< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/speḱ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction

The Greek roots show a metathesized *sḱep-.

Root

*speḱ-[1][2][3][4][5]

  1. to see, to look, to observe

Descendants
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spać-
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spaś-
    • Proto-Iranian: *spac-
      • Bactrian: σπισ- (spis-), ασπισ- (aspis-), σαπισ- (sapis-)
      • Khotanese: [script needed] (spāśś-, “to look”)
      • Parthian: 𐫙𐫘𐫛 (ʿsp)
      • Sogdian: [script needed] (ʾspʾyš), [script needed] (ʾspyš), [script needed] (spyš), [script needed] (spxš)
  • Proto-Tocharian: *päk-

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *speḱ-‎ (31 c, 0 e)
  • *spéḱ-e-ti (thematic e-present)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spáćati
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spáśati
        • Sanskrit: स्पशति (spáśati)
      • Proto-Iranian: *spácati
        • Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬴𐬌𐬙𐬌 (spaṣ̌iti, “sight; protection”)
        • Khotanese: [script needed] (spāśś, “look”)
        • Bactrian: σπασο (spaso /⁠spās⁠/, “service”), ασπασο (aspaso /⁠əspās⁠/)
        • Sogdian: (/⁠(ə)spās⁠/, “service, worship, respect”)
          Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫛𐫀𐫘 (ʾspʾs), 𐫘𐫛𐫀𐫘 (spʾs)
          Sogdian script: [script needed] (ʾspʾs), [script needed] (spʾs)
          Syriac script: ܐܣܦܐܣ (ʾspʾs), ܣܦܐܣ (spʾs)
        • Kurdish:
          • Central Kurdish: سپاس (spas), سوپاس (supas)
          • Northern Kurdish: spas
          • Southern Kurdish: سِپاس (sipas)
        • Parthian: (/⁠(a)spās⁠/, “service”)
          Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭎𐭐𐭎𐭉 (spsy)
          Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫛𐫀𐫘 (ʾspʾs)
          • → Old Armenian: սպաս (spas)
          • → Manichaean Middle Persian: 𐫀𐫘𐫛𐫀𐫘 (ʾspʾs /⁠aspās⁠/, “service”)
        • Middle Persian: (/⁠(i)spās⁠/, “service; thanks, gratitude”)
          Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭮𐭯𐭠𐭮𐭩 (spʾsy)
          Manichaean script: 𐫙𐫘𐫛𐫀𐫘 (ʿspʾs)
          Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (spʾs)
          • Persian: سپاس (sepâs) (see there for further descendants)
  • *spéḱ-ye-ti (ye-present)
  • *spḱ-néw-ti ~ *spḱ-n̥w-énti (*new-present)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spaćnáwti
      • Proto-Iranian: *spacnáwti
        • Old Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬱𐬥𐬎𐬚𐬁 (spašnuθā, 2pl.pres.ind.)
  • *spḗḱ-s-t ~ *spéḱ-s-n̥t (*s-perfective)
    • Proto-Hellenic: *éskēpset
      • Ancient Greek: σκέψατο (sképsato)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háspāćšt
    • Proto-Italic: *speksai
  • *spéḱ-eh₂-ti (eh₂-present)
    • Proto-Germanic: *spehōną (see there for further descendants)
  • *spoḱ-éye-ti (causative)
    • Proto-Hellenic: *skopéyō
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spāćáyati
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spāśáyati
        • Sanskrit: स्पाशयति (spāśáyati)
  • *spéḱ-s ~ *spḱ-és
  • *speḱ-u-s
    • Proto-Italic: *spekus
  • *speḱ-yeh₁-s
  • *spoḱ-ó-s
    • Proto-Hellenic: *spokós
  • *spoḱ-éh₂
    • Proto-Germanic: *spahō
      • Proto-West Germanic: *spehu
        • Old Saxon: *speha
          • Middle Low German: *spē
            • Low German: spee
        • Old Dutch: *spia
        • Old High German: speha
          • Middle High German: spehe, spē
            • German: Spähe
      • Proto-Norse: ᛋᛒᛡ (sbᴀ)
    • Proto-Hellenic: *skopā́
  • *spéḱ-mn̥
    • Proto-Italic: *spekmen
  • *spéḱ-tis
    • Proto-Hellenic: *sképtis
  • *spḱ-tós
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spaštás
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spaṣṭás
      • Proto-Iranian: *spaštáh
        • Avestan: 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬌𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬱𐬙𐬀 (auuispašta)
        • Parthian: 𐫙𐫘𐫛𐫏𐫢𐫤 (ʿspyšt)
    • Proto-Italic: *spektos
      • Latin: spectus
      • Umbrian: 𐌔𐌐𐌄𐌕𐌖𐌓𐌄 (speture, dat.sg.)
  • *spéḱ-tḗr
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spáštā
      • Proto-Iranian: *spáštā
      • Younger Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬱𐬙𐬀𐬭 (spaštar, “protector, guardian; seer”)
  • *spéḱ-tro-m
  • *spéḱ-tlo-m

References
  1. Pokorny, Julius (1959) “spek̑-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 984
  2. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*spek̑-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 575-576
  3. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “speciō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 578-579
  4. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “σκέπτομαι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1347-1348
  5. Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*spas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 353-354
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