क्षीर

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts
Alternative scripts
  • ক্ষীৰ (Assamese script)
  • ᬓ᭄ᬱᬷᬭ (Balinese script)
  • ক্ষীর (Bengali script)
  • 𑰎𑰿𑰬𑰱𑰨 (Bhaiksuki script)
  • 𑀓𑁆𑀱𑀻𑀭 (Brahmi script)
  • က္ၑီရ (Burmese script)
  • ક્ષીર (Gujarati script)
  • ਕ੍ਸ਼ੀਰ (Gurmukhi script)
  • 𑌕𑍍𑌷𑍀𑌰 (Grantha script)
  • ꦏ꧀ꦰꦷꦫ (Javanese script)
  • 𑂍𑂹𑂭𑂲𑂩 (Kaithi script)
  • ಕ್ಷೀರ (Kannada script)
  • ក្ឞីរ (Khmer script)
  • ກ຺ຩີຣ (Lao script)
  • ക്ഷീര (Malayalam script)
  • ᡬᢢᡳᡳᡵᠠ (Manchu script)
  • 𑘎𑘿𑘬𑘲𑘨 (Modi script)
  • ᢉᢔᠢᠢᠷᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
  • 𑦮𑧠𑧌𑧓𑧈 (Nandinagari script)
  • 𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐷𑐬 (Newa script)
  • କ୍ଷୀର (Odia script)
  • ꢒ꣄ꢰꢷꢬ (Saurashtra script)
  • 𑆑𑇀𑆰𑆵𑆫 (Sharada script)
  • 𑖎𑖿𑖬𑖱𑖨 (Siddham script)
  • ක්‍ෂීර (Sinhalese script)
  • 𑩜 𑪙𑪀𑩑𑩛𑩼 (Soyombo script)
  • 𑚊𑚶𑚯𑚤 (Takri script)
  • க்ஷீர (Tamil script)
  • క్షీర (Telugu script)
  • กฺษีร (Thai script)
  • ཀྵཱི་ར (Tibetan script)
  • 𑒏𑓂𑒭𑒲𑒩 (Tirhuta script)
  • 𑨋𑩇𑨯𑨁𑨊𑨫 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšiHrám (“milk”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬑𐬱𐬎𐬎𐬌𐬛- (xšuuid-), Northern Kurdish şîr, Persian شیر (šir), Zazaki şıd, şıt. Originally thought to be from Proto-Indo-European *swēyd- (“milk”), but Lubotsky claims a borrowing from the BMAC substrate.

Pronunciation

Noun

क्षीर • (kṣīrá) stem, n

  1. milk, thickened milk
    Synonyms: दुग्ध (dugdhá), पयस् (payas)
    • c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 9.67.32:
      पावमानीर्यो अध्येत्यृषिभिः सम्भृतं रसम् ।
      तस्मै सरस्वती दुहे क्षीरं सर्पिर्मधूदकम् ॥
      pāvamānīryo adhyetyṛṣibhiḥ sambhṛtaṃ rasam.
      tasmai sarasvatī duhe kṣīraṃ sarpirmadhūdakam.
      Whoever reads the essence stored by saints, the Pavamani hymns,
      Sarasvatī draws forth for him water and butter, milk and meath.
    • c. 1200 BCE – 1000 BCE, Atharvaveda
  2. the milky juice or sap of plants

Declension
Neuter a-stem declension of क्षीर (kṣīrá)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative क्षीरम्
kṣīrám		 क्षीरे
kṣīré		 क्षीराणि / क्षीरा¹
kṣīrā́ṇi / kṣīrā́¹
Vocative क्षीर
kṣī́ra		 क्षीरे
kṣī́re		 क्षीराणि / क्षीरा¹
kṣī́rāṇi / kṣī́rā¹
Accusative क्षीरम्
kṣīrám		 क्षीरे
kṣīré		 क्षीराणि / क्षीरा¹
kṣīrā́ṇi / kṣīrā́¹
Instrumental क्षीरेण
kṣīréṇa		 क्षीराभ्याम्
kṣīrā́bhyām		 क्षीरैः / क्षीरेभिः¹
kṣīraíḥ / kṣīrébhiḥ¹
Dative क्षीराय
kṣīrā́ya		 क्षीराभ्याम्
kṣīrā́bhyām		 क्षीरेभ्यः
kṣīrébhyaḥ
Ablative क्षीरात्
kṣīrā́t		 क्षीराभ्याम्
kṣīrā́bhyām		 क्षीरेभ्यः
kṣīrébhyaḥ
Genitive क्षीरस्य
kṣīrásya		 क्षीरयोः
kṣīráyoḥ		 क्षीराणाम्
kṣīrā́ṇām
Locative क्षीरे
kṣīré		 क्षीरयोः
kṣīráyoḥ		 क्षीरेषु
kṣīréṣu
Notes
  • ¹Vedic

Derived terms

Descendants
  • Dardic:
    • Dameli: [script needed] (c̣hīr)
    • Gawar-Bati: [script needed] (c̣hir)
    • Kalami: [script needed] (c̣hīr, “milk, udder”)
    • Kalasha: č̣hir
    • Khowar: ݯھیر (č̣hír)
    • Phalura: ڇھیر (c̣hīr)
    • Savi: [script needed] (c̣hir)
    • Shumashti: [script needed] (c̣hīr)
    • Torwali: ڇھی (c̣hī)
  • Southern:
    • Helu Prakrit: 𑀓𑀺𑀭𑀺 (kiri)
    • Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀔𑀻𑀭 (khīra)
      • Marathi: खीर (khīr), शिरें (śirẽ, “caudle for puerperal women of coconut milk”)
  • Northern:
  • Eastern:
    • Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀔𑀻𑀭 (khīra)
      • Assamese: খীৰ (khir)
      • Bengali: ক্ষীর (khir), খীর (khir)
      • Odia: ଖିରି (khiri), ଖିର (khirô, “milk, juice from trees”), ଖିରା (khira, “inspissated milk”)
      • Sylheti: ꠈꠤꠞ (kír)
  • Western:
    • Paisaci Prakrit:
      • Punjabi: ਖੀਰ (khīr)
        • Lahnda: کھِیر (khīr)
      • Sindhi:
        Arabic script: کِيرُ
        Devanagari script: खीरु
  • Pali: khīra
  • Central:
    • Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀔𑀻𑀭 (khīra)
      • Domaaki: [script needed] (c̣hīr)
      • Gujarati: ખીરું (khīrũ)
      • Hindustani:
        Hindi: खीर (khīr)
        Urdu: کھیر (khīr)
      • >? Romani: khil
  • → Proto-Nuristani:
    • Waigali: [script needed] (c̣hīr, “sour milk”)
  • → Telugu: క్షీరము (kṣīramu) (learned)

References
  • Monier Williams (1899) “क्षीर”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 329/3.
  • Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 433
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