White Americans
White Americans (alone/one race only) in 2020
Total population
235 million (71%)
White, in combination with other races
204 million (61.6%)
White, one race only [1]
Regions with significant populations
All areas of the United States
Languages
Predominantly English
Religion
[2]

White Americans (also referred to as European Americans) are Americans who identify as white people. This group constitutes the majority of the people in the United States. According to the 2020 census, 71%, or 235,411,507 people, were White alone or in combination, and 61.6%, or 204,277,273 people, were White alone. This represented a national white demographic decline from a 72.4% white alone share of the U.S. population in 2010.

As of July 1, 2022, United States Census Bureau estimates that 75.8% of the US population were white alone, while Non-Hispanic whites were 59.3% of the population.[3] For these population estimates, the 15.1% who identified as "Some Other Race" in 2020[4] were redistributed into other racial categories, with most of them reclassified as white alone.[5] European Americans are the largest panethnic group of white Americans and have constituted the majority population of the United States since the nation's founding.

The U.S. Census Bureau uses a particular definition of "white" that differs from some colloquial uses of the term.[6][7] The Bureau defines "White" people to be those "having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East or North Africa".[8] Within official census definitions, people of all racial categories may be further divided into those who identify as "not Hispanic or Latino" and those who do identify as "Hispanic or Latino".[9][6] The term "non-Hispanic white", rather than just "white", may be the census group corresponding most closely to those persons who identify as and are perceived to be white in common usage; similarly not all Hispanic/Latino people identify as "white", "black", or any other listed racial category.[7][6] In 2015, the Census Bureau announced their intention to make Hispanic/Latino and Middle Eastern/North African racial categories similar to "white" or "black", with respondents able to choose one, two, or more racial categories; this change was canceled during the Trump administration.[7][10] Other persons who are classified as "white" by the U.S. census but may or may not identify as or be perceived as white include Arab Americans and Jewish Americans of European or MENA descent.[11][12][13][14] In the United States, the term White people generally denotes a person of European ancestry, but has been legally extended to people of West Asian and North African (Middle Eastern, West Asian, and North African) ancestry.[15][16][17]

The most commonly reported ancestries of non-Hispanic White Americans include German (13%), Irish (10%), English (9%), Italian (6%), French (4%), Polish (3%), Scottish (3%), Scotch-Irish (2%), and Dutch, Norwegian, Swedish, and Russian (each 1%), respectively.[18][19][20][21] It is difficult to track ancestry from Spain in Whites alone since people of Spanish descent are Hispanic and though the census does track Hispanics' national origin, it does not classify it by race. In 2021, 995,583 people of any race claimed ancestry from Spain, 0.3% of the total population.[22] The British Americans' demography is considered a serious under-count as the stock tend to self-report and identify as simply "Americans" (7%), due to the length of time they have inhabited the United States, particularly if their family arrived prior to the American Revolution.[23][14] The vast majority of white Americans also have ancestry from multiple countries.

Historical and present definitions

Definitions of who is "White" have changed throughout the history of the United States.

U.S. census definition

The term "white American" can encompass many different ethnic groups. Although the United States census purports to reflect a social definition of race, the social dimensions of race are more complex than Census criteria. The 2000 U.S. census states that racial categories "generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country. They do not conform to any biological, anthropological or genetic criteria."[24]

The Census question on race lists the categories White or European American, Black or African American, American Indian and Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, Asian, plus "Some other race", with the respondent having the ability to mark more than one racial or ethnic category. The Census Bureau defines White people as follows:

"White" refers to a person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East or North Africa. It includes people who indicated their race(s) as "White" or reported entries such as German, Italian, Lebanese, Arab, Moroccan, or Caucasian.[8]

In U.S. census documents, the designation White overlaps, as do all other official racial categories, with the term Hispanic or Latino, which was introduced in the 1980 census as a category of ethnicity, separate and independent of race.[25][26] Hispanic and Latino Americans as a whole make up a racially diverse group and are the largest minority in the country.[27][28]

Beginning in 1930, Mexican was added as a distinct race on the U.S. census with the explanation that "practically all Mexican laborers are of a racial mixture difficult to classify".[29][30] The Mexican racial category was removed in 1940, with new direction that "Mexicans are to be regarded as white unless definitely of Indian or other nonwhite race"; this was continued in 1950.[31] 1970 saw the creation of the Spanish Origin category, which superseded previous classifications for Latin Americans and is now represented by the Hispanic or Latino ethnic category. Hispanic or Latino was again to be raised to racial status for the 2020 census (along with Middle Eastern and North African), but this was canceled by President Donald J. Trump.[32]

