向上

Chinese

		direction; part; side direction; part; side; towards; to; guide; opposite to	up; on; on top up; on; on top; upon; first; previous or last; upper; higher; above; previous; to climb; to go into; to go up
simp. and trad. (向上)		向	上

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): xiàngshàng

(Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄤˋ ㄕㄤˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): hoeng³ soeng⁶
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hiong-song
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hiòng-siōng / hiàng-siāng / hiàng-siōng

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: xiàngshàng
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄤˋ ㄕㄤˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: siàngshàng
  - Wade–Giles: hsiang⁴-shang⁴
  - Yale: syàng-shàng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shianqshanq
  - Palladius: сяншан (sjanšan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: hoeng³ soeng⁶
  - Yale: heung seuhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hoeng³ soeng⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: hêng³ sêng⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hœːŋ³³ sœːŋ²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hiong-song
  - Hakka Romanization System: hiong song
  - Hagfa Pinyim: hiong⁴ song⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /hi̯oŋ⁵⁵ soŋ⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiòng-siōng
  - Tâi-lô: hiòng-siōng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hiorngsiong
  - IPA (Taipei): /hiɔŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ siɔŋ³³/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /hiɔŋ²¹⁻⁵³ siɔŋ²²/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /hiɔŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ siɔŋ³³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hiɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siɔŋ⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiàng-siāng
  - Tâi-lô: hiàng-siāng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hiarngsiang
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /hiaŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ siaŋ³³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /hiaŋ²¹⁻⁵³ siaŋ²²/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiàng-siōng
  - Tâi-lô: hiàng-siōng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hiarngsiong
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /hiaŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ siɔŋ³³/

Verb

向上

to go forward; to advance
to try to improve oneself; to make progress

Synonyms

(to go forward): 上進／上进 (shàngjìn)
(to try to improve oneself):

上進／上进 (shàngjìn)
進取／进取 (jìnqǔ)
長俊／长俊 (zhǎngjùn) (literary)
長進／长进 (zhǎngjìn)

Adverb

向上

upward; up

Derived terms

Japanese

Kanji in this term
向	上
こう Grade: 3	じょう Grade: 1
on’yomi

Noun

向(こう)上(じょう) • (kōjō)

improvement, progress

Verb

向(こう)上(じょう)する • (kōjō suru) suru (stem 向(こう)上(じょう)し (kōjō shi), past 向(こう)上(じょう)した (kōjō shita))

improve, rise

Conjugation

Conjugation of "向上する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	向上し	こうじょうし	kōjō shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	向上し	こうじょうし	kōjō shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	向上する	こうじょうする	kōjō suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	向上する	こうじょうする	kōjō suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	向上すれ	こうじょうすれ	kōjō sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	向上せよ¹ 向上しろ²	こうじょうせよ¹ こうじょうしろ²	kōjō seyo¹ kōjō shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	向上される	こうじょうされる	kōjō sareru
Causative	向上させる向上さす	こうじょうさせるこうじょうさす	kōjō saseru kōjō sasu
Potential	向上できる	こうじょうできる	kōjō dekiru
Volitional	向上しよう	こうじょうしよう	kōjō shiyō
Negative	向上しない	こうじょうしない	kōjō shinai
Negative continuative	向上せず	こうじょうせず	kōjō sezu
Formal	向上します	こうじょうします	kōjō shimasu
Perfective	向上した	こうじょうした	kōjō shita
Conjunctive	向上して	こうじょうして	kōjō shite
Hypothetical conditional	向上すれば	こうじょうすれば	kōjō sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

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