δοῦλος
See also: δούλος
Ancient Greek
Etymology
Related to Mycenaean Greek 𐀈𐀁𐀫 (do-e-ro /dohelos/),[1] possibly from Canaanite *dōʾēlu “servant, attendant” (compare Late Babylonian 𒁕𒀝𒂵𒇻 (daggālu, “subject, one who waits on another, does their bidding”), Aramaic דַּיָּילָא (dayyālā), Hebrew דייל (dayyal, “flight attendant, store clerk”)).[2]
According to Parpola,[3] the word δοῦλος is related to the ethnonym Dahae (found as Δάοι, Δάαι, Δαι or Δάσαι in Greek sources) and thus related to Sanskrit दस्यु (dasyu, “bandit, brigand”) and Sanskrit दास (dāsa) which originally meant 'demon' and later also 'slave' or 'fiend'.
Pronunciation
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /dûː.los/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈdu.los/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈðu.los/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈðu.los/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈðu.los/
Adjective
δοῦλος • (doûlos) m (feminine δούλη, neuter δοῦλον); first/second declension (Attic, Ionic)
Inflection
| Number | Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case/Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||||
| Nominative | δοῦλος doûlos |
δούλη doúlē |
δοῦλον doûlon |
δούλω doúlō |
δούλᾱ doúlā |
δούλω doúlō |
δοῦλοι doûloi |
δοῦλαι doûlai |
δοῦλᾰ doûla | |||||
| Genitive | δούλου doúlou |
δούλης doúlēs |
δούλου doúlou |
δούλοιν doúloin |
δούλαιν doúlain |
δούλοιν doúloin |
δούλων doúlōn |
δούλων doúlōn |
δούλων doúlōn | |||||
| Dative | δούλῳ doúlōi |
δούλῃ doúlēi |
δούλῳ doúlōi |
δούλοιν doúloin |
δούλαιν doúlain |
δούλοιν doúloin |
δούλοις doúlois |
δούλαις doúlais |
δούλοις doúlois | |||||
| Accusative | δοῦλον doûlon |
δούλην doúlēn |
δοῦλον doûlon |
δούλω doúlō |
δούλᾱ doúlā |
δούλω doúlō |
δούλους doúlous |
δούλᾱς doúlās |
δοῦλᾰ doûla | |||||
| Vocative | δοῦλε doûle |
δούλη doúlē |
δοῦλον doûlon |
δούλω doúlō |
δούλᾱ doúlā |
δούλω doúlō |
δοῦλοι doûloi |
δοῦλαι doûlai |
δοῦλᾰ doûla | |||||
| Derived forms | Adverb | Comparative | Superlative | |||||||||||
| δούλως doúlōs |
δουλότερος doulóteros |
δουλότᾰτος doulótatos | ||||||||||||
| Notes: |
| |||||||||||||
Noun
δοῦλος • (doûlos) m (genitive δούλου); second declension (Epic, Attic, Ionic, Koine)
- born slave or bondman
- Synonym: ἀτμήν (atmḗn)
- 2022 May 18, Seumas Macdonald, chapter 5, in Linguae Graecae Per Se Illustrata:
- διὰ τί οὗτος ὁ ἀνὴρ ὁ Ῥωμαϊκὸς δοῦλός ἐστιν; ὁ γὰρ πατὴρ τοῦ Τροχίλου ἦν δοῦλος, νῦν δὲ αὐτός ἐστι δοῦλος.
- dià tí hoûtos ho anḕr ho Rhōmaïkòs doûlós estin? ho gàr patḕr toû Trokhílou ên doûlos, nûn dè autós esti doûlos.
- Why is this Roman man a slave? The father of Trokhilos had been a slave, so now he himself is a slave.
Inflection
| Case / # | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ὁ δοῦλος ho doûlos |
τὼ δούλω tṑ doúlō |
οἱ δοῦλοι hoi doûloi | ||||||||||
| Genitive | τοῦ δούλου toû doúlou |
τοῖν δούλοιν toîn doúloin |
τῶν δούλων tôn doúlōn | ||||||||||
| Dative | τῷ δούλῳ tôi doúlōi |
τοῖν δούλοιν toîn doúloin |
τοῖς δούλοις toîs doúlois | ||||||||||
| Accusative | τὸν δοῦλον tòn doûlon |
τὼ δούλω tṑ doúlō |
τοὺς δούλους toùs doúlous | ||||||||||
| Vocative | δοῦλε doûle |
δούλω doúlō |
δοῦλοι doûloi | ||||||||||
| Notes: |
| ||||||||||||
| Case / # | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ὁ δοῦλος ho doûlos |
τὼ δούλω tṑ doúlō |
οἱ δοῦλοι hoi doûloi | ||||||||||
| Genitive | τοῦ δούλου toû doúlou |
τοῖν δούλοιν toîn doúloin |
τῶν δούλων tôn doúlōn | ||||||||||
| Dative | τῷ δούλῳ tôi doúlōi |
τοῖν δούλοιν toîn doúloin |
τοῖσῐ / τοῖσῐν δούλοισῐ / δούλοισῐν / δούλοις toîsi(n) doúloisi(n) / doúlois | ||||||||||
| Accusative | τὸν δοῦλον tòn doûlon |
τὼ δούλω tṑ doúlō |
τοὺς δούλους toùs doúlous | ||||||||||
| Vocative | δοῦλε doûle |
δούλω doúlō |
δοῦλοι doûloi | ||||||||||
| Notes: |
| ||||||||||||
Synonyms
- ἀνδράποδον (andrápodon)
Derived terms
- ἄδουλος (ádoulos)
- δουλόω (doulóō)
- Θεόδουλος (Theódoulos)
- Χριστόδουλος (Khristódoulos)
Descendants
- Greek: δούλος (doúlos)
References
- Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 249-250
- Rosół, Rafał (2013) Frühe Semitische Lehnwörter im Griechischen (in German), Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, page 18
- Parpola, Asko (1988) “The Coming of the Aryans to Iran and India and the Cultural and Ethnic identity of the Dāsas”, in Studia Orientalia, volume 64, Helsinki, pages 195–202
Further reading
- “δοῦλος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “δοῦλος”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- δοῦλος in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
- δοῦλος in the Diccionario Griego–Español en línea (2006–2024)
- G1401 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- bond idem, page 89.
- bondman idem, page 89.
- creature idem, page 183.
- drudge idem, page 254.
- helot idem, page 395.
- instrument idem, page 447.
- menial idem, page 524.
- minion idem, page 531.
- obsequious idem, page 566.
- puppet idem, page 658.
- satellite idem, page 734.
- servant idem, page 755.
- servile idem, page 756.
- slave idem, page 782.
- slavish idem, page 783.
- submissive idem, page 831.
- subservient idem, page 832.
- thrall idem, page 869.
- tool idem, page 880.
- vassal idem, page 945.
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