The characterization of Middle Eastern and North African Americans as white has been a matter of controversy. In the early 20th century, there were a number of cases where people of Arab descent were denied entry into the United States or deported, because they were characterized as nonwhite.[33] In the early 21st century, MENA Americans began lobbying for the creation of their own racial group and were successful; in 2015, the US Census Bureau announced that it had responded to their requests and would add a "Middle Eastern and North African" racial category to the 2020 census.[34][35] However, the Trump administration nullified this change after coming to power in 2016.

President Abraham Lincoln was descended from Samuel Lincoln and was of English and Welsh ancestry.
Gloria Vanderbilt, noted artist and designer, was of Dutch descent.

In cases where individuals do not self-identify, the U.S. census parameters for race give each national origin a racial value.

On some government documents, such as the 2007 SEER program's Coding and Staging Manual, people who reported Muslim (or a sect of Islam such as Shia or Sunni), Jewish, Zoroastrian, Caucasian, or a MENA or Latin American ethnicity as their race in the "Some other race" section, without noting a country of origin or Native American tribal affiliation, were automatically tallied as White. [36] The 1990 U.S. census Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) listed "Caucasian" or "Aryan" among other terms as subgroups of "white" in their ancestry code listing,[37] but 2005 and proceeding years of PUMS codes do not.[38]

Social definition

In the contemporary United States, essentially anyone of European descent is typically considered white. People of Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) descent may also be considered white. However, many of the ethnic groups classified as white by the U.S. Census, such as Arab Americans, Berber Americans, Romani Americans, Jewish Americans of European or MENA descent, and Hispanics and Latinos of European or MENA descent may not always identify as, and may not always be perceived to be, white.[39][40][41][42][43][44]

Social perceptions of whiteness have evolved over the course of American history. For example, Benjamin Franklin commented that the Saxons of Germany and the English "make the principal Body of White People on the Face of the Earth".[45] Historically, many individuals of European descent were not readily integrated into mainstream American society and found themselves caught on the "dark" side of the white/black binary, including Irish, Italians, Greeks and Slavs.[46] In Minnesota, increasing numbers of Finnish immigrants led to a debate surrounding Finnish whiteness and whether Finns should be classified as a Mongoloid peoples.[44]

David R. Roediger argues that the construction of the white race in the United States was an effort to mentally distance slave owners from slaves.[47] The process of officially being defined as white by law often came about in court disputes over pursuit of citizenship.[48]

Demographic information

White alone 1790–2020
Year Population % of
the U.S.		 % change
(10 yr)		 Year Population % of
the U.S.		 % change
(10 yr)
17903,172,00680.7Steady191081,731,95788.9Increase22.3%
18004,306,44681.1Increase35.8%192094,820,91589.7Increase16.0%
18105,862,07381.0Increase36.1%1930110,286,74089.8Increase16.3%
18207,866,79781.6Increase34.2%1940118,214,87089.8 (highest)Increase7.2%
183010,532,06081.9Increase33.9%1950134,942,02889.5Increase14.1%
184014,189,70583.2Increase34.7%1960158,831,73288.6Increase17.7%
185019,553,06884.3Increase37.8%1970178,119,22187.5Increase12.1%
186026,922,53785.6Increase37.7%1980188,371,62283.1Increase5.8%
187033,589,37787.1Increase24.8%1990199,686,07080.3Increase6.0%
188043,402,97086.5Increase29.2%2000211,460,62675.1Increase5.9%
189055,101,25887.5Increase26.9%2010223,553,26572.4Increase5.7%
190066,809,19687.9Increase21.2%2020204,277,27361.6 (lowest)Decrease – 8.6%
Source: United States census bureau.[49][50][51][52]

The fifty states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico as of the 2020 United States Census

White Americans constitute the majority of the 332 million people living in the United States, with 71% of the population in the 2020 United States Census, including 61.6% who identified as 'white alone.' This represented a national white demographic decline from a 72.4% share of the US's self-identified white alone population in 2010.[8][53][note 1]

The largest ethnic groups (by ancestry) among White Americans were Germans, followed by Irish and English.[55] In the 1980 census 49,598,035 Americans cited that they were of English ancestry, making them 26% of the country and the largest group at the time, and in fact larger than the population of England itself.[56] Slightly more than half of these people would cite that they were of "American" ancestry on subsequent censuses and virtually everywhere that "American" ancestry predominates on the 2000 census corresponds to places where "English" predominated on the 1980 census.[14][57]

Geographic distribution

White Americans (alone/single race) population pyramid in 2020
White Americans of one race (or alone) in 2020
White Americans of one race (or alone) from 1960 to 2020

White Americans are the majority racial group in almost all of the United States. They are not the majority in Hawaii, many American Indian reservations, parts of the South, the District of Columbia, all US territories, and in many urban areas throughout the country.

