جل

See also: چل, خل, حل, ـجل, and ـجیل

Arabic

Etymology 1

Root
ج ل ل (j-l-l)

Compare Hebrew גַּל (gall).

Adjective

جَلّ • (jall)

Declension

Declension of adjective جَلّ (jall)

Singular	Masculine		Feminine
	basic singular triptote		singular triptote in ـَة (-a)
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Informal	جَلّ jall	الْجَلّ al-jall	جَلَّة jalla	الْجَلَّة al-jalla
Nominative	جَلٌّ jallun	الْجَلُّ al-jallu	جَلَّةٌ jallatun	الْجَلَّةُ al-jallatu
Accusative	جَلًّا jallan	الْجَلَّ al-jalla	جَلَّةً jallatan	الْجَلَّةَ al-jallata
Genitive	جَلٍّ jallin	الْجَلِّ al-jalli	جَلَّةٍ jallatin	الْجَلَّةِ al-jallati
Dual	Masculine		Feminine
Dual	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Informal	جَلَّيْن jallayn	الْجَلَّيْن al-jallayn	جَلَّتَيْن jallatayn	الْجَلَّتَيْن al-jallatayn
Nominative	جَلَّانِ jallāni	الْجَلَّانِ al-jallāni	جَلَّتَانِ jallatāni	الْجَلَّتَانِ al-jallatāni
Accusative	جَلَّيْنِ jallayni	الْجَلَّيْنِ al-jallayni	جَلَّتَيْنِ jallatayni	الْجَلَّتَيْنِ al-jallatayni
Genitive	جَلَّيْنِ jallayni	الْجَلَّيْنِ al-jallayni	جَلَّتَيْنِ jallatayni	الْجَلَّتَيْنِ al-jallatayni
Plural	Masculine		Feminine
	basic broken plural triptote		sound feminine plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Informal	جُلُوب julūb	الْجُلُوب al-julūb	جَلَّات jallāt	الْجَلَّات al-jallāt
Nominative	جُلُوبٌ julūbun	الْجُلُوبُ al-julūbu	جَلَّاتٌ jallātun	الْجَلَّاتُ al-jallātu
Accusative	جُلُوبًا julūban	الْجُلُوبَ al-julūba	جَلَّاتٍ jallātin	الْجَلَّاتِ al-jallāti
Genitive	جُلُوبٍ julūbin	الْجُلُوبِ al-julūbi	جَلَّاتٍ jallātin	الْجَلَّاتِ al-jallāti

Noun

جُلّ • (jull) m

(construct) the bulk (of), the majority (of); the lion's share
Synonym: أَكْثَر (ʔakṯar)

مَا لَا يُدْرَكُ كُلُّهُ، لَا يُتْرَكُ جُلُّهُ.
mā lā yudraku kulluhu, lā yutraku julluhu.
What is not wholly achieved is not to be largely abandoned.
- 20th century, مُصْطَفَى صادِق الرافِعي, جل الناسِ أعداءُ :
  جل الناسِ أعداءُ على السرَّاءِ والضَّرَّا
  فلا يغرُرْكَ مبتسمٌ وإن أبدى لكَ البشرا
  ففي الصدر حزازاتٌ تكادُ تمزقُ الصدرا
  ولو كادوا النجومَ هوتْ من الخضراءِ للغبرا
  وما الدنيا إذا فكر تَ غير جهنمَ الصُّغرى
  ألستَ ترى بها أمماً وكلٌّ تلعنُ الأخرى
  لقد جرَّبْتُ جُلَّهُمُ فلمْ أر فيهمُ خيرا
  Most men are rabid foes, / Be they in joy or woe!
  Do not be fooled by smiles, / Even if seeming kind:
  In their breasts is hateful fury, / almost tearing their hearts apart!
  If men could plot against the stars, / The stars would fall into the mire.
  Life, if you reflect, / Is but a "lesser Hell":
  Do you not see in it many nations? / And each of them execrates the other!
  I have appraised most sorts and kinds, / And in all, I saw no goodness!

