Octahedron

Regular octahedron
(Click here for rotating model)
Type	Platonic solid
Elements	F = 8, E = 12 V = 6 (χ = 2)
Faces by sides	8{3}
Conway notation	O aT
Schläfli symbols	{3,4}
Schläfli symbols	r{3,3} or ${\begin{Bmatrix}3\\3\end{Bmatrix}}$ {}+{}+{}=3{}
Face configuration	V4.4.4
Wythoff symbol	4 \| 2 3
Coxeter diagram
Symmetry	O_h, BC₃, [4,3], (*432)
Rotation group	O, [4,3]⁺, (432)
References	U₀₅, C₁₇, W₂
Properties	regular, convex deltahedron, Hanner polytope
Dihedral angle	109.47122° = arccos(−1⁄3)
3.3.3.3 (Vertex figure)	Cube (dual polyhedron)
Net

3D model of regular octahedron

In geometry, an octahedron (pl.: octahedra or octahedrons) is a polyhedron with eight faces. The term is most commonly used to refer to the regular octahedron, a Platonic solid composed of eight equilateral triangles, four of which meet at each vertex.

A regular octahedron is the dual polyhedron of a cube. It is also a rectified tetrahedron, a square bipyramid in any of three orthogonal orientations, and a triangular antiprism in any of four orientations.

An octahedron is the three-dimensional case of the more general concept of a cross polytope.

A regular octahedron is a 3-ball in the Manhattan ( $ℓ$ ₁) metric.

Regular octahedron

Dimensions

If the edge length of a regular octahedron is a, the radius of a circumscribed sphere (one that touches the octahedron at all vertices) is

r_{u}={\frac {\sqrt {2}}{2}}a\approx 0.707\cdot a

and the radius of an inscribed sphere (tangent to each of the octahedron's faces) is

r_{i}={\frac {\sqrt {6}}{6}}a\approx 0.408\cdot a

while the midradius, which touches the middle of each edge, is

r_{m}={\tfrac {1}{2}}a=0.5\cdot a

Orthogonal projections

The octahedron has four special orthogonal projections, centered, on an edge, vertex, face, and normal to a face. The second and third correspond to the B₂ and A₂ Coxeter planes.

Orthogonal projections
Centered by	Edge	Face Normal	Vertex	Face
Image
Projective symmetry	[2]	[2]	[4]	[6]

Spherical tiling

The octahedron can also be represented as a spherical tiling, and projected onto the plane via a stereographic projection. This projection is conformal, preserving angles but not areas or lengths. Straight lines on the sphere are projected as circular arcs on the plane.

Orthographic projection	Stereographic projection

Cartesian coordinates

An octahedron with edge length √2 can be placed with its center at the origin and its vertices on the coordinate axes; the Cartesian coordinates of the vertices are then

( ±1, 0, 0 );

( 0, ±1, 0 );

( 0, 0, ±1 ).

In an x–y–z Cartesian coordinate system, the octahedron with center coordinates (a, b, c) and radius r is the set of all points (x, y, z) such that

\left|x-a\right|+\left|y-b\right|+\left|z-c\right|=r.

Area and volume

The surface area A and the volume V of a regular octahedron of edge length a are:

A=2{\sqrt {3}}a^{2}\approx 3.464a^{2}

V={\frac {1}{3}}{\sqrt {2}}a^{3}\approx 0.471a^{3}

Thus the volume is four times that of a regular tetrahedron with the same edge length, while the surface area is twice (because we have 8 rather than 4 triangles).

If an octahedron has been stretched so that it obeys the equation

\left|{\frac {x}{x_{m}}}\right|+\left|{\frac {y}{y_{m}}}\right|+\left|{\frac {z}{z_{m}}}\right|=1,

the formulas for the surface area and volume expand to become

A=4\,x_{m}\,y_{m}\,z_{m}\times {\sqrt {{\frac {1}{x_{m}^{2}}}+{\frac {1}{y_{m}^{2}}}+{\frac {1}{z_{m}^{2}}}}},

V={\frac {4}{3}}\,x_{m}\,y_{m}\,z_{m}.

