दण्ड

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

দণ্ড (Assamese script)
ᬤᬡ᭄ᬟ (Balinese script)
দণ্ড (Bengali script)
𑰟𑰜𑰿𑰚 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀤𑀡𑁆𑀟 (Brahmi script)
ဒဏ္ဍ (Burmese script)
દણ્ડ (Gujarati script)
ਦਣ੍ਡ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌦𑌣𑍍𑌡 (Grantha script)
ꦢꦟ꧀ꦝ (Javanese script)
𑂠𑂝𑂹𑂙 (Kaithi script)
ದಣ್ಡ (Kannada script)
ទណ្ឌ (Khmer script)
ທຓ຺ຑ (Lao script)
ദണ്ഡ (Malayalam script)
ᡩᠠᢏᡷᠠ (Manchu script)
𑘟𑘜𑘿𑘚 (Modi script)
ᢑᠠᢏᢎᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
𑦿𑦼𑧠𑦺 (Nandinagari script)
𑐡𑐞𑑂𑐜 (Newa script)
ଦଣ୍ଡ (Odia script)
ꢣꢠ꣄ꢞ (Saurashtra script)
𑆢𑆟𑇀𑆝 (Sharada script)
𑖟𑖜𑖿𑖚 (Siddham script)
දණ‍්ඩ (Sinhalese script)
𑩭𑩪 𑪙𑩨 (Soyombo script)
𑚛𑚘𑚶𑚖 (Takri script)
த³ண்ட³ (Tamil script)
దణ్డ (Telugu script)
ทณฺฑ (Thai script)
ད་ཎྜ (Tibetan script)
𑒠𑒝𑓂𑒛 (Tirhuta script)
𑨛𑨘𑩇𑨖 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Borrowed from substrate language. Kuiper argues for a loanword from Para-Munda; compare Mundari ଦାଣ୍ଡି (dāṇḍi, “small stick”), Santali ᱫᱚᱬᱴᱚ (dôṇṭô, “thick stick, club”), ᱫᱚᱬᱴᱤᱴᱤᱛ (dôṇṭiṭit, “stem of mushrooms”), ᱫᱚᱬᱰᱤ (dôṇḍi, “stick, staff, stalk”). Likewise, Southworth suggests a Dravidian substratum, compare Malayalam തണ്ട് (taṇṭŭ, “stick, club”).

Alternatively, but less likely, a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *dóru (“tree”), whence दारु (dā́ru), and thus cognate with Ancient Greek δένδρον (déndron, “tree”), but both this and that Greek word are phonologically difficult to explain.

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /dɐɳ.ɖɐ́/
(Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈd̪ɐɳ.ɖɐ/

Noun

दण्ड • (daṇḍá) stem, m

stick, staff, rod, pole, cudgel, club
1. staff given at investiture with the sacred thread
2. penis (with वैतस (vaitasá)
3. trunk » शुण्डादण्ड (śuṇḍā-daṇḍa)
4. "arm" or "leg" » दोर्दण्ड (dor-daṇḍa), बाहुदण्ड (bāhu-daṇḍa)
5. "tusk" » दंष्ट्रादण्ड (daṃṣṭrā-daṇḍa)
penis
a stalk, stem (of a tree; compare इक्षुदण्ड (ikṣu-daṇḍa), उद्दण्ड (ud-daṇḍa), खरदण्ड (khara-daṇḍa))
the staff of a banner
the handle (of a ladle, sauce-pan, fly-flap, parasol etc.)
the steam of a plough
"a mast" » महादण्डधर (mahādaṇḍa-dhara)
the crossbar of a lute which holds the strings
the stick with which a lute is played
a churning-stick (compare दण्डाहत (daṇḍā*hata))
a pole as a measure of length (= 4 hastas)
name of a measure of time (= 60 विकला (vi-kalā)s)
name of a staff-like appearance in the sky ("Name of a planet" L.; compare दण्डभास (daṇḍa-bhāsa))
name of a constellation
a form of military array (compare दण्डव्युह (daṇḍa-vyuha))
line
staff or sceptre as a symbol of power and sovereignty, application of power, violence
power over (genitive or in compound), control, restraint (compare वाग्दण्ड (vāg-daṇḍa), मनोदण्ड (mano-daṇḍa), कायदण्ड (kāya-daṇḍa) [कर्मदण्ड (karma-daṇḍa)]; त्रिदण्डिन् (tri-daṇḍin))
the rod as a symbol of judicial authority and punishment, punishment (corporal, verbal, and fiscal; chastisement and imprisonment, reprimand, fine)
pride
horse
Punishment (son of Dharma and Kriyā)
Yama
Shiva
name of an attendant of the Sun
(g. शिवादि (śivā*di) and शौनकादि (śaunakā*di)) name of a man with the patronymic औपर (aupara)
name of a prince slain by Arjuna (brother of दण्डधर (daṇḍa-dhara), identified with the asura क्रोधहन्तृ (krodha-hantṛ))
name of a rakṣas