Overall the highest concentration of those referred to as "non-Hispanic whites" by the Census Bureau are found in the Midwest, New England, the northern Rocky Mountain states, Kentucky, West Virginia, and East Tennessee.[58] The lowest concentration of whites was found in southern and mid-Atlantic states.[9][59][60]

Although all large geographical areas are dominated by White Americans, much larger differences can be seen between specific parts of large cities.

States with the highest percentages of White Americans, either White Alone or in combination with another race as of 2020:[61]

  1. Vermont 95.6%
  2. Maine 95.4%
  3. West Virginia 94.4%
  4. New Hampshire 93.7%
  5. Wyoming 92.0%
  6. Montana 90.9%
  7. Idaho 90.2%
  8. Iowa 89.8%
  9. North Dakota 88.0%
  10. Kentucky 87.5%

States with the highest percentages of non-Latino/Hispanic whites, as of 2020:[62]

  1. Maine 92.0%
  2. Vermont 91.3%
  3. New Hampshire 91.3%
  4. West Virginia 90.4%
  5. Wyoming 90.7%
  6. Idaho 90.7%
  7. Utah 88.7%
  8. Iowa 88.7%
  9. Montana 86.7%
  10. Nebraska 86.0%

Income and educational attainment

White Americans have the second highest median household income and personal income levels in the nation, by cultural background. The median income per household member was also the highest, since White Americans had the smallest households of any racial demographic in the nation. In 2006, the median individual income of a White American age 25 or older was $33,030, with those who were full-time employed, and of age 25 to 64, earning $34,432. Since 42% of all households had two income earners, the median household income was considerably higher than the median personal income, which was $48,554 in 2005. Jewish Americans rank first in household income, personal income, and educational attainment among White Americans.[63] In 2005, White households had a median household income of $48,977, which is 10% above the national median of $44,389. Among Cuban Americans, with 86% classified as White, those born in the US have a higher median income and educational attainment level than most other Whites.[64]

The poverty rates for White Americans are the second-lowest of any racial group, with 11% of white individuals living below the poverty line, 3% lower than the national average.[65] However, due to Whites' majority status, 48% of Americans living in poverty are white.[66]

White Americans' educational attainment is the second-highest in the country, after Asian Americans'. Overall, nearly one-third of White Americans had a Bachelor's degree, with the educational attainment for Whites being higher for those born outside the United States: 38% of foreign born, and 30% of native born Whites had a college degree. Both figures are above the national average of 27%.[67]

Gender income inequality was the greatest among Whites, with White men outearning White women by 48%. Census Bureau data for 2005 reveals that the median income of White females was lower than that of males of all races. In 2005, the median income for White American females was only slightly higher than that of African American females.[68]

White Americans are more likely to live in suburbs and small cities than their black counterparts.[69]

