괴다

Korean

Pronunciation
  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ˈkwe̞(ː)da̠] ~ [ˈkø̞(ː)da̠]
  • Phonetic hangul: [궤(ː)다/괴(ː)다]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
Romanizations
Revised Romanization?goeda
Revised Romanization (translit.)?goeda
McCune–Reischauer?koeda
Yale Romanization?kōyta

Etymology 1

First attested in the Won'gakgyeong eonhae (圓覺經諺解 / 원각경언해), 1465, as Middle Korean ᄀᆞᆸ다 (Yale: kopta). Cognate with Jeju 궤다 (gweda).

Verb

괴다 • (goeda) (infinitive 괘 or 괴어, sequential 괴니)

  1. to pool, to form a puddle
Synonyms

Etymology 2

First attested in the Hunminjeong'eum haerye (訓民正音解例 / 훈민정음해례), 1446, as Middle Korean 괴다 (Yale: kwoyta). Cognate with Jeju 궤다 (gweda) and possible cognate with Japanese こい (Koi)

Verb

괴다 • (goeda) (infinitive 괘 or 괴어, sequential 괴니)

  1. (archaic or obsolete) to love; to dote on
    • c. 1790, 樂學拾零 (Akhak Seumnyeong):
      가다가 올지라도 오다가 가지 마소
      뮈다가 괼지라도 괴다가 뮈지 마소
      gadaga oljirado odaga gaji maso
      mwidaga goeljirado goedaga mwiji maso
      You can be about to go, then come back; but don't be about to to come, then go.
      You can hate me, then love me next; but don't love me, then hate me next.
  2. (North Korea, chiefly negative) to venerate
Synonyms
  • 사랑하다 (saranghada) (to love)
  • 숭상하다 (sungsanghada) (to venerate)

Conjugation
    Selected forms of the verb 괴다 (goeda): vowel-stem, regular
Sentence-final forms
Formal non-polite
(해라체)		 Informal non-polite
(해체)		 Informal polite
(해요체)		 Formal polite
(하십시오체)
Indicative Non-past 괸다
goenda		 괘
gwae		 괘요, 괴어요
gwaeyo, goeeoyo		 굅니다
goemnida
Past 괬다
gwaetda		 괬어
gwaesseo		 괬어요
gwaesseoyo		 괬습니다
gwaetseumnida
Interrogative Non-past 괴느냐
goeneunya		 괘
gwae		 괘요, 괴어요
gwaeyo, goeeoyo		 굅니까
goemnikka
Past 괬느냐
gwaenneunya		 괬어
gwaesseo		 괬어요
gwaesseoyo		 괬습니까
gwaetseumnikka
Hortative 괴자
goeja		괘
gwae		괘요, 괴어요
gwaeyo, goeeoyo		괴십시다
goesipsida
Imperative 괘라, 괴어라
gwaera, goeeora		괘
gwae		괘요, 괴어요
gwaeyo, goeeoyo		굅시오
goepsio
Assertive 괴겠다
goegetda		괴겠어
goegesseo		괴겠어요
goegesseoyo		괴겠습니다
goegetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason 괘
gwae		괘서, 괴어서
gwaeseo, goeeoseo		괴니
goeni		괴니까
goenikka
Contrast 괴지만
goejiman		괴는데
goeneunde		괴더니
goedeoni
Conjunction 괴고
goego
Condition 괴면
goemyeon		괘야, 괴어야
gwaeya, goeeoya
Motive 괴려고
goeryeogo
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns 굄
goem		괴기
goegi
Past-tense verbal nouns 괬음, 괴었음
gwaesseum, goeeosseum		괬기, 괴었기
gwaetgi, goeeotgi
Determiners Past 괸
goen
Present 괴는
goeneun
Future 괼
goel
Sentence-final forms with honorific
Formal non-polite
(해라체)		 Informal non-polite
(해체)		 Informal polite
(해요체)		 Formal polite
(하십시오체)
Indicative Non-past 괴신다
goesinda		 괴셔
goesyeo		 괴세요, 괴셔요
goeseyo, goesyeoyo		 괴십니다
goesimnida
Past 괴셨다
goesyeotda		 괴셨어
goesyeosseo		 괴셨어요
goesyeosseoyo		 괴셨습니다
goesyeotseumnida
Interrogative Non-past 괴시느냐
goesineunya		 괴셔
goesyeo		 괴세요, 괴셔요
goeseyo, goesyeoyo		 괴십니까
goesimnikka
Past 괴셨느냐
goesyeonneunya		 괴셨어
goesyeosseo		 괴셨어요
goesyeosseoyo		 괴셨습니까
goesyeotseumnikka
Imperative 괴시라
goesira		괴셔
goesyeo		괴세요
goeseyo		괴십시오
goesipsio
Assertive 괴시겠다
goesigetda		괴시겠어
goesigesseo		괴시겠어요
goesigesseoyo		괴시겠습니다
goesigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason 괴셔
goesyeo		괴셔서
goesyeoseo		괴시니
goesini		괴시니까
goesinikka
Contrast 괴시지만
goesijiman		괴시는데
goesineunde		괴시더니
goesideoni
Conjunction 괴시고
goesigo
Condition 괴시면
goesimyeon		괴셔야
goesyeoya
Motive 괴시려고
goesiryeogo
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns 괴심
goesim		괴시기
goesigi
Past-tense verbal nouns 괴셨음
goesyeosseum		괴셨기
goesyeotgi
Determiners Past 괴신
goesin
Present 괴시는
goesineun
Future 괴실
goesil

Middle Korean

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /kǒj.tá/

Verb

괴〯다〮 (kwǒytá) (infinitive 괴여〮 (kwòyyé), sequential 괴〯니〮 (kwǒyní))

  1. to love (often but not always romantic)
    Synonyms: ᄃᆞᆺ〯다〮 (tǒstá, especially non-romantically), ᄉᆞ라ᇰᄒᆞ다〮 (sòlàng-hòtá)
    • 1500s [1300s], “서경별곡/西京別曲 [Seogyeong byeolgok]”, in 악장가사/樂章歌詞 [Akjang Gasa]:
      괴시란ᄃᆡ 아즐가 괴시란ᄃᆡ 우러곰 좃니노ᅌᅵ다
      kwoysilantoy aculka kwoysilantoy wule-kwom cwosninwongita
      If you only loved me, oh, if you only loved me, I would chase after you as I wept.
    • 1500s [1300s?], “사모곡/思母曲 [Samo-gok]”, in 악장가사/樂章歌詞 [Akjang Gasa]:
      아바님도 어이어신 마ᄅᆞᄂᆞᆫ 어마님 ᄀᆞ티 괴시리 업세라
      apa-nim-two ei-Gesin malonon ema-nim kothi kwoysil_i epseyla
      My father is my parent, too, but there is none who can love me like my mother does.
    • 1500s [1400s?], “삼성대왕/三城大王”, in 시용향악보/時用鄕樂譜 [Siyong hyang'akbo]:
      다롱다리 三(삼)城(셩)大(대)王(왕) 녜라와 괴쇼셔
      talwongtali SAM.SYENG.TAY.WANG nyey-lawoa kwoysyosye
      Talwongtali, Great King of the Three Towns [the title of a deity]! Favor us more than [you have] before.

Descendants
  • Korean: 괴다 (goeda)
  • Jeju: 궤다 (gweda)
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