Additionally the inertia tensor of the stretched octahedron is

I={\begin{bmatrix}{\frac {1}{10}}m(y_{m}^{2}+z_{m}^{2})&0&0\\0&{\frac {1}{10}}m(x_{m}^{2}+z_{m}^{2})&0\\0&0&{\frac {1}{10}}m(x_{m}^{2}-y_{m}^{2})\end{bmatrix}}.

These reduce to the equations for the regular octahedron when

x_{m}=y_{m}=z_{m}=a\,{\frac {\sqrt {2}}{2}}.

Geometric relations

Using the standard nomenclature for Johnson solids, an octahedron would be called a square bipyramid.

Dual

The octahedron is the dual polyhedron of the cube.

If an octahedron of edge length $=a$ is inscribed in a cube, then the length of an edge of the cube $={\sqrt {2}}a$ .

Stellation

The octahedron represents the central intersection of two tetrahedra

The interior of the compound of two dual tetrahedra is an octahedron, and this compound, called the stella octangula, is its first and only stellation. Correspondingly, a regular octahedron is the result of cutting off from a regular tetrahedron, four regular tetrahedra of half the linear size (i.e. rectifying the tetrahedron). The vertices of the octahedron lie at the midpoints of the edges of the tetrahedron, and in this sense it relates to the tetrahedron in the same way that the cuboctahedron and icosidodecahedron relate to the other Platonic solids.

Snub octahedron

One can also divide the edges of an octahedron in the ratio of the golden mean to define the vertices of an icosahedron. This is done by first placing vectors along the octahedron's edges such that each face is bounded by a cycle, then similarly partitioning each edge into the golden mean along the direction of its vector. There are five octahedra that define any given icosahedron in this fashion, and together they define a regular compound. An icosahedron produced this way is called a snub octahedron.

Tessellations

Octahedra and tetrahedra can be alternated to form a vertex, edge, and face-uniform tessellation of space. This and the regular tessellation of cubes are the only such uniform honeycombs in 3-dimensional space.

Characteristic orthoscheme

Like all regular convex polytopes, the octahedron can be dissected into an integral number of disjoint orthoschemes, all of the same shape characteristic of the polytope. A polytope's characteristic orthoscheme is a fundamental property because the polytope is generated by reflections in the facets of its orthoscheme. The orthoscheme occurs in two chiral forms which are mirror images of each other. The characteristic orthoscheme of a regular polyhedron is a quadrirectangular irregular tetrahedron.

The faces of the octahedron's characteristic tetrahedron lie in the octahedron's mirror planes of symmetry. The octahedron is unique among the Platonic solids in having an even number of faces meeting at each vertex. Consequently, it is the only member of that group to possess, among its mirror planes, some that do not pass through any of its faces. The octahedron's symmetry group is denoted B₃. The octahedron and its dual polytope, the cube, have the same symmetry group but different characteristic tetrahedra.

The characteristic tetrahedron of the regular octahedron can be found by a canonical dissection^[1] of the regular octahedron which subdivides it into 48 of these characteristic orthoschemes surrounding the octahedron's center. Three left-handed orthoschemes and three right-handed orthoschemes meet in each of the octahedron's eight faces, the six orthoschemes collectively forming a trirectangular tetrahedron: a triangular pyramid with the octahedron face as its equilateral base, and its cube-cornered apex at the center of the octahedron.^[2]

Characteristics of the regular octahedron^[3]
	edge	arc		dihedral
𝒍	$2$	90°	${\tfrac {\pi }{2}}$	109°28′	$\pi -2{\text{𝟁}}$