Population by state

White Americans of one race or alone from 2000 to 2020

White American (of one race or alone) population as of 2000, 2010 and 2020 censuses[70][51][71]
State 2000 2010 2020 Growth
Pop. 2000  % 2000 Pop. 2010  % 2010 Pop % growth between 2000 and 2010
Alabama Alabama 3,162,808 71.1% 3,275,394 68.5% 3,220,452 64.1% +3.6%
Alaska Alaska 434,534 69.3% 473,576 66.7% 435,392 59.4% +9.0%
Arizona Arizona 3,873,611 75.5% 4,667,121 73.0% 4,322,337 60.4% +20.5%
Arkansas Arkansas 2,138,598 80.0% 2,245,229 77.0% 2,114,512 70.2% +5.0%
California California 20,170,059 59.5% 21,453,934 57.6% 16,296,122 41.2% +6.4%
Colorado Colorado 3,560,005 82.8% 4,089,202 81.3% 4,082,927 70.7% +14.9%
Connecticut Connecticut 2,780,355 81.6% 2,772,410 77.6% 2,395,128 66.4% -0.3%
Delaware Delaware 584,773 74.6% 618,617 68.9% 597,763 60.4% +5.8%
Washington, D.C. District of Columbia 176,101 30.8% 231,471 38.5% 273,194 39.4% +31.4%
Florida Florida 12,465,029 78.0% 14,109,162 75.0% 12,422,961 57.7% +13.2%
Georgia (U.S. state) Georgia 5,327,281 65.1% 5,787,440 59.7% 5,555,483 51.9% +8.6%
Hawaii Hawaii 294,102 24.3% 336,599 24.7% 333,261 22.9% +14.4%
Idaho Idaho 1,177,304 91.0% 1,396,487 89.1% 1,510,360 82.1% +18.6%
Illinois Illinois 9,125,471 73.5% 9,177,877 71.5% 7,868,227 61.4% +0.6%
Indiana Indiana 5,320,022 87.5% 5,467,906 84.3% 5,241,791 77.2% +2.8%
Iowa Iowa 2,748,640 93.9% 2,781,561 91.3% 2,694,521 84.5% +1.2%
Kansas Kansas 2,313,944 86.1% 2,391,044 83.8% 2,222,462 75.6% +3.3%
Kentucky Kentucky 3,640,889 90.1% 3,809,537 87.8% 3,711,254 82.4% +4.6%
Louisiana Louisiana 2,856,161 63.9% 2,836,192 62.6% 2,675,652 57.1% -0.7%
Maine Maine 1,236,014 96.9% 1,264,971 95.2% 1,237,041 90.8% +2.3%
Maryland Maryland 3,391,308 64.0% 3,359,284 58.2% 3,007,874 48.7% -0.9%
Massachusetts Massachusetts 5,367,286 84.5% 5,265,236 80.4% 4,896,037 69.6% -1.9%
Michigan Michigan 7,966,053 80.2% 7,803,120 78.9% 7,444,974 73.9% -2.0%
Minnesota Minnesota 4,400,282 89.4% 4,524,062 85.3% 4,423,146 77.5% +2.8%
Mississippi Mississippi 1,746,099 61.4% 1,754,684 59.1% 1,658,893 56% +0.5%
Missouri Missouri 4,748,083 84.9% 4,958,770 82.8% 4,740,335 77% +4.4%
Montana Montana 817,229 90.6% 884,961 89.4% 916,524 84.5% +8.3%
Nebraska Nebraska 1,533,261 89.6% 1,572,838 86.1% 1,538,052 78.4% +2.6%
Nevada Nevada 1,501,886 75.2% 1,786,688 66.2% 1,588,463 51.2% +19.0%
New Hampshire New Hampshire 1,186,851 96.0% 1,236,050 92.3% 1,216,203 88.3% +4.1%
New Jersey New Jersey 6,104,705 72.6% 6,029,248 68.6% 5,112,280 55% -1.2%
New Mexico New Mexico 1,214,253 66.8% 1,407,876 68.4% 1,078,927 51% +15.9%
New York (state) New York 12,893,689 67.9% 12,740,974 65.7% 11,143,349 55.2% -1.2%
North Carolina North Carolina 5,804,656 72.1% 6,528,950 68.5% 6,448,459 62.2% +12.5%
North Dakota North Dakota 593,181 92.4% 605,449 90.0% 645,938 82.9% +2.1%
Ohio Ohio 9,645,453 85.0% 9,539,437 82.7% 9,080,688 77% -1.1%
Oklahoma Oklahoma 2,628,434 76.2% 2,706,845 72.2% 2,514,884 63.5% +3.0%
Oregon Oregon 2,961,623 86.6% 3,204,614 83.6% 3,169,096 74.8% +8.2%
Pennsylvania Pennsylvania 10,484,203 85.4% 10,406,288 81.9% 9,750,687 75% -0.7%
Rhode Island Rhode Island 891,191 85.0% 856,869 81.4% 782,920 71.3% -3.8%
South Carolina South Carolina 2,695,560 67.2% 3,060,000 66.2% 3,243,442 63.4% +13.5%
South Dakota South Dakota 669,404 88.7% 699,392 85.9% 715,336 80.7% +4.5%
Tennessee Tennessee 4,563,310 80.2% 4,921,948 77.6% 4,990,938 72.2% +7.9%
Texas Texas 14,799,505 71.0% 17,701,552 70.4% 14,609,365 50.1% +19.6%
Utah Utah 1,992,975 89.2% 2,379,560 86.1% 2,573,413 78.7% +19.4%
Vermont Vermont 589,208 96.8% 596,292 95.3% 577,751 89.8% +1.2%
Virginia Virginia 5,120,110 72.3% 5,486,852 68.6% 5,208,856 60.3% +7.2%
Washington (state) Washington 4,821,823 81.8% 5,196,362 77.3% 5,130,920 66.6% +7.8%
