κλῆρος
Ancient Greek
Alternative forms
- κλᾶρος (klâros) — Doric
Etymology
Uncertain:
- Traditionally, from Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂-, from *kelh₂- (“to hit, cut down”). Cognate with Latin clādes, Proto-Germanic *hultą (“wood, timber; copse, thicket”) (English holt), Old Irish caill (“forest, wood, woodland”), and maybe Albanian shul (“door latch”). Compare Ancient Greek κλᾰ́δος (kládos, “branch, shoot”) and κόλαφος (kólaphos, “hit, blow”, noun), which may or may not be derived from the same root.
- An alternative etymology links Proto-Celtic *klāros (“board, plank”) (whence Proto-Brythonic *klọr, Old Irish clár), from Proto-Indo-European *kléh₂ros, assuming the original meaning of the Greek word was “piece of wood for casting lots”.[1] For this, the PIE root may be *kleh₂- (“to lay out, lay down, set, load, stow”), if not identical to the above.
- Beekes doubts these etymologies on purely semantic grounds and suggests a Pre-Greek origin.[2]
Noun
κλῆρος • (klêros) m (genitive κλήρου); second declension (Epic, Attic, Ionic, Koine)
- A lot
- That which is assigned by lot, an allotment
- A farm
- An inheritance
- The clergy
Declension
Case / # | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | ὁ κλῆρος ho klêros |
τὼ κλήρω tṑ klḗrō |
οἱ κλῆροι hoi klêroi | ||||||||||
Genitive | τοῦ κλήρου toû klḗrou |
τοῖν κλήροιν toîn klḗroin |
τῶν κλήρων tôn klḗrōn | ||||||||||
Dative | τῷ κλήρῳ tôi klḗrōi |
τοῖν κλήροιν toîn klḗroin |
τοῖς κλήροις toîs klḗrois | ||||||||||
Accusative | τὸν κλῆρον tòn klêron |
τὼ κλήρω tṑ klḗrō |
τοὺς κλήρους toùs klḗrous | ||||||||||
Vocative | κλῆρε klêre |
κλήρω klḗrō |
κλῆροι klêroi | ||||||||||
Notes: |
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Derived terms
- κληρωτήριον (klērōtḗrion)
Descendants
- Greek: κλήρος (klíros)
- → Latin: clērus (see there for further descendants)
References
- Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*klāro-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 206–207
- Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κλῆρος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 715
Further reading
- “κλῆρος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “κλῆρος”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “κλῆρος”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- κλῆρος in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- κλῆρος in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- G2819 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- allotment idem, page 25.
- assignment idem, page 46.
- cast idem, page 116.
- estate idem, page 283.
- inheritance idem, page 440.
- lot idem, page 501.
- portion idem, page 627.
- property idem, page 653.
- “clerk”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911, →OCLC.
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