𝟀	${\sqrt {\tfrac {4}{3}}}\approx 1.155$	54°44′8″	${\tfrac {\pi }{2}}-{\text{𝜿}}$	90°	${\tfrac {\pi }{2}}$
𝝉^{[lower-alpha 1]}	$1$	45°	${\tfrac {\pi }{4}}$	60°	${\tfrac {\pi }{3}}$
𝟁	${\sqrt {\tfrac {1}{3}}}\approx 0.577$	35°15′52″	${\text{𝜿}}$	45°	${\tfrac {\pi }{4}}$

$_{0}R/l$	${\sqrt {2}}\approx 1.414$
$_{1}R/l$	$1$
$_{2}R/l$	${\sqrt {\tfrac {2}{3}}}\approx 0.816$

${\text{𝜿}}$		35°15′52″	${\tfrac {{\text{arc sec }}3}{2}}$

If the octahedron has edge length 𝒍 = 2, its characteristic tetrahedron's six edges have lengths ${\sqrt {\tfrac {4}{3}}}$ , $1$ , ${\sqrt {\tfrac {1}{3}}}$ around its exterior right-triangle face (the edges opposite the characteristic angles 𝟀, 𝝉, 𝟁),^{[lower-alpha 1]} plus ${\sqrt {2}}$ , $1$ , ${\sqrt {\tfrac {2}{3}}}$ (edges that are the characteristic radii of the octahedron). The 3-edge path along orthogonal edges of the orthoscheme is $1$ , ${\sqrt {\tfrac {1}{3}}}$ , ${\sqrt {\tfrac {2}{3}}}$ , first from an octahedron vertex to an octahedron edge center, then turning 90° to an octahedron face center, then turning 90° to the octahedron center. The orthoscheme has four dissimilar right triangle faces. The exterior face is a 90-60-30 triangle which is one-sixth of an octahedron face. The three faces interior to the octahedron are: a 45-90-45 triangle with edges $1$ , ${\sqrt {2}}$ , $1$ , a right triangle with edges ${\sqrt {\tfrac {1}{3}}}$ , $1$ , ${\sqrt {\tfrac {2}{3}}}$ , and a right triangle with edges ${\sqrt {\tfrac {4}{3}}}$ , ${\sqrt {2}}$ , ${\sqrt {\tfrac {2}{3}}}$ .

Topology

The octahedron is 4-connected, meaning that it takes the removal of four vertices to disconnect the remaining vertices. It is one of only four 4-connected simplicial well-covered polyhedra, meaning that all of the maximal independent sets of its vertices have the same size. The other three polyhedra with this property are the pentagonal dipyramid, the snub disphenoid, and an irregular polyhedron with 12 vertices and 20 triangular faces.^[4]

Nets

The regular octahedron has eleven arrangements of nets.

Faceting

The uniform tetrahemihexahedron is a tetrahedral symmetry faceting of the regular octahedron, sharing edge and vertex arrangement. It has four of the triangular faces, and 3 central squares.

Octahedron	Tetrahemihexahedron

Uniform colorings and symmetry

There are 3 uniform colorings of the octahedron, named by the triangular face colors going around each vertex: 1212, 1112, 1111.

The octahedron's symmetry group is O_h, of order 48, the three dimensional hyperoctahedral group. This group's subgroups include D_3d (order 12), the symmetry group of a triangular antiprism; D_4h (order 16), the symmetry group of a square bipyramid; and T_d (order 24), the symmetry group of a rectified tetrahedron. These symmetries can be emphasized by different colorings of the faces.