West Virginia West Virginia 1,718,777 95.0% 1,739,988 93.9% 1,610,749 89.8% +1.2%
Wisconsin Wisconsin 4,769,857 88.9% 4,902,067 86.2% 4,737,545 80.4% +2.8%
Wyoming Wyoming 454,670 92.1% 511,279 90.7% 488,374 84.7% +12.4%
United States United States of America 211,460,626 75.1% 223,553,265 72.4% 204,277,273 61.6% +5.7%
White population by state (includes Hispanics who identify as white)[72]
StatePop. 2016% 2016Pop. 2017% 2017percentage
growth		numeric
growth
Alabama Alabama 3,371,066 69.35% 3,374,131 69.22% -0.13% +3,065
Alaska Alaska 490,864 66.20% 486,724 65.79% -0.41% -4,140
Arizona Arizona 5,753,506 83.28% 5,827,866 83.06% -0.22% +74,360
Arkansas Arkansas 2,372,843 79.41% 2,381,662 79.27% -0.14% +3,740
California California 28,560,032 72.68% 28,611,160 72.37% -0.31% +51,128
Colorado Colorado 4,837,197 87.47% 4,894,372 87.29% -0.18% +57,175
Connecticut Connecticut 2,891,943 80.60% 2,879,759 80.26% -0.34% -12,184
Delaware Delaware 667,076 70.02% 670,512 69.70% -0.32% +3,436
Washington, D.C. District of Columbia 305,232 44.60% 313,234 45.14% +0.54% +8,002
Florida Florida 16,022,497 77.56% 16,247,613 77.43% -0.13% +225,116
Georgia (U.S. state) Georgia 6,310,426 61.18% 6,341,768 60.81% -0.37% +31,342
Hawaii Hawaii 370,362 25.92% 366,546 25.67% -0.25% -3,816
Idaho Idaho 1,567,868 93.32% 1,599,814 93.18% -0.2% +31,946
Illinois Illinois 9,909,184 77.20% 9,864,942 77.06% -0.14% -44,242
Indiana Indiana 5,679,252 85.61% 5,690,929 85.36% -0.25% +11,677
Iowa Iowa 2,860,136 91.35% 2,864,664 91.06% -0.29% +4,528
Kansas Kansas 2,519,340 86.64% 2,519,176 86.47% -0.17% -164
Kentucky Kentucky 3,901,878 87.96% 3,908,964 87.76% -0.20% +7,086
Louisiana Louisiana 2,958,471 63.13% 2,951,003 63.00% -0.13% -7,468
Maine Maine 1,261,247 94.81% 1,264,744 94.67% -0.14% +3,497
Maryland Maryland 3,572,673 59.30% 3,568,679 58.96% -0.34% -3,994
Massachusetts Massachusetts 5,575,622 81.71% 5,576,725 81.29% -0.42% +1,103
Michigan Michigan 7,906,913 79.60% 7,914,418 79.44% -0.16% +7,505
Minnesota Minnesota 4,687,397 84.84% 4,708,215 84.43% -0.41% +20,818
Mississippi Mississippi 1,771,276 59.33% 1,766,950 59.21% -0.12% -4,326
Missouri Missouri 5,069,869 83.23% 5,080,444 83.10% -0.13% +10,575
Montana Montana 926,475 89.20% 935,792 89.08% -0.12% +9,317
Nebraska Nebraska 1,693,622 88.78% 1,700,881 88.58% -0.20% +7,259
Nevada Nevada 2,208,915 75.15% 2,235,657 74.57% -0.58% +26,742
New Hampshire New Hampshire 1,251,836 93.77% 1,256,807 93.59% -0.18% +4,971
New Jersey New Jersey 6,499,057 72.38% 6,489,409 72.06% -0.32% -9,648
New Mexico New Mexico 1,716,662 82.31% 1,715,623 82.16% -0.15% -1,039
New York (state) New York 13,856,651 69.85% 13,807,127 69.56% -0.29% -49,524
North Carolina North Carolina 7,212,423 71.01% 7,276,995 70.83% -0.18% +64,572
North Dakota North Dakota 663,424 87.81% 661,217 87.53% -0.28% -2,207
Ohio Ohio 9,578,424 82.41% 9,579,207 82.16% -0.25% +783
Oklahoma Oklahoma 2,923,751 74.56% 2,921,390 74.32% -0.24% -2,361
Oregon Oregon 3,569,538 87.29% 3,607,515 87.08% -0.21% +37,977
Pennsylvania Pennsylvania 10,525,562 82.31% 10,507,780 82.06% -0.25% -17,782
Rhode Island Rhode Island 892,287 84.37% 890,883 84.07% -0.30% -1,404
South Carolina South Carolina 3,393,346 68.2% 3,440,141 68.47% +0.27% +46,795
South Dakota South Dakota 733,199 85.10% 738,554 84.92% -0.18% +5,355
Tennessee Tennessee 5,231,987 78.68% 5,276,748 78.57% -0.11% +44,761
Texas Texas 22,166,782 79.44% 22,404,118 79.15% -0.29% +237,336
Utah Utah 2,774,606 91.14% 2,820,387 90.93% -0.21% +45,781
Vermont Vermont 589,836 94.62% 589,163 94.47% -0.15% -673
Virginia Virginia 5,891,174 70.01% 5,904,472 69.71% -0.30% +13,298
Washington (state) Washington 5,820,007 79.93% 5,887,060 79.49% -0.44% +67,053
West Virginia West Virginia 1,712,647 93.66% 1,699,266 93.58% -0.08% -13,381
Wisconsin Wisconsin 5,049,698 87.47% 5,060,891 87.32% -0.15% +11,193
