پیش
Persian
Etymology
Inherited from Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (pyš /pēš/, “before, pre-, past, beside”), of unclear further origin. Multiple theories have been proposed:[1]
- Horn takes the word as a derivative of Old Persian [script needed] (patiš, “against”), from Proto-Iranian *pati- (“against”), itself from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“in front; first”); this is rejected by Hubschmann.
- Nyberg considers the word as a southwestern dialectal form of Old Persian [script needed] (paišiyā, “in front, before”); however, he does not elaborate further.[2]
- Gershevitch derives the word from Proto-Iranian *pasya-, from Proto-Iranian *pas- (“to observe, look”) (with phonetic assimilation of *sy- to š-, ala the shift from Proto-Iranian *kacyápah (“tortoise, turtle”) to Persian کشف (kašaf, “tortoise, turtle”)), from Proto-Indo-European *speḱ- (“to see, look, observe”).
- Most likely, according to Edelman, is a derivation from an earlier Proto-Iranian *pati-aši- (“before or against one's eyes”), from Proto-Iranian *pati- (“against”) + *Háši (“eye”), the latter from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hákši (“eye”). This would make the word an exact cognate with Sanskrit प्रत्यक्ष (pratyakṣa, “present before the eyes, obvious, clear”).
Pronunciation
| Dari | پیش |
|---|---|
| Iranian Persian | |
| Tajik | пеш |
- (Classical Persian) IPA(key): [peːʃ]
- (Dari, formal) IPA(key): [pʰeːʃ]
- (Kabuli) IPA(key): [pʰeːʃ]
- (Hazaragi) IPA(key): [pʰeːʃ]
- (Iran, formal) IPA(key): [pʰiːʃ]
- (Tajik, formal) IPA(key): [pʰeʃ]
| Readings | |
|---|---|
| Classical reading? | pēš |
| Dari reading? | pēš |
| Iranian reading? | piš |
| Tajik reading? | peš |
Noun
پیش • (piš)[3]
- front part
- (with ezâfe) in front of, before
- پیش شاهنشاه ― piš-e šâhenšâh ― before the king; in front of the king
Adjective
پیش • (piš)
Adverb
پیش • (piš)
- before, previously
- از مدتها پیش ― az moddat-hâ piš ― from a long time ago
- in advance
- (of movement) forward, ahead
Derived terms
- از پیش (az piš, “from old”)
- پیش آمدن (piš âmadan, “to happen, to come up”)
- پیش آوردن (piš âvordan, “to put forth”)
- پیش از (piš az, “before”)
- پیش افتادن (piš oftâdan, “to outrun”)
- پیش بردن (piš bordan, “to win”)
- پیش رفتن (piš raftan, “to progress”)
- پیش کشیدن (piš kešidan, “to take up”)
- پیش گرفتن (piš gereftan, “to set oneself to”)
- پیشانی (pišâni, “forehead”)
- پیشتخته (piš-taxte, “desk”)
Descendants
References
- Edelʹman, D. I. (2020) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume 6, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 248
- Nyberg, H. S. (1974) “pērōz-kar”, in A Manual of Pahlavi, Part II: Glossary, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, page 161a
- MacKenzie, D. N. (1971) “pēš”, in A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press
Urdu
Etymology
Borrowed from Classical Persian پیش (pēš).
Pronunciation
- (Standard Urdu) IPA(key): /peːʃ/
- Rhymes: -eːʃ
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