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of दण्ड (daṇḍá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	दण्डः daṇḍáḥ	दण्डौ / दण्डा¹ daṇḍaú / daṇḍā́¹	दण्डाः / दण्डासः¹ daṇḍā́ḥ / daṇḍā́saḥ¹
Vocative	दण्ड dáṇḍa	दण्डौ / दण्डा¹ dáṇḍau / dáṇḍā¹	दण्डाः / दण्डासः¹ dáṇḍāḥ / dáṇḍāsaḥ¹
Accusative	दण्डम् daṇḍám	दण्डौ / दण्डा¹ daṇḍaú / daṇḍā́¹	दण्डान् daṇḍā́n
Instrumental	दण्डेन daṇḍéna	दण्डाभ्याम् daṇḍā́bhyām	दण्डैः / दण्डेभिः¹ daṇḍaíḥ / daṇḍébhiḥ¹
Dative	दण्डाय daṇḍā́ya	दण्डाभ्याम् daṇḍā́bhyām	दण्डेभ्यः daṇḍébhyaḥ
Ablative	दण्डात् daṇḍā́t	दण्डाभ्याम् daṇḍā́bhyām	दण्डेभ्यः daṇḍébhyaḥ
Genitive	दण्डस्य daṇḍásya	दण्डयोः daṇḍáyoḥ	दण्डानाम् daṇḍā́nām
Locative	दण्डे daṇḍé	दण्डयोः daṇḍáyoḥ	दण्डेषु daṇḍéṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Derived terms

दण्डक (daṇḍaka)
दण्डन (daṇḍana)
दण्डिका (daṇḍikā)
दण्डनीति (daṇḍanīti)
दण्डयात्रा (daṇḍayātrā)

Descendants

Terms inherited from दण्ड (daṇḍa)

Dardic:
- Gawar-Bati: ڈݨڈ (ḍaṇḍ), ڈوݨڈیک (dōṇḍī́k), ڈیݨڈی (ḍḗṇḍī)
- Kashmiri: دَن (dan), دۆنُ (donu), ڈَنڈُ (ḍanḍu)
- Shina: دوݨ (do̯ṇŭ), ڈونی (ḍṓnī)
- Shumashti: dä̃ṛä
- Torwali: دن (dan)
- Wotapuri-Katarqalai: ḍōn
- → Proto-Nuristani:
  - Ashkun: dōṇ
  - Kamkata-viri: duṇ, ḍun, ḍen
  - Prasuni: ḍuṇḍu, ḍuṇḍū́
  - Waigali: dūṇ, ḍūṇíṅ, deṇḍī́
Pali: daṇḍa, daṇḍaka
Prakrit: 𑀤𑀀𑀟 (dam̐ḍa), 𑀟𑀀𑀟𑀟𑀀𑀟𑀬 (ḍam̐ḍaḍam̐ḍaya)
- Central:
  - Sauraseni Prakrit:
    - Awadhi: डाँड़ (ḍā̃ṛ), डाँड़ु (ḍā̃ṛu), डाँड़ा (ḍā̃ṛā)
    - Gujarati: દાઁડો (dām̐ḍo), ડાઁડો (ḍām̐ḍo), દાઁડી (dām̐ḍī), ડાઁડી (ḍām̐ḍī)
    - Hindustani: dā̃ḍ, ḍā̃ḍ, ḍā̃ṛ, daṇḍā, ḍaṇḍā, ḍā̃ḍā, ḍā̃ṛā, ḍaṇḍī, ḍā̃ḍī
      Hindi: दाँड, डाँड, डाँड़, दंडा, डंडा, डाँडा, डाँड़ा, डंडी, डाँडी
      