Wyoming Wyoming 543,224 92.87% 537,396 92.76% -0.11% -5,828
United States United States 248,619,303 76.87% 249,619,493 76.64% -0.23% +1,000,190
Non-Hispanic population
Non-Hispanic white population by state[72]
StatePop. 2016% 2016Pop. 2017% 2017percentage
growth		numeric
growth
Alabama Alabama 3,198,381 65.80% 3,196,852 65.58% -0.22% -1,529
Alaska Alaska 454,651 61.31% 449,776 60.80% -0.51% -4,875
Arizona Arizona 3,819,881 55.29% 3,849,130 54.86% -0.43% +29,249
Arkansas Arkansas 2,175,521 72.80% 2,177,809 72.49% -0.31% +2,288
California California 14,797,971 37.66% 14,696,754 37.17% -0.49% -101,217
Colorado Colorado 3,791,612 68.56% 3,827,750 68.26% -0.30% +36,135
Connecticut Connecticut 2,428,332 67.68% 2,404,792 67.02% -0.66% -23,540
Delaware Delaware 597,728 62.74% 599,260 62.30% -0.44% +1,532
Washington, D.C. District of Columbia 249,141 36.40% 255,387 36.80% +0.40% +6,246
Florida Florida 11,273,388 54.57% 11,343,977 54.06% -0.51% +70,589
Georgia (U.S. state) Georgia 5,499,055 53.32% 5,507,334 52.81% -0.51% +8,279
Hawaii Hawaii 317,026 22.19% 312,492 21.89% -0.30% -4,534
Idaho Idaho 1,382,934 82.32% 1,408,294 82.02% -0.30% +25,360
Illinois Illinois 7,915,013 61.65% 7,849,887 61.32% -0.33% -65,126
Indiana Indiana 5,280,029 79.59% 5,280,420 79.20% -0.39% +391
Iowa Iowa 2,696,686 86.13% 2,695,962 85.70% -0.43% -724
Kansas Kansas 2,215,920 76.21% 2,209,748 75.86% -0.35% -6,172
Kentucky Kentucky 3,767,092 84.92% 3,768,891 84.61% -0.31% +1,799
Louisiana Louisiana 2,760,416 58.91% 2,747,730 58.66% -0.25% -12,686
Maine Maine 1,243,741 93.50% 1,246,478 93.30% -0.20% +2,737
Maryland Maryland 3,098,543 51.43% 3,077,907 50.86% -0.57% -20,636
Massachusetts Massachusetts 4,972,010 72.86% 4,953,695 72.21% -0.65% -18,315
Michigan Michigan 7,489,609 75.40% 7,488,326 75.17% -0.23% -1,283
Minnesota Minnesota 4,442,684 80.41% 4,455,605 79.89% -0.52% +12,921
Mississippi Mississippi 1,697,562 56.86% 1,691,566 56.69% -0.17% -5,996
Missouri Missouri 4,855,156 79.71% 4,859,227 79.48% -0.23% +4,071
Montana Montana 897,790 86.44% 905,811 86.23% -0.21% +8,021
Nebraska Nebraska 1,515,494 79.44% 1,516,962 79.00% -0.44% +1,468
Nevada Nevada 1,465,888 49.87% 1,470,855 49.06% -0.81% +4,967
New Hampshire New Hampshire 1,212,377 90.81% 1,215,447 90.52% -0.29% +3,070
New Jersey New Jersey 5,002,866 55.72% 4,962,470 55.10% -0.62% -40,396
New Mexico New Mexico 789,869 38.31% 783,064 37.50% -0.81% -6,805
New York (state) New York 11,047,456 55.69% 10,972,959 55.28% -0.41% -74,497
North Carolina North Carolina 6,447,852 63.48% 6,486,100 63.13% -0.35% +38,248
North Dakota North Dakota 641,945 84.96% 639,029 84.59% -0.37% -2,916
Ohio Ohio 9,229,932 79.41% 9,219,577 79.08% -0.33% -10,355
Oklahoma Oklahoma 2,592,571 66.12% 2,581,568 65.67% -0.45% -11,003
Oregon Oregon 3,115,656 76.25% 3,139,685 75.79% -0.46% +24,029
Pennsylvania Pennsylvania 9,841,619 76.96% 9,796,510 76.50% -0.44% -45,109
Rhode Island Rhode Island 773,405 73.13% 768,229 72.50% -0.63% -5,176
South Carolina South Carolina 3,165,176 63.82% 3,203,045 63.75% -0.07% +37,869
South Dakota South Dakota 710,509 82.47% 714,881 82.20% -0.27% +4,372
Tennessee Tennessee 4,931,609 74.17% 4,963,780 73.91% -0.26% +32,171
Texas Texas 11,862,697 42.51% 11,886,381 42.00% -0.51% +23,684
Utah Utah 2,400,885 78.86% 2,434,785 78.49% -0.37% +33,900
Vermont Vermont 580,238 93.08% 579,149 92.86% -0.22% -1,089
Virginia Virginia 5,247,231 62.36% 5,241,262 61.88% -0.48% -5,969
Washington (state) Washington 5,049,817 69.36% 5,091,370 68.75% -0.61% +41,553
West Virginia West Virginia 1,688,472 92.33% 1,674,557 92.22% -0.11% -13,915
Wisconsin Wisconsin 4,710,928 81.60% 4,713,993 81.34% -0.26% +3,065
Wyoming Wyoming 492,235 84.16% 486,565 83.99% -0.17% -5,670
United States United States 197,834,599 61.17% 197,803,083 60.73% -0.44% -31,516

