan
Indicative Present Past Present passive
1st singular -𐌾𐌰
-ja		 -𐌹𐌳𐌰
-ida		 -𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰
-jada
2nd singular -πŒ΄πŒΉπƒ
-eis		 -πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πƒ
-idΔ“s		 -𐌾𐌰𐌢𐌰
-jaza
3rd singular -𐌴𐌹𐌸
-eiþ		 -𐌹𐌳𐌰
-ida		 -𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰
-jada
1st dual -πŒΎπ‰πƒ
-jōs		 -𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿
-idΔ“du		 β€”
2nd dual -πŒΎπŒ°π„πƒ
-jats		 -πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πŒ³πŒΏπ„πƒ
-idΔ“duts		 β€”
1st plural -𐌾𐌰𐌼
-jam		 -𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌼
-idΔ“dum		 -𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰
-janda
2nd plural -𐌴𐌹𐌸
-eiþ		 -𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌸
-idΔ“duΓΎ		 -𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰
-janda
3rd plural -𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳
-jand		 -𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽
-idΔ“dun		 -𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰
-janda
Subjunctive Present Past Present passive
1st singular -𐌾𐌰𐌿
-jau		 -𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌿
-idΔ“djau		 -𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿
-jaidau
2nd singular -πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπƒ
-jais		 -πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πŒ³πŒ΄πŒΉπƒ
-idΔ“deis		 -𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌢𐌰𐌿
-jaizau
3rd singular -𐌾𐌰𐌹
-jai		 -𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌹
-idΔ“di		 -𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿
-jaidau
1st dual -πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπ…πŒ°
-jaiwa		 -πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πŒ³πŒ΄πŒΉπ…πŒ°
-idΔ“deiwa		 β€”
2nd dual -πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπ„πƒ
-jaits		 -πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πŒ³πŒ΄πŒΉπ„πƒ
-idΔ“deits		 β€”
1st plural -𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌰
-jaima		 -𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌰
-idΔ“deima		 -𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿
-jaindau
2nd plural -𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌸
-jaiþ		 -𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌸
-idΔ“deiΓΎ		 -𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿
-jaindau
3rd plural -𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰
-jaina		 -𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰
-idΔ“deina		 -𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿
-jaindau
Imperative
2nd singular -𐌴𐌹
-ei
3rd singular -𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿
-jadau
2nd dual -πŒΎπŒ°π„πƒ
-jats
2nd plural -𐌴𐌹𐌸
-eiΓΎ
3rd plural -𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿
-jandau
Present Past
Participles -πŒΎπŒ°πŒ½πŒ³πƒ
-jands		 -πŒΉπŒΈπƒ
-iΓΎs
  • Following a short stem, which consists of a short vowel followed by a single consonant, the suffix is -𐌾𐌹-.
Class 1 weak
Infinitive -𐌾𐌰𐌽
-jan
Indicative Present Past Present passive
1st singular -𐌾𐌰
-ja		 -𐌹𐌳𐌰
-ida		 -𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰
-jada
2nd singular -πŒΎπŒΉπƒ
-jis		 -πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πƒ
-idΔ“s		 -𐌾𐌰𐌢𐌰
-jaza
3rd singular -𐌾𐌹𐌸
-jiþ		 -𐌹𐌳𐌰
-ida		 -𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰
-jada
1st dual -πŒΎπ‰πƒ
-jōs		 -𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿
-idΔ“du		 β€”
2nd dual -πŒΎπŒ°π„πƒ
-jats		 -πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πŒ³πŒΏπ„πƒ
-idΔ“duts		 β€”
1st plural -𐌾𐌰𐌼
-jam		 -𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌼
-idΔ“dum		 -𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰
-janda
2nd plural -𐌾𐌹𐌸
-jiþ		 -𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌸
-idΔ“duΓΎ		 -𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰
-janda
3rd plural -𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳
-jand		 -𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽
-idΔ“dun		 -𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰
-janda
Subjunctive Present Past Present passive
1st singular -𐌾𐌰𐌿
-jau		 -𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌿
-idΔ“djau		 -𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿
-jaidau
2nd singular -πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπƒ
-jais		 -πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πŒ³πŒ΄πŒΉπƒ
-idΔ“deis		 -𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌢𐌰𐌿
-jaizau
3rd singular -𐌾𐌰𐌹
-jai		 -𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌹
-idΔ“di		 -𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿
-jaidau
1st dual -πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπ…πŒ°
-jaiwa		 -πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πŒ³πŒ΄πŒΉπ…πŒ°
-idΔ“deiwa		 β€”
2nd dual -πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπ„πƒ
-jaits		 -πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πŒ³πŒ΄πŒΉπ„πƒ
-idΔ“deits		 β€”
1st plural -𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌰
-jaima		 -𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌰
-idΔ“deima		 -𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿
-jaindau
2nd plural -𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌸
-jaiþ		 -𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌸
-idΔ“deiΓΎ		 -𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿
-jaindau
3rd plural -𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰
-jaina		 -𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰
-idΔ“deina		 -𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿
-jaindau
Imperative
2nd singular -𐌴𐌹
-ei
3rd singular -𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿
-jadau
2nd dual -πŒΎπŒ°π„πƒ
-jats
2nd plural -𐌾𐌹𐌸
-jiΓΎ
3rd plural -𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿
-jandau
Present Past
Participles -πŒΎπŒ°πŒ½πŒ³πƒ
-jands		 -πŒΉπŒΈπƒ
-iΓΎs

Derived terms
Gothic terms suffixed with -𐌾𐌰𐌽
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