      Urdu: دَاںڈ (dā̃ḍ), ڈَاںڈ (ḍā̃ḍ), ڈَاںڑ (ḍā̃ṛ), دَنڈَا, ڈَنڈَا, ڈَاںڈَا (ḍā̃ḍā), ڈَاںڑَا (ḍā̃ṛā), ڈَنڈِی (ḍanḍī), ڈَاںڈِی (ḍā̃ḍī)
    - Romani: ran
- Eastern:
  - Magadhi Prakrit:
    - Assamese: ডাঁৰ (dãr), ডাঁৰা (dãra), ডাঁৰি (dãri), ডঁৰ (dõr)
    - Bengali: ডান্ডা (ḍanḍa), দাঁড় (dãṛ), দাঁড়ি (dãṛi), ডাঁড় (ḍãṛ), ডাঁড়ি (ḍãṛi)
    - Bihari: डाँड़ (ḍā̃ṛ)
      - Bhojpuri: डाँड़ (ḍā̃ṛ)
      - Maithili: डाँड़ (ḍā̃ṛ), डाँड़ि (ḍā̃ṛɨ), डाँड़ब (ḍā̃ṛab)
    - Odia: ଡାଣ୍ଡ (ḍaṇḍô), ଡାଁଡ଼ (ḍãṛô), ଦାଣ୍ଡି (daṇḍi), ଦଣ୍ଡା (dôṇḍa), ଦଣ୍ଡି (dôṇḍi)
- Northern:
  - Khasa Prakrit:
    - Central Pahari:
      - Garhwali: डाँड (ḍā̃ḍ)
      - Kumaoni: दान (dān), डान (ḍān), डाँड़ (ḍā̃ṛ), डानो (ḍāno), डानी (ḍānī), डाण (ḍāṇ)
    - Eastern Pahari:
      - Nepali: डाँण (ḍā̃ṇ), डाँणो (ḍā̃ṇo), डाँणि (ḍā̃ṇi)
    - Western Pahari:
      - Bhadrawahi: डन्न (ḍann), डन्नो (ḍanno), डन्नी (ḍannī)
- Southern:
  - Helu Prakrit:
    - Dhivehi: ދަނޑި (daⁿḍi)
    - Sinhalese: දණ්ඩ (daṇḍa)
  - Maharastri Prakrit:
    - Konkani: dāṇḍāro
      Devanagari script: दांडारो (dāṇḍāro)
      
      Latin script: dannddarô
      
      Kannada script: ದಾಂಡಾರೊ
    - Marathi: दाँड (dŏṇḍa), दाँड (dŏṇḍa)
- Western:
  - Paisaci Prakrit:
    - Takka Apabhramsa:
      - Punjabi: dann, ḍann, ḍannā, ḍannī
        Gurmukhi script: ਦੰਨ, ਡੰਨ, ਡੰਨਾ, ਡੰਨੀ
        
        Shahmukhi script: دَنّ, ڈَنّ, ڈَنَّا, ڈَنِّی
        
        → Hindustani: dannā ("penis")
        Hindi: दन्ना
        
        Urdu: دَنَّا (dannā)
        
        Lahnda:
        Saraiki: ڈَنّ (ḍann), ݙَن (ḏan), ݙَنَّاں (ḏannāṉ), ڈَنِّی (ḍanniī), ڈَݨڈَا (ḍaṇḍā)
    - Vracada Apabhramsa:
      - Sindhi: ḍ̠anu, ḍ̠ano, ḍ̠anī, ḍ̠aṇḍu, ḍ̠aṇḍo
        Arabic script: ڏَنُ, ڏَنو, ڏَنِي, ڏَڻڊُ, ڏَڻڊو
        
        Devanagari script: ॾनु, ॾनो, ॾनी, ॾंडु, ॾंडो

Terms borrowed from दण्ड (daṇḍa)

→ Assamese: দণ্ড (dondo)
→ Bengali: দণ্ড (donḍo)
→ Burmese: ဒဏ် (dan)
→ Hindustani: daṇḍ
- Hindi: दंड
- Urdu: دَنڈ
→ Indonesian: denda
→ Khmer: ទណ្ឌ (tŏən)
→ Lao: ທັນ (than)
→ Malayalam: ദണ്ഡം (daṇḍaṁ)
→ Malay: denda
→ Pali: daṇḍa
→ Romani: rran
→ Sindhi: ڏَنڊُ, ड॒ण्डु
→ Tamil: தண்டம் (taṇṭam)
→ Telugu: దండము (daṇḍamu)
→ Thai: ทัณฑ์ (than)
→ Urdu:

References

Monier Williams (1899) “दण्ड”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 0466.
Witzel, Michael (1999) “Substrate Languages in Old Indo-Aryan (Ṛgvedic, Middle and Late Vedic)”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name)‎, archived from the original on 6 February 2012, Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies, 5 (1).
Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “danda”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 350

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