Politics

White Americans tend to vote for the Republican Party ever since the 1960s when the party pushed for the Southern strategy electoral strategy to increase political support among white voters in the South.

In 2012, 88% of Romney voters were white while 56% of Obama voters were white.[73] In the 2008 presidential election, John McCain won 55% of white votes.[74] In the 2010 House election, Republicans won 60% of the white votes.[75]

Some academics and commentators have argued that Donald Trump's presidential election victory in 2016 is an example of "White backlash".[76][77][78]

Year Candidate of
the plurality		 Political
party		 % of
White
vote		 Result
1980Ronald ReaganRepublican Party56% Won
1984Ronald ReaganRepublican66% Won
1988George H. W. BushRepublican59% Won
1992George H. W. BushRepublican40% Lost
1996Bob DoleRepublican46% Lost
2000George W. BushRepublican55% Won
2004George W. BushRepublican58% Won
2008John McCainRepublican55% Lost
2012Mitt RomneyRepublican59% Lost
2016Donald TrumpRepublican57% Won
2020Donald TrumpRepublican58% Lost

Culture

From their earliest presence in North America, White Americans have contributed literature, art, cinema, religion, agricultural skills, foods, science and technology, fashion and clothing styles, music, language, legal system, political system, and social and technological innovation to American culture. White American culture derived its earliest influences from English, Scottish, Welsh, and Irish settlers and is quantitatively the largest proportion of American culture.[79] The overall American culture reflects White American culture. The culture has been developing since long before the United States formed a separate country. Much of White American culture shows influences from British culture. Colonial ties to Great Britain spread the English language, legal system and other cultural attributes.[80]

Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America

Three members of the Kennedy political dynasty, John, Robert and Ted Kennedy. All eight of their great-grandparents emigrated from Ireland.

