蝦夷

See also: 虾夷

Chinese
shrimp; prawn
 
safe; to raze; to exterminate
safe; to raze; to exterminate; barbarian
trad. (蝦夷) 蝦 夷
simp. (虾夷) 虾 夷
alternative forms 蝦蛦／虾蛦

Etymology

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 蝦夷 (Emishi, Ezo).

Pronunciation

Noun

蝦夷

  1. Emishi (ancient ethnic group living in eastern Japan)

Derived terms

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
蝦 夷
えぞ
Jinmeiyō Jinmeiyō
jukujikun

First cited in the 久安百首 (Kyūan Hyaku Shu, “Hundred Songs of the Kyūan Era”) of 1153.[1]

There are conflicting theories regarding the derivation of the term Ezo. The Daijirin, Shinmeikai, and Gakken dictionaries all suggest that Ezo may be a borrowing from Ainu エンチウ, enciw (“person; people, humanity”),[2][3][4] presumably via a phonological shift somewhat like the below:

/ent͡siw/ → */ent͡ʃiu/ → */ent͡ʃu/ → */end͡ʑu/ → /ezo/

The Kokugo Dai Jiten dictionary instead derives synonymous reading Emishi from enciw,[1] but the phonological shifts required for such a derivation seem unlikely.

Pronunciation

Noun

蝦夷(えぞ) • (Ezo) 

  1. [from 1153] (historical) those people living in the northeast of Japan, regardless of ethnicity, with customs and culture and government that differ from the central Japanese imperial state
  2. [from 1485] (historical) an ancient ethnic group that once lived in what is now the 関東 (Kantō), 北陸 (Hokuriku) and 東北 (Tōhoku) regions, likely as far as Hokkaido; likely related to the Ainu people
    • 1153, Kyūan Hyakushu (poem 34 by Fujiwara no Chikataka)
      えぞが住(す)む津(つ)軽(がろ)の野辺(のべ)の萩盛(はぎさか)りこや錦(にしき)木(ぎ)の立(た)てるなるらん
      Ezo ga sumu Tsugaro-no-nobe no hagi sakari koya nishikigi no taterunaruran
      In Tsugaro[sic] where the Ezo live, the fields are abloom with clover; by now they will be setting up wooden trees, brocaded with desire.[5]
    Synonyms: 蝦夷 (Emishi), 夷 (Ebisu)
  3. (regional) short for 蝦夷松 (Ezo matsu): Yezo spruce (Picea jezoensis)
Derived terms

Proper noun

蝦夷(えぞ) • (Ezo) 