Name	Octahedron	Rectified tetrahedron (Tetratetrahedron)	Triangular antiprism	Square bipyramid	Rhombic fusil
Image (Face coloring)	(1111)	(1212)	(1112)	(1111)	(1111)
Coxeter diagram		=
Schläfli symbol	{3,4}	r{3,3}	s{2,6} sr{2,3}	ft{2,4} { } + {4}	ftr{2,2} { } + { } + { }
Wythoff symbol	4 \| 3 2	2 \| 4 3	2 \| 6 2 \| 2 3 2
Symmetry	O_h, [4,3], (*432)	T_d, [3,3], (*332)	D_3d, [2⁺,6], (2*3) D₃, [2,3]⁺, (322)	D_4h, [2,4], (*422)	D_2h, [2,2], (*222)
Order	48	24	12 6	16	8

Irregular octahedra

The following polyhedra are combinatorially equivalent to the regular polyhedron. They all have six vertices, eight triangular faces, and twelve edges that correspond one-for-one with the features of a regular octahedron.

Triangular antiprisms: Two faces are equilateral, lie on parallel planes, and have a common axis of symmetry. The other six triangles are isosceles.
Tetragonal bipyramids, in which at least one of the equatorial quadrilaterals lies on a plane. The regular octahedron is a special case in which all three quadrilaterals are planar squares.
Schönhardt polyhedron, a non-convex polyhedron that cannot be partitioned into tetrahedra without introducing new vertices.
Bricard octahedron, a non-convex self-crossing flexible polyhedron

More generally, an octahedron can be any polyhedron with eight faces. The regular octahedron has 6 vertices and 12 edges, the minimum for an octahedron; irregular octahedra may have as many as 12 vertices and 18 edges.^[5] There are 257 topologically distinct convex octahedra, excluding mirror images. More specifically there are 2, 11, 42, 74, 76, 38, 14 for octahedra with 6 to 12 vertices respectively.^[6]^[7] (Two polyhedra are "topologically distinct" if they have intrinsically different arrangements of faces and vertices, such that it is impossible to distort one into the other simply by changing the lengths of edges or the angles between edges or faces.)

Some better known irregular octahedra include the following:

Hexagonal prism: Two faces are parallel regular hexagons; six squares link corresponding pairs of hexagon edges.
Heptagonal pyramid: One face is a heptagon (usually regular), and the remaining seven faces are triangles (usually isosceles). It is not possible for all triangular faces to be equilateral.
Truncated tetrahedron: The four faces from the tetrahedron are truncated to become regular hexagons, and there are four more equilateral triangle faces where each tetrahedron vertex was truncated.
Tetragonal trapezohedron: The eight faces are congruent kites.
Gyrobifastigium: Two uniform triangular prisms glued over one of their square sides so that no triangle shares an edge with another triangle (Johnson solid 26).
Octagonal hosohedron: degenerate in Euclidean space, but can be realized spherically.

Octahedra in the physical world

Octahedra in nature

Fluorite octahedron.

Natural crystals of diamond, alum or fluorite are commonly octahedral, as the space-filling tetrahedral-octahedral honeycomb.
The plates of kamacite alloy in octahedrite meteorites are arranged paralleling the eight faces of an octahedron.
Many metal ions coordinate six ligands in an octahedral or distorted octahedral configuration.
Widmanstätten patterns in nickel-iron crystals

Octahedra in art and culture

Two identically formed Rubik's Snakes can approximate an octahedron.

Especially in roleplaying games, this solid is known as a "d8", one of the more common polyhedral dice.
If each edge of an octahedron is replaced by a one-ohm resistor, the resistance between opposite vertices is 1/2 ohm, and that between adjacent vertices 5/12 ohm.^[8]
Six musical notes can be arranged on the vertices of an octahedron in such a way that each edge represents a consonant dyad and each face represents a consonant triad; see hexany.

Tetrahedral octet truss

A space frame of alternating tetrahedra and half-octahedra derived from the Tetrahedral-octahedral honeycomb was invented by Buckminster Fuller in the 1950s. It is commonly regarded as the strongest building structure for resisting cantilever stresses.

Related polyhedra

A regular octahedron can be augmented into a tetrahedron by adding 4 tetrahedra on alternated faces. Adding tetrahedra to all 8 faces creates the stellated octahedron.

tetrahedron	stellated octahedron

The octahedron is one of a family of uniform polyhedra related to the cube.