In his 1989 book Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America, David Hackett Fischer explores the details of the folkways of four groups of settlers from the British Isles that moved to the American colonies during the 17th and 18th centuries from distinct regions of Britain and Ireland. His thesis is that the culture of each group persisted (albeit in modified form), providing the basis for the modern United States.[81]

According to Fischer, the foundation of America's four regional cultures was formed from four mass migrations from four regions of the British Isles by four distinct ethno-cultural groups. New England's formative period occurred between 1629 and 1640 when Puritans, mostly from East Anglia, settled there, thus forming the basis for the New England regional culture.[82] The next mass migration was of southern English Cavaliers and their working class English servants to the Chesapeake Bay region between 1640 and 1675. This spawned the creation of the American Southern culture.[83]

Then, between 1675 and 1725, thousands of Irish, Cornish, English and Welsh Quakers plus many Germans sympathetic to Quaker ideas, led by William Penn, settled the Delaware Valley. This resulted in the formation of the General American culture, although, according to Fischer, this is really a "regional culture", even if it does today encompass most of the U.S. from the mid-Atlantic states to the Pacific Coast.[84] Finally, a huge number of settlers from the borderlands between England and Scotland, sometimes by way of northern Ireland, migrated to Appalachia between 1717 and 1775. This resulted in the formation of the Upland South regional culture, which has since expanded to the west to West Texas and parts of the American Southwest.[85]

In his book, Fischer brings up several points. He states that the U.S. is not a country with one "general" culture and several "regional" cultures, as is commonly thought. Rather, there are only four regional cultures as described above, and understanding this helps one to more clearly understand American history as well as contemporary American life. Fischer asserts that it is not only important to understand where different groups came from, but when. All population groups have, at different times, their own unique set of beliefs, fears, hopes and prejudices. When different groups moved to America and brought certain beliefs and values with them, these ideas became, according to Fischer, more or less frozen in time, even if they eventually changed in their original place of origin.[86]

Admixture

Admixture in non-Hispanic whites

White Americans have a mean of 98.6% European, 0.19% sub-Saharan African, and 0.18% Native American ancestry.[87] However, non-European ancestry in White Americans is highly variable; for example, Black ancestry (2% or greater) is found in over five percent of European Americans in Louisiana and South Carolina, and Native American ancestry (2% or greater) is found in over three percent of European Americans in Louisiana and North Dakota. African ancestry is most common in the South and least common in the Midwest; Native American ancestry is more common in Western states than Eastern states.[88]

Older studies have also been performed. DNA analysis on White Americans by geneticist Mark D. Shriver showed an average of 0.7% sub-Saharan African admixture and 3.2% Native American admixture.[89] The same author, in another study, claimed that about 30% of all White Americans, approximately 66 million people, have a median of 2.3% of Black African admixture.[90] Shriver discovered his ancestry is 10 percent African, and Shriver's partner in DNA Print Genomics, J.T. Frudacas, contradicted him two years later stating "Five percent of European Americans exhibit some detectable level of African ancestry."[91]

In a 2007 study, Gonçalves et al. reported sub-Saharan and Amerindian mtDNA lineages at a frequency of 3.1% (respectively 0.9% and 2.2%) in a sample of 1387 American Caucasians as compared to 62% in white Brazilians (respectively 29% and 33%), 98% for white Colombians (respectively 8% and 90%) and similarly high levels for Argentines, Chileans, and Costa Ricans.[92] A 2003 study on Y-chromosomes and mtDNA found African admixture in European Americans to be "below the limits of detection".[93]

Admixture in Hispanic whites

In contrast to non-Hispanic or Latino whites, whose average European ancestry is 98.6%,[94][95] genetic research has found that the average European admixture among White Hispanic and Latino Americans is 73%, while the average European admixture for Hispanic Americans overall (regardless of their self-identified race) is 65.1%.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Of the foreign-born population from Europe (4,817 thousand), in 2010, 62% were naturalized.[54]

References

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