τίς

See also: τις and -τις

Ancient Greek

Pronunciation
 
  • Audio (Classical Attic): τίς, τί(file)

Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷis. Cognates include Latin quis and Hittite [script needed] (kuiš). Compare its indefinite form τις (tis, “anyone, anything”).

In Attic, the labiovelar *kʷ- becomes τ- before the front vowel ι and by analogy also before ου, ῳ in the genitive and dative singular, but π- before the rounded back vowel ο in most of the related interrogatives listed below.

Gen. sg. τοῦ < τέο < *kʷésyo (then basis for dat. sg. τῷ and gen. pl. τέων) and the paradigm change to n-stem must have started with *τίν < *kʷím elaborated with consonant stem ending, -ᾰ.[1]

Alternative forms

Pronoun

τῐ́ς • (tís) interrogative (also see indefinite pronoun τὶς or τις)

  1. (substantive)
    1. (masculine, feminine) who?
    2. (neuter) what?
  2. (adjective) what? which? what kind?
Usage notes
  • The neuter nominative/accusative τί (tí) is never elided, but a hiatus is allowed in Attic Greek.
  • The stem iota remains short in every declined form.
Inflection
Third declension of τίς, τί
Number Singular Dual Plural
Case / Gender Masculine / Feminine Neuter Masculine / Feminine Neuter Masculine / Feminine Neuter
Nominative τίς τί τίνε τίνε τίνες τίνα
Genitive τίνος, τοῦ τίνος, τοῦ τίνοιν τίνοιν τίνων τίνων
Dative τίνι, τῷ τίνι, τῷ τίνοιν τίνοιν τίσι(ν) τίσι(ν)
Accusative τίνα τί τίνε τίνε τίνας τίνα
Third declension of τίς, τί (Homeric, Ionic)
Number Singular Dual Plural
Case / Gender Masculine / Feminine Neuter Masculine / Feminine Neuter Masculine / Feminine Neuter
Nominative τίς τί τίνε τίνε τίνες τίνα
Genitive τέο, τεῦ, τέου τέο, τεῦ, τέου τίνοιν τίνοιν τέων τέων
Dative τέῳ, τῳ τέῳ, τῳ τίνοιν τίνοιν τίσι(ν), τοῖσι(ν), τέοισι(ν) τίσι(ν), τοῖσι(ν), τέοισι(ν)
Accusative τίνα τί τίνε τίνε τίνας τίνα
Synonyms
Derived terms
Ancient Greek correlatives (edit)
typeinterrogativeindefinite(medial)
demonstrative		proximal
demonstrative		distal
demonstrative		relativeindefinite
relative		identityother
basic τίςτις, ἔνιοι†ὁ, οὗτοςὅδεἐκεῖνοςὅςὅστιςὁ αὐτός (αὑτός), ὁμόςἕτερος, ἄλλος
dual πότεροςπότερος, ποτερόςὁπότερος
quality ποῖοςποιός†τοῖος, τοιοῦτοςτοιόσδεοἷοςὁποῖοςὅμοιοςἑτεροῖος, ἀλλοῖος
quantity πόσοςποσός†τόσος, τοσοῦτοςτοσόσδεὅσοςὁπόσος
manner πῶςπως†τώς, †ὥς, οὕτωςὧδεὡςὅπωςὁμῶςἑτέρως, ἄλλως
method,
path,
place		 πῇπῃτῇ, ταύτῃτῇδεἐκείνῃᾗὅπῃἄλλῃ
place ποῦ, †πόθιπου, †ποθιἐνταῦθαἐνθάδεἐκεῖ, ἔνθα, †ἐκεῖθιοὗ, ἔνθα, †ὅθιὅπου, †ὁπόθιαὐτόθι, ὁμοῦἄλλοθι
source πόθενποθεν†τόθεν, ἔνθεν, ἐντεῦθενἐνθένδεἐκεῖθενὅθενὁπόθεν†ὁμόθενἄλλοθεν
destination ποῖ, †πόσεποιἔνθα, ἐνταῦθαἐνθάδε, δεῦροἐκεῖσεοἷὅποι, †ὁπόσεαὐτόσε, ὁμόσεἄλλοσε
time πότε, πῆμοςποτέ, ποτε, τοτέ, ἐνίοτετότε, τῆμοςτημόσδεὅτε, ἦμοςὁπότε, †ὁππῆμοςἅμαἄλλοτε
exact time πηνίκα†τηνίκα, τηνικαῦτατηνικάδεἡνίκαὁπηνίκααὐτίκα
duration of time τέωςἕως
size, age πηλίκοςπηλίκος†τηλίκος, τηλικοῦτοςτηλικόσδεἡλίκοςὁπηλίκοςὁμῆλιξ
repetition ποσάκις, ποσίνδαποσάκιςτουτάκις, τοσάκις†ὁσάκις ὁποσάκιςὁποσάκις
multiplication ποσαπλάσιοςὁσαπλάσιος, ὁσαπλασίων
order πόστοςποστόςὁπόστος
† Forms rarely or never used in Classical Attic prose
Relative also used in exclamations; either relative or indefinite relative used in indirect questions.
Descendants
  • Greek: τις (tis), τι (ti)
  • Mariupol Greek: тыс (tys), ты (ty)

Etymology 2

See τις (tis).

Pronoun

τίς • (tís)

  1. oxytone form of τις (tis, “someone, anyone”)
Usage notes

Used before another enclitic:

  • 386 BCE – 367 BCE, Plato, Meno 70b:
    καὶ δὴ καὶ τοῦτο τὸ ἔθος [Γοργίας] ῡ̔μᾶς εἴθικεν, ἀφόβως τε καὶ μεγαλοπρεπῶς ἀποκρῑ́νεσθαι ἐᾱ́ν τίς τι ἔρηται.
    kaì dḕ kaì toûto tò éthos [Gorgías] hūmâs eíthiken, aphóbōs te kaì megaloprepôs apokrī́nesthai eā́n tís ti érētai.
    And furthermore, [Gorgias] has also accustomed you to the habit of answering fearlessly and magnificently if someone asks you something.

References
  1. Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, § 382

Further reading

Greek

Pronoun

τίς • (tís)

  1. Polytonic spelling of τις (tis)
    τίς πταίει; ― tís ptaíei? ― who is at fault?
    τίς εἶ; (military, recognition) ― tís eî? ― who are you?
    τίνι τρόπῳ; ― tíni trópōi? ― in what way?
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