Uniform octahedral polyhedra
Symmetry: [4,3], (*432)							[4,3]⁺ (432)	[1⁺,4,3] = [3,3] (*332)		[3⁺,4] (3*2)
{4,3}	t{4,3}	r{4,3} r{3^1,1}	t{3,4} t{3^1,1}	{3,4} {3^1,1}	rr{4,3} s₂{3,4}	tr{4,3}	sr{4,3}	h{4,3} {3,3}	h₂{4,3} t{3,3}	s{3,4} s{3^1,1}

		=	=	=				= or	= or	=

Duals to uniform polyhedra
V4³	V3.8²	V(3.4)²	V4.6²	V3⁴	V3.4³	V4.6.8	V3⁴.4	V3³	V3.6²	V3⁵

It is also one of the simplest examples of a hypersimplex, a polytope formed by certain intersections of a hypercube with a hyperplane.

The octahedron is topologically related as a part of sequence of regular polyhedra with Schläfli symbols {3,n}, continuing into the hyperbolic plane.

*n32 symmetry mutation of regular tilings: {3,n}
Spherical				Euclid.	Compact hyper.		Paraco.	Noncompact hyperbolic

3.3	3³	3⁴	3⁵	3⁶	3⁷	3⁸	3^∞	3¹²ⁱ	3⁹ⁱ	3⁶ⁱ	3³ⁱ

Tetratetrahedron

The regular octahedron can also be considered a rectified tetrahedron – and can be called a tetratetrahedron. This can be shown by a 2-color face model. With this coloring, the octahedron has tetrahedral symmetry.

Compare this truncation sequence between a tetrahedron and its dual:

Family of uniform tetrahedral polyhedra
Symmetry: [3,3], (*332)							[3,3]⁺, (332)


{3,3}	t{3,3}	r{3,3}	t{3,3}	{3,3}	rr{3,3}	tr{3,3}	sr{3,3}
Duals to uniform polyhedra

V3.3.3	V3.6.6	V3.3.3.3	V3.6.6	V3.3.3	V3.4.3.4	V4.6.6	V3.3.3.3.3

The above shapes may also be realized as slices orthogonal to the long diagonal of a tesseract. If this diagonal is oriented vertically with a height of 1, then the first five slices above occur at heights r, 3/8, 1/2, 5/8, and s, where r is any number in the range 0 < r ≤ 1/4, and s is any number in the range 3/4 ≤ s < 1.

The octahedron as a tetratetrahedron exists in a sequence of symmetries of quasiregular polyhedra and tilings with vertex configurations (3.n)², progressing from tilings of the sphere to the Euclidean plane and into the hyperbolic plane. With orbifold notation symmetry of *n32 all of these tilings are Wythoff constructions within a fundamental domain of symmetry, with generator points at the right angle corner of the domain.^[9]^[10]

*n32 orbifold symmetries of quasiregular tilings: (3.n)²
Construction	Spherical			Euclidean	Hyperbolic
Construction	*332	*432	*532	*632	*732	*832...	*∞32
Quasiregular figures
Vertex	(3.3)²	(3.4)²	(3.5)²	(3.6)²	(3.7)²	(3.8)²	(3.∞)²

Trigonal antiprism

As a trigonal antiprism, the octahedron is related to the hexagonal dihedral symmetry family.