Declension

Declension of noun جُلّ (jull)

Singular	basic singular triptote
Singular	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	جُلّ jull	الْجُلّ al-jull	جُلّ jull
Nominative	جُلٌّ jullun	الْجُلُّ al-jullu	جُلُّ jullu
Accusative	جُلًّا jullan	الْجُلَّ al-julla	جُلَّ julla
Genitive	جُلٍّ jullin	الْجُلِّ al-julli	جُلِّ julli

Verb

جَلَّ • (jalla) I, non-past يَجِلُّ‎ (yajillu)

to be illustrious
to be beyond or above
to be exalted or dignified
to grow old

Conjugation

Conjugation of

جَلَّ

(form-I geminate, verbal nouns جَلَال or جَلَالَة)

active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
verbal nouns الْمَصَادِر					جَلَال or جَلَالَة jalāl or jalāla
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل					جَالّ jāll
		singular الْمُفْرَد			dual الْمُثَنَّى		plural الْجَمْع
		1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	جَلَلْتُ jalaltu	جَلَلْتَ jalalta	جَلَّ jalla	جَلَلْتُمَا jalaltumā	جَلَّا jallā	جَلَلْنَا jalalnā	جَلَلْتُمْ jalaltum	جَلُّوا jallū
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	f	جَلَلْتُ jalaltu	جَلَلْتِ jalalti	جَلَّتْ jallat	جَلَلْتُمَا jalaltumā	جَلَّتَا jallatā	جَلَلْنَا jalalnā	جَلَلْتُنَّ jalaltunna	جَلَلْنَ jalalna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أَجِلُّ ʔajillu	تَجِلُّ tajillu	يَجِلُّ yajillu	تَجِلَّانِ tajillāni	يَجِلَّانِ yajillāni	نَجِلُّ najillu	تَجِلُّونَ tajillūna	يَجِلُّونَ yajillūna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	f	أَجِلُّ ʔajillu	تَجِلِّينَ tajillīna	تَجِلُّ tajillu	تَجِلَّانِ tajillāni	تَجِلَّانِ tajillāni	نَجِلُّ najillu	تَجْلِلْنَ tajlilna	يَجْلِلْنَ yajlilna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أَجِلَّ ʔajilla	تَجِلَّ tajilla	يَجِلَّ yajilla	تَجِلَّا tajillā	يَجِلَّا yajillā	نَجِلَّ najilla	تَجِلُّوا tajillū	يَجِلُّوا yajillū
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	f	أَجِلَّ ʔajilla	تَجِلِّي tajillī	تَجِلَّ tajilla	تَجِلَّا tajillā	تَجِلَّا tajillā	نَجِلَّ najilla	تَجْلِلْنَ tajlilna	يَجْلِلْنَ yajlilna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أَجِلَّ or أَجِلِّ or أَجْلِلْ ʔajilla or ʔajilli or ʔajlil	تَجِلَّ or تَجِلِّ or تَجْلِلْ tajilla or tajilli or tajlil	يَجِلَّ or يَجِلِّ or يَجْلِلْ yajilla or yajilli or yajlil	تَجِلَّا tajillā	يَجِلَّا yajillā	نَجِلَّ or نَجِلِّ or نَجْلِلْ najilla or najilli or najlil	تَجِلُّوا tajillū	يَجِلُّوا yajillū
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	f		تَجِلِّي tajillī	تَجِلَّ or تَجِلِّ or تَجْلِلْ tajilla or tajilli or tajlil	تَجِلَّا tajillā	تَجِلَّا tajillā		تَجْلِلْنَ tajlilna	يَجْلِلْنَ yajlilna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		جِلَّ or جِلِّ or اِجْلِلْ jilla or jilli or ijlil		جِلَّا jillā			جِلُّوا jillū
imperative الْأَمْر	f		جِلِّي jillī		جِلَّا jillā			اِجْلِلْنَ ijlilna

Etymology 2

From Classical Persian (gul).

Noun

جُلّ • (jull) m

(uncommon) jasmine, rose

Declension

Declension of noun جُلّ (jull)

Singular	basic singular triptote
Singular	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	جُلّ jull	الْجُلّ al-jull	جُلّ jull
Nominative	جُلٌّ jullun	الْجُلُّ al-jullu	جُلُّ jullu
Accusative	جُلًّا jullan	الْجُلَّ al-julla	جُلَّ julla
Genitive	جُلٍّ jullin	الْجُلِّ al-julli	جُلِّ julli

Etymology 3

Borrowed from Iranian. Compare Central Kurdish جِل (cil, “beggar’s clothes”), Persian (joll, “horse-covering, saddle-cloth”), Balti [script needed] (jol, “horse cover”), Yagnobi [script needed] (jul, “horse-cloth”), Gurani [script needed] (jal, jul, “cover, cloth”). Doublet of شَلَّاق (šallāq), جُوَالَق (juwālaq), and جُوَال (juwāl).

