The Qing Empire ca. 1820, marked the time when the Qing began to rule these areas.
Qing Dynasty in 1820. Includes provincial boundaries and the boundaries of modern China for reference.

This is a timeline of the Qing dynasty (1636–1912).

Background

16th century

1580s

YearDateEvent
1583Nurhaci becomes leader of the Jianzhou Left Branch[1]
1587Nurhaci founds Fe Ala[2]

1590s

YearDateEvent
1592Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98): Nurhaci offers to fight the Japanese but is refused; Ming reacts with alarm to the size and quality of Nurhaci's troops[3]
1593Nurhaci defeats the Hulun Confederation and Khorchin Mongols[4]

17th century

1600s

YearDateEvent
1600Nurhaci creates the Banner Army[5]
1601Nurhaci subjugates the Hada[6]
1603Nurhaci and Ming generals agree to delineate the boundary between their territories[7]
Nurhaci moves his capital to Hetu Ala due to water problems at Fe Ala[8]
1605Gwanghaegun of Joseon sends an expedition north of the Tumen River to destroy the Jurchen Holjaon community[6]
1607Nurhaci subjugates the Hoifa[6]

1610s

YearDateEvent
1611Nurhaci subjugates the Wild Jurchens[9]
1613Nurhaci incorporates the Ula into his confederation[10]
1615Nurhaci increases the number of banners from four to eight[10]
Nurhaci sends his last tributary emissary to Beijing[11]
1616Nurhaci declares the Later Jin, also known as the Amaga Aisin Gurun[12]
16189 MayBattle of Fushun: Later Jin seizes Fushun[13]
summerBattle of Qinghe: Later Jin takes Qinghe[14]
161918 AprilBattle of Sarhū: Ming forces are annihilated by Later Jin[15]
26 JulyBattle of Kaiyuan: Later Jin takes Kaiyuan[16]
3 SeptemberBattle of Tieling: Later Jin takes Tieling[16]
SeptemberBattle of Xicheng: Later Jin annexes the Yihe Jurchens[17]
Chahar-Jurchen War: Ligdan Khan attacks Guangning, a horse trading town under the protection of Nurhaci, but is defeated[18]

1620s

YearDateEvent
16214 MayBattle of Shen-Liao: Later Jin seizes Shenyang[19]
DecemberBattle of Fort Zhenjiang: Ming raids into Later Jin are repulsed[20]
162211 MarchBattle of Guangning: Later Jin seizes Guangning[20]
1625Chahar-Jurchen War: Ligdan Khan's attack is turned back by a combined Khorchin Jurchen force[21]
162610 FebruaryBattle of Ningyuan: A Later Jin attack on Ningyuan is repulsed and Nurhaci is wounded[22]
30 SeptemberNurhaci succumbs to his wounds and dies[23]
1627January - MarchLater Jin invasion of Joseon: Hong Taiji is elected khan and subjugates Joseon[24]
springBattle of Ning-Jin: Later Jin forces under Hong Taiji attack Jinzhou but are repelled[25]
1629winterJisi Incident: Later Jin forces break through the Great Wall and loot the region around Beijing[26]

1630s

YearDateEvent
1630summerJisi Incident: Later Jin forces retreat[26]
163121 NovemberBattle of Dalinghe: Later Jin seizes Dalinghe[27]
1633AprilWuqiao Mutiny: Shandong rebels defect to Later Jin[28]
summerSiege of Lüshun: Later Jin seizes Lüshun[29]
1634Chahar-Jurchen War: Ligdan Khan of the Chahar Mongols is overthrown and displaced by Hong Taiji[30]
1635Hong Taiji unites all Jurchen tribes under the name of Manchu; so ends the Jurchens[24]
Hong Taiji attacks the Hurha[31]

17th century

1630s

YearDateEvent
1636AprilHong Taiji proclaims the Qing dynasty[32]
9 DecemberQing invasion of Joseon: Hong Taiji invades Joseon[33]
163730 JanuaryQing invasion of Joseon: Joseon is defeated and becomes a Qing tributary[33]
1638Qing dynasty conquers Shandong[34]
1639Qing dynasty attacks the Daur and Solon people[31]