Uniform hexagonal dihedral spherical polyhedra
Symmetry: [6,2], (*622)							[6,2]⁺, (622)	[6,2⁺], (2*3)


{6,2}	t{6,2}	r{6,2}	t{2,6}	{2,6}	rr{6,2}	tr{6,2}	sr{6,2}	s{2,6}
Duals to uniforms

V6²	V12²	V6²	V4.4.6	V2⁶	V4.4.6	V4.4.12	V3.3.3.6	V3.3.3.3

Family of uniform n-gonal antiprisms
Antiprism name	Digonal antiprism	(Trigonal) Triangular antiprism	(Tetragonal) Square antiprism	Pentagonal antiprism	Hexagonal antiprism	Heptagonal antiprism	Octagonal antiprism	Enneagonal antiprism	Decagonal antiprism	Hendecagonal antiprism	Dodecagonal antiprism	...	Apeirogonal antiprism
Polyhedron image												...
Spherical tiling image												Plane tiling image
Vertex config.	2.3.3.3	3.3.3.3	4.3.3.3	5.3.3.3	6.3.3.3	7.3.3.3	8.3.3.3	9.3.3.3	10.3.3.3	11.3.3.3	12.3.3.3	...	∞.3.3.3

Square bipyramid

"Regular" right (symmetric) n-gonal bipyramids:
Bipyramid name	Digonal bipyramid	Triangular bipyramid (See: J₁₂)	Square bipyramid (See: O)	Pentagonal bipyramid (See: J₁₃)	Hexagonal bipyramid	Heptagonal bipyramid	Octagonal bipyramid	Enneagonal bipyramid	Decagonal bipyramid	...	Apeirogonal bipyramid
Polyhedron image										...
Spherical tiling image										Plane tiling image
Face config.	V2.4.4	V3.4.4	V4.4.4	V5.4.4	V6.4.4	V7.4.4	V8.4.4	V9.4.4	V10.4.4	...	V∞.4.4
Coxeter diagram										...

Other related polyhedra

Truncation of two opposite vertices results in a square bifrustum.

The octahedron can be generated as the case of a 3D superellipsoid with all exponent values set to 1.

Notes

1 2 (Coxeter 1973) uses the greek letter 𝝓 (phi) to represent one of the three characteristic angles 𝟀, 𝝓, 𝟁 of a regular polytope. Because 𝝓 is commonly used to represent the golden ratio constant ≈ 1.618, for which Coxeter uses 𝝉 (tau), we reverse Coxeter's conventions, and use 𝝉 to represent the characteristic angle.

References

↑ Coxeter 1973, p. 130, §7.6 The symmetry group of the general regular polytope; "simplicial subdivision".
↑ Coxeter 1973, pp. 70–71, Characteristic tetrahedra; Fig. 4.7A.
↑ Coxeter 1973, pp. 292–293, Table I(i); "Octahedron, 𝛽₃".
↑ Finbow, Arthur S.; Hartnell, Bert L.; Nowakowski, Richard J.; Plummer, Michael D. (2010). "On well-covered triangulations. III". Discrete Applied Mathematics. 158 (8): 894–912. doi:10.1016/j.dam.2009.08.002. MR 2602814.
↑ "Enumeration of Polyhedra". Archived from the original on 10 October 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2006.
↑ "Counting polyhedra".
↑ "Polyhedra with 8 Faces and 6-8 Vertices". Archived from the original on 17 November 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
↑ Klein, Douglas J. (2002). "Resistance-Distance Sum Rules" (PDF). Croatica Chemica Acta. 75 (2): 633–649. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2007. Retrieved 30 September 2006.
↑ Coxeter Regular Polytopes, Third edition, (1973), Dover edition, ISBN 0-486-61480-8 (Chapter V: The Kaleidoscope, Section: 5.7 Wythoff's construction)
↑ "Two Dimensional symmetry Mutations by Daniel Huson".