Noun

جُلّ • (jull) m (plural أَجْلَال (ʔajlāl) or جِلَال (jilāl)) (regional)

horse-covering, saddlecloth
- a. 869, الْجَاحِظ [al-jāḥiẓ], “باب ما يُجلب من البلدان من طرائف السلع والأمتعة والجواري والأحجار وغير ذلك [What one imports from strange countries in items, commodities, she-slaves, stones and else.]”, in التَبَصُّر بِٱلتِّجَارَة [at-tabaṣṣur bi-t-tijāra]‎:
  ومن السوس: الأُتْرُجُّ ودُهن البنفسج والشاه سبرم والجِلال والبراذع.
  From Sūs one gets citrons, violet-oil, basil, and horse-covers and pack-saddles.
- 1355, اِبْن بَطُّوطَة [ibn baṭṭūṭa, Ibn Baṭṭūṭa], edited by Charles Defrémery & Beniamino Sanguinetti, تُحْفَةُ ٱلنُّظَّارِ فِي غَرَائِبِ ٱلْأَمْصَارِ وَعَجَائِبِ ٱلْأَسْفَارِ [tuḥfatu n-nuẓẓāri fī ḡarāʔibi l-ʔamṣāri waʕajāʔibi l-ʔasfāri]‎, volume II, Paris: L'imprimerie impériale/nationale, published 1854, page 35, line 2 a fine:
  وقد لبسوا التلاليس وجِلال الدوابّ وجعلوا فوق رءوسهم التراب والتبن.
  They were clothed in sacks and pelts of domestic beasts and had their heads covered with earth and straw.

Declension

Declension of noun جُلّ (jull)

Singular	basic singular triptote
Singular	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	جُلّ jull	الْجُلّ al-jull	جُلّ jull
Nominative	جُلٌّ jullun	الْجُلُّ al-jullu	جُلُّ jullu
Accusative	جُلًّا jullan	الْجُلَّ al-julla	جُلَّ julla
Genitive	جُلٍّ jullin	الْجُلِّ al-julli	جُلِّ julli
Dual	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	جُلَّيْن jullayn	الْجُلَّيْن al-jullayn	جُلَّيْ jullay
Nominative	جُلَّانِ jullāni	الْجُلَّانِ al-jullāni	جُلَّا jullā
Accusative	جُلَّيْنِ jullayni	الْجُلَّيْنِ al-jullayni	جُلَّيْ jullay
Genitive	جُلَّيْنِ jullayni	الْجُلَّيْنِ al-jullayni	جُلَّيْ jullay
Plural	basic broken plural triptote
Plural	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	أَجْلَال‎; جِلَال ʔajlāl‎; jilāl	الْأَجْلَال‎; الْجِلَال al-ʔajlāl‎; al-jilāl	أَجْلَال‎; جِلَال ʔajlāl‎; jilāl
Nominative	أَجْلَالٌ‎; جِلَالٌ ʔajlālun‎; jilālun	الْأَجْلَالُ‎; الْجِلَالُ al-ʔajlālu‎; al-jilālu	أَجْلَالُ‎; جِلَالُ ʔajlālu‎; jilālu
Accusative	أَجْلَالًا‎; جِلَالًا ʔajlālan‎; jilālan	الْأَجْلَالَ‎; الْجِلَالَ al-ʔajlāla‎; al-jilāla	أَجْلَالَ‎; جِلَالَ ʔajlāla‎; jilāla
Genitive	أَجْلَالٍ‎; جِلَالٍ ʔajlālin‎; jilālin	الْأَجْلَالِ‎; الْجِلَالِ al-ʔajlāli‎; al-jilāli	أَجْلَالِ‎; جِلَالِ ʔajlāli‎; jilāli

References

Fraenkel, Siegmund (1886) Die aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen (in German), Leiden: E. J. Brill, pages 103–104
Rossi, Adriano Valerio (2011) “Ossetic and Balochi in V.I. Abaev’s SLOVAR'”, in Nartamongæ. The Journal of Alano-Ossetic Studies‎, volume 8, pages 251–255 (from 236)

Persian

Etymology

Perhaps cognate to Sanskrit चोल (cola). Borrowed as Arabic جُلّ (jull)

Noun

جل • (joll)

horse-covering, saddlecloth
veil (hung before a sanctuary)

Derived terms

جُلبَک (jolbak)
آسمان‌جُل (âsemân-jol)

Descendants

→ Ottoman Turkish: چول (çul) (see there for further descendants)

References

Steingass, Francis Joseph (1892) “جل”, in A Comprehensive Persian–English dictionary, London: Routledge & K. Paul, page 367

Urdu

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit जल (jala).

Pronunciation

(Standard Urdu) IPA^(key): /d͡ʒəl/

Noun

جَل • (jal) m (Hindi spelling जल)

water
Synonym: پانی (pānī)
- ناصر شہزاد (Nāsir Śahzād) :
  جل میں ٹھہرا ترا مرا چہرا
  کیسا دریا تھا وہ سبھا کیسی
  jal mẽ ṭhahrā tirā mirā cehrā
  kaisā dariyā thā voh sabhā kaisī

References

“جل”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
“جل”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2024.

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