| frightened | afraid; frightened; to fear | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (惶恐) | 惶 | 恐 | |
| simp. #(惶恐) | 惶 | 恐 | |
| anagram | 恐惶 | ||
| Rime | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 惶 | 恐 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 唐 (102) | 鍾 (7) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 胡光切 | 丘隴切 |
| Baxter | hwang | khjowngX |
| Reconstructions | ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/ɦwɑŋ/ | /kʰɨoŋX/ |
| Pan Wuyun |
/ɦʷɑŋ/ | /kʰioŋX/ |
| Shao Rongfen |
/ɣuɑŋ/ | /kʰioŋX/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank |
/ɦwaŋ/ | /kʰuawŋX/ |
| Li Rong |
/ɣuɑŋ/ | /kʰioŋX/ |
| Wang Li |
/ɣuɑŋ/ | /kʰĭwoŋX/ |
| Bernard Karlgren |
/ɣwɑŋ/ | /kʰi̯woŋX/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex |
huáng | qiǒng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex |
wong4 | hung2 |
| Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 恐 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
kǒng |
| Middle Chinese |
‹ khjowngX › |
| Old Chinese |
/*kʰ(r)oŋʔ/ |
| English | fear |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; | |
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 惶 | 恐 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| No. | 12697 | 4071 |
| Phonetic component |
王 | 工 |
| Rime group |
陽 | 東 |
| Rime subdivision |
0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime |
黃 | 恐 |
| Old Chinese |
/*ɡʷaːŋ/ | /*kʰoŋʔ/ |