External links

"Octahedron" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). 1911.
Weisstein, Eric W. "Octahedron". MathWorld.
Klitzing, Richard. "3D convex uniform polyhedra x3o4o – oct".
Editable printable net of an octahedron with interactive 3D view
Paper model of the octahedron
K.J.M. MacLean, A Geometric Analysis of the Five Platonic Solids and Other Semi-Regular Polyhedra
The Uniform Polyhedra
Virtual Reality Polyhedra – The Encyclopedia of Polyhedra
- Conway Notation for Polyhedra – Try: dP4

Fundamental convex regular and uniform polytopes in dimensions 2–10
Family	A_n	B_n	I₂(p) / D_n	E₆ / E₇ / E₈ / F₄ / G₂	H_n
Regular polygon	Triangle	Square	p-gon	Hexagon	Pentagon
Uniform polyhedron	Tetrahedron	Octahedron • Cube	Demicube		Dodecahedron • Icosahedron
Uniform polychoron	Pentachoron	16-cell • Tesseract	Demitesseract	24-cell	120-cell • 600-cell
Uniform 5-polytope	5-simplex	5-orthoplex • 5-cube	5-demicube
Uniform 6-polytope	6-simplex	6-orthoplex • 6-cube	6-demicube	1₂₂ • 2₂₁
Uniform 7-polytope	7-simplex	7-orthoplex • 7-cube	7-demicube	1₃₂ • 2₃₁ • 3₂₁
Uniform 8-polytope	8-simplex	8-orthoplex • 8-cube	8-demicube	1₄₂ • 2₄₁ • 4₂₁
Uniform 9-polytope	9-simplex	9-orthoplex • 9-cube	9-demicube
Uniform 10-polytope	10-simplex	10-orthoplex • 10-cube	10-demicube
Uniform n-polytope	n-simplex	n-orthoplex • n-cube	n-demicube	1_k2 • 2_k1 • k₂₁	n-pentagonal polytope
Topics: Polytope families • Regular polytope • List of regular polytopes and compounds

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[reversed_greek_symbols-4] 1 2 (Coxeter 1973) uses the greek letter 𝝓 (phi) to represent one of the three characteristic angles 𝟀, 𝝓, 𝟁 of a regular polytope. Because 𝝓 is commonly used to represent the golden ratio constant ≈ 1.618, for which Coxeter uses 𝝉 (tau), we reverse Coxeter's conventions, and use 𝝉 to represent the characteristic angle.

[FOOTNOTECoxeter1973130§7.6_The_symmetry_group_of_the_general_regular_polytope-1] Coxeter 1973, p. 130, §7.6 The symmetry group of the general regular polytope; "simplicial subdivision".

[FOOTNOTECoxeter197370–71Characteristic_tetrahedra;_Fig._4.7A-2] Coxeter 1973, pp. 70–71, Characteristic tetrahedra; Fig. 4.7A.

[FOOTNOTECoxeter1973292–293Table_I(i);_"Octahedron,_𝛽<sub>3</sub>"-3] Coxeter 1973, pp. 292–293, Table I(i); "Octahedron, 𝛽₃".

[5] Finbow, Arthur S.; Hartnell, Bert L.; Nowakowski, Richard J.; Plummer, Michael D. (2010). "On well-covered triangulations. III". Discrete Applied Mathematics. 158 (8): 894–912. doi:10.1016/j.dam.2009.08.002. MR 2602814.

[6] "Enumeration of Polyhedra". Archived from the original on 10 October 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2006.

[7] "Counting polyhedra".

[8] "Polyhedra with 8 Faces and 6-8 Vertices". Archived from the original on 17 November 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2016.

[9] Klein, Douglas J. (2002). "Resistance-Distance Sum Rules" (PDF). Croatica Chemica Acta. 75 (2): 633–649. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2007. Retrieved 30 September 2006.

[10] Coxeter Regular Polytopes, Third edition, (1973), Dover edition, ISBN 0-486-61480-8 (Chapter V: The Kaleidoscope, Section: 5.7 Wythoff's construction)

[11] "Two Dimensional symmetry Mutations by Daniel Huson".