  1. (historical) short for 蝦夷地 (Ezochi): collective name for Hokkaido (mostly), the Kuril Islands, and Sakhalin before the Meiji period
Derived terms
Derived terms
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)赤(あか)蛙(がえる) (Ezo akagaeru)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)貽(い)貝(がい) (Ezo igai)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)磯(いそ)蜆(しじみ) (Ezo isoshijimi)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)鼬(いたち) (Ezo itachi)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)板(い)屋(たや) (Ezo itaya)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)岩(いわ)魚(な) (Ezo iwana)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)芋(いも) (Ezo imo)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)狼(おおかみ) (Ezo ōkami)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)芥(がら)子(し) (Ezo-garashi)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)萱(かん)草(ぞう) (Ezo kanzō)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)管(かん)領(れい) (Ezo Kanrei)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)菊(ぎく) (Ezo-giku)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)金(きん)霊(れい)花(か) (Ezo kinreika)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)久(く)保(ぼ)貝(がい) (Ezo kubogai)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)山(ざん)椒(しょう) (Ezo-zanshō)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)山(さん)椒(しょう)魚(うお) (Ezo sanshōuo)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)志(し) (Ezoshi) * 蝦夷(えぞ)鹿(しか) (Ezo shika)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)白(しろ)蝶(ちょう) (Ezo shirochō)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)白(しろ)根(ね) (Ezo shirone)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)透(すかし)百合(ゆり) (Ezo sukashiyuri)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)砂(すな)海星(ひとで) (Ezo sunahitode)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)桷(ずみ) (Ezo zumi)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)菫(すみれ) (Ezo sumire)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)蝉(ぜみ) (Ezo-zemi)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)仙(せん)入(にゅう), 蝦夷(えぞ)潜(せん)入(にゅう) (Ezo sennyū)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)代(だい)官(かん) (Ezo Daikan)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)狸(たぬき) (Ezo tanuki)
  • 蝦夷地(えぞち) (Ezochi)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)梅雨(つゆ) (Ezo tsuyu)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)貂(てん) (Ezo ten)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)泥(ど)鰌(じょう) (Ezo dojō)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)富魚(とみよ) (Ezo tomiyo)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)錦(にしき) (Ezo nishiki)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)葱(ねぎ) (Ezo negi)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)鼠(ねずみ)兔(うさぎ) (Ezo nezumiusagi)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)蛽(ばい) (Ezo bai)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)馬鹿(ばか)貝(がい) (Ezo bakagai)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)鰰(はたはた) (Ezo hatahata)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)馬(ば)糞(ふん) (Ezo bafun)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)蛤(はまぐり) (Ezo hamaguri)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)蟾蜍(ひきがえる) (Ezo hikigaeru)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)鶲(びたき) (Ezo-bitaki)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)奉(ぶ)行(ぎょう) (Ezo Bugyō)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)富(ふ)士(じ) (Ezo Fuji)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)法螺(ぼら) (Ezo-bora)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)盆(ぼん) (Ezo bon)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)松(まつ) (Ezo matsu)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)馬刀(まて) (Ezo mate)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)樅(もみ) (Ezo momi)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)鼯鼠(ももんが) (Ezo momonga)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)柳(やなぎ) (Ezo yanagi)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)瓔(よう)珞(らく) (Ezo yōraku)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)艾(よもぎ) (Ezo yomogi)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)山(やま)桃(もも) (Ezo yamamomo)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)雷(らい)鳥(ちょう) (Ezo raichō)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)栗鼠(りす) (Ezo risu)
  • 蝦夷(えぞ)若(わか)布(め) (Ezo wakame)
  • 北(きた)蝦夷(えぞ) (Kita-Ezo)
Descendants
  • → English: Ezo, Yezo
See also

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
蝦 夷
えみし
Jinmeiyō Jinmeiyō
jukujikun

⟨emi1si⟩ → */emʲisɨ/ → /emiɕi/

From Old Japanese 蝦夷 (Emi1si). First cited in the Nihon Shoki of 720, where the word is also found with the phonetic man'yōgana spelling 愛瀰詩 (Emi1si).[6] Further derivation unclear. Possibly from Ainu emush or emus (“sword”) via metonymous use to refer to a warrior.

According to the Kojiki-den, the kanji spelling 蝦 (“shrimp”) + 夷 (“barbarian”) is in reference to their hairiness and savagery.[7]

Pronunciation

Noun

蝦夷(えみし) • (Emishi) 

  1. [from 720] (historical, archaic) an ancient ethnic group that once lived on what is now the 関東 (Kantō), 北陸 (Hokuriku) and 東北 (Tōhoku) regions, likely as far as Hokkaido; likely related to the Ainu people
Descendants

Proper noun

蝦夷(えみし) • (Emishi) 

  1. short for 蘇我蝦夷 (Soga no Emishi): Asuka-period statesman of the Yamato court, son of Soga no Umako and father of Soga no Iruka

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
蝦 夷
えびす
Jinmeiyō Jinmeiyō
jukujikun