1640s

YearDateEvent
1640MayQing dynasty captures the Evenk fortresses of Duochen, Asajin, Yakesa, and Duojin[31]
16428 AprilBattle of Song-Jin: Qing dynasty takes Jinzhou[35]
1643Northeastern natives submit to the Qing dynasty[36]
164427 MayBattle of Shanhai Pass: Wu Sangui lets the Qing forces through the Great Wall and their forces defeat Li Zicheng in battle, after which Li retreats to Beijing[37]
5 JuneQing dynasty takes Beijing and Li Zicheng flees[37]
1645JanuaryQing forces capture Luoyang[38]
20 MayQing forces capture Yangzhou[38]
16 JuneQing forces capture Nanjing and the Hongguang Emperor[39]
6 JulyQing forces capture Hangzhou[39]
21 JulyAll nonclerical adult male citizens are ordered to adopt the Manchu queue to show their allegiance to the Qing dynasty[40]
1646FebruaryMing forces are defeated in Jiangnan[41]
10 JulyQing forces defeat the Ming army at Tonglu[42]
30 SeptemberQing forces capture Yanping[43]
6 OctoberThe Longwu Emperor is killed by Qing forces[43]
17 OctoberQing forces take Fuzhou[43]
16472 JanuaryZhang Xianzhong is killed by Qing forces but his army occupies Chongqing and then occupies Sichuan under the leadership of Sun Kewang[44]
20 JanuaryQing forces capture Guangzhou and the Shaowu Emperor[45]
5 MarchQing forces conquer Guangdong, half of Guangxi, and Hainan[45]
MarchQing forces take Changsha[46]
springQing forces raid Anping[47]
23 SeptemberQing forces take Wugang[48]
164820 FebruaryMing loyalists rebel at Nanchang and Nanning[49]
14 AprilQing forces fail to take Guilin[48]
164915 JanuaryMing loyalists rebel at Datong[50]
1 MarchQing forces take Nanchang[51]
4 OctoberMing loyalists at Datong are defeated[50]
summerQing forces conquer southern Huguang[52]
24 NovemberQing forces slaughter the population of Guangzhou[53]
27 NovemberQing forces capture Guilin[53]
2 DecemberQing forces capture Zhaoqing and the Yongli Emperor flees[53]

1650s

YearDateEvent
165115 OctoberQing forces capture Zhoushan and Zhu Yihai flees[54]
165224 MarchQing attack on Achansk is defeated[55]
7 AugustRebel general Li Dingguo takes Guilin[56]
winterSun Kewang's army is routed by Qing forces[56]
1654JulyBattle of Hutong: Korean-Manchu army defeats a force of Russians[55]
Qing forces attack the Daur people[57]
1655March–AprilQing forces fail to take Komar[55]
Li Dingguo's army is routed by Qing forces[56]
16569 MayQing forces try to invade Kinmen Island (Quemoy) but their fleet is destroyed in a storm[58]
Qing forces attack the Daur people[57]
1657FebruaryMing forces defeat a Qing army near the Changjiang River Delta[58]
DecemberSun Kewang surrenders to the Qing dynasty[59]
165810 JuneBattle of Hutong (1658): Qing-Joseon forces defeat a Russian fleet on the Songhua River[55]
JuneZheng Chenggong occupies Wenzhou[60]
16597 JanuaryQing forces advance into Yunnan and the Yongli Emperor flees to Toungoo dynasty[61]
10 MarchQing forces capture Yongchang and defeat Li Dingguo's army, securing Yunnan[61]
10 AugustZheng Chenggong takes Zhenjiang[62]
24 AugustZheng Chenggong lays siege to Nanjing[62]
9 SeptemberZheng Chenggong's army is annihilated and he retreats to Xiamen[63]

1660s

YearDateEvent
1660FebruaryQing forces launch an attack on Kinmen Island (Quemoy) and Xiamen but fail[63]
Upkeep for the Eight Banners exceeds the entire Qing dynasty's regular income[64]
166220 JanuaryQing forces advance towards Inwa and force the return of the Yongli Emperor[65]
MayThe Yongli Emperor is executed in Yunnan; so ends the Southern Ming resistance on the mainland[65]
1664The Qing dynasty conquers Fujian and Zheng Jing retreats to Taiwan[66]

1670s

YearDateEvent
1674Poverty in the Eight Banners is noted to be caused by excessive and extravagant spending[67]

1680s

YearDateEvent
1683JulyBattle of Penghu: Qing dynasty defeats the Kingdom of Tungning and conquers the island of Taiwan, beginning the period of Taiwan under Qing rule[68]
1684The Han Chinese banners, "Hanjun", decline to uselessness[69]
1685May–JulySiege of Albazin: Qing forces take Albazin[70]
1686July–OctoberSiege of Albazin: The Russians return to Albazin but the Qing forces lay siege to it again until the Russians are forced to leave[70]
168927 AugustTreaty of Nerchinsk: The Tsardom of Russia abandons the Amur River region to the Qing in return for trading privileges[70]

1690s

YearDateEvent
16903 SeptemberBattle of Ulan Butung: Galdan Boshugtu Khan leads 20,000 troops into battle with a Qing army 300 