[1]

[2]

[3]

[lower-alpha 1]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

Polyhedra
Listed by number of faces and type
1–10 faces	Monohedron Dihedron Trihedron Tetrahedron Pentahedron Hexahedron Heptahedron Octahedron Enneahedron Decahedron
11–20 faces	Hendecahedron Dodecahedron Tridecahedron Tetradecahedron Pentadecahedron Hexadecahedron Heptadecahedron Octadecahedron Enneadecahedron Icosahedron
>20 faces	Icositetrahedron (24) Triacontahedron (30) Hexecontahedron (60) Enneacontahedron (90) Hectotriadiohedron (132) Apeirohedron (∞)
elemental things	face edge vertex uniform polyhedron (two infinite groups and 75) regular polyhedron (9) quasiregular polyhedron (7) semiregular polyhedron (two infinite groups and 59)
convex polyhedron	Platonic solid (5) Archimedean solid (13) Catalan solid (13) Johnson solid (92)
non-convex polyhedron	Kepler–Poinsot polyhedron (4) Star polyhedron (infinite) Uniform star polyhedron (57)
prismatoid‌s	prism antiprism frustum cupola wedge pyramid parallelepiped

Johnson solids
Pyramids, cupolae and rotundae	square pyramid pentagonal pyramid triangular cupola square cupola pentagonal cupola pentagonal rotunda
Modified pyramids	elongated triangular pyramid elongated square pyramid elongated pentagonal pyramid gyroelongated square pyramid gyroelongated pentagonal pyramid triangular bipyramid pentagonal bipyramid elongated triangular bipyramid elongated square bipyramid elongated pentagonal bipyramid gyroelongated square bipyramid
Modified cupolae and rotundae	elongated triangular cupola elongated square cupola elongated pentagonal cupola elongated pentagonal rotunda gyroelongated triangular cupola gyroelongated square cupola gyroelongated pentagonal cupola gyroelongated pentagonal rotunda gyrobifastigium triangular orthobicupola square orthobicupola square gyrobicupola pentagonal orthobicupola pentagonal gyrobicupola pentagonal orthocupolarotunda pentagonal gyrocupolarotunda pentagonal orthobirotunda elongated triangular orthobicupola elongated triangular gyrobicupola elongated square gyrobicupola elongated pentagonal orthobicupola elongated pentagonal gyrobicupola elongated pentagonal orthocupolarotunda elongated pentagonal gyrocupolarotunda elongated pentagonal orthobirotunda elongated pentagonal gyrobirotunda gyroelongated triangular bicupola gyroelongated square bicupola gyroelongated pentagonal bicupola gyroelongated pentagonal cupolarotunda gyroelongated pentagonal birotunda
Augmented prisms	augmented triangular prism biaugmented triangular prism triaugmented triangular prism augmented pentagonal prism biaugmented pentagonal prism augmented hexagonal prism parabiaugmented hexagonal prism metabiaugmented hexagonal prism triaugmented hexagonal prism
Modified Platonic solids	augmented dodecahedron parabiaugmented dodecahedron metabiaugmented dodecahedron triaugmented dodecahedron metabidiminished icosahedron tridiminished icosahedron augmented tridiminished icosahedron
Modified Archimedean solids	augmented truncated tetrahedron augmented truncated cube biaugmented truncated cube augmented truncated dodecahedron parabiaugmented truncated dodecahedron metabiaugmented truncated dodecahedron triaugmented truncated dodecahedron gyrate rhombicosidodecahedron parabigyrate rhombicosidodecahedron metabigyrate rhombicosidodecahedron trigyrate rhombicosidodecahedron diminished rhombicosidodecahedron paragyrate diminished rhombicosidodecahedron metagyrate diminished rhombicosidodecahedron bigyrate diminished rhombicosidodecahedron parabidiminished rhombicosidodecahedron metabidiminished rhombicosidodecahedron gyrate bidiminished rhombicosidodecahedron tridiminished rhombicosidodecahedron
Elementary solids	snub disphenoid snub square antiprism sphenocorona augmented sphenocorona sphenomegacorona hebesphenomegacorona disphenocingulum bilunabirotunda triangular hebesphenorotunda
(See also List of Johnson solids, a sortable table)