⟨emi1si⟩ → */emʲisɨ/ → /emisʉ/ → /emisu/ → /ebisu/

Either a shift from Emishi or directly from Emisu, with the nasal /m/ becoming a plosive /b/. This reading is traditionally ascribed to the 蝦夷 spelling in the 肥前国風土記 (Hizen no Kuni no Fudoki) of the 730s,[6] but the first unambiguous instance of this reading appears in the 宇津保物語 (Utsubo Monogatari) of the late 900s.[6]

Pronunciation

Noun

蝦夷(えびす) • (Ebisu) 

  1. [from 730s, or from late 900s] (historical, archaic) an ancient ethnic group that once lived on what is now the 関東 (Kantō), 北陸 (Hokuriku) and 東北 (Tōhoku) regions, likely as far as Hokkaido; likely related to the Ainu people
Derived terms

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
蝦 夷
えみす
Jinmeiyō Jinmeiyō
jukujikun

⟨emi1si⟩ → */emʲisɨ/ → /emisʉ/ → /emisu/

Shift from Emishi. This reading appears in the Heian-period Nihon Shoki Shiki, a lectural interpretation of the Nihon Shoki compiled in different editions, from the years 721 through 967.

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) え​みす [éꜜmìsù] (Atamadaka – [1])
  • IPA(key): [e̞mʲisɨᵝ]

Noun

蝦夷(えみす) • (Emisu) 

  1. (historical, rare) an ancient ethnic group that once lived on what is now the 関東 (Kantō), 北陸 (Hokuriku) and 東北 (Tōhoku) regions, likely as far as Hokkaido; likely related to the Ainu people

See also

References
  1. “蝦夷”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
  2. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. “蝦夷 (Ezo)”, in 学研国語大辞典 [Gakken Big Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: Gakken, (Can we date this quote?): “《参考》(アイヌ)enju(=人)から。 ― «Sankō» (Ainu) enju (= hito) kara. ― «Reference» From (Ainu) enju (= person)”
  5. David Bialock (2007) Eccentric Spaces, Hidden Histories: Narrative, Ritual, and Royal Authority from The Chronicles of Japan to The Tale of the Heike (Asian Religions and Cultures)‎, Stanford University Press, →ISBN, page 196
  6. Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  7. “えみし 【蝦夷】”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”) Paid subscription required‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here (Note: Dialectal meanings, etymological theories, pronunciation including modern, dialectal, and historical information, Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai, historical dictionaries containing this word, and the kanji spellings in those dictionaries have been omitted.)
  8. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN

Old Japanese

Etymology

Borrowed from Ainu, either from エンジュ (*enzyu) or エㇺチウ (*emchiu), both meaning “man, person”.[1][2]

According to the Kojiki-den, the kanji spelling 蝦 (“shrimp”) + 夷 (“barbarian”) is in reference to their hairiness and savagery.[3]

Noun

蝦夷 (Emi1si) (kana えみし)

  1. an ancient ethnic group that once lived on eastern and northeastern Japan and was possibly related to the Ainu people
    • 720, Nihon Shoki (poem 11)[4]
      愛瀰詩烏毗儾利毛毛那比苔比苔破易陪廼毛多牟伽毗毛勢儒
      Emi1si wo pi1dari momo na pi1to2 pi1to2 pa ipe2do2 mo tamukapi1 mo sezu
      A single Emishi is worth a hundred men, so they say, yet they did not resist.
      For more quotations using this term, see Citations:蝦夷.

Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:蝦夷.

Derived terms

Descendants
  • Japanese: 蝦夷 (Emishi, Emisu, Ebisu, Ezo)

References
  1. Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. “えみし 【蝦夷】”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”) Paid subscription required‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here (Note: Dialectal meanings, etymological theories, pronunciation including modern, dialectal, and historical information, Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai, historical dictionaries containing this word, and the kanji spellings in those dictionaries have been omitted.)
  4. Sakamoto, Tarō with Ienaga Saburō, Inoue Mitsusada, Ōno Susumu (1965) Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei: Nihon Shoki (vol. 1), Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN

Further reading
This article is issued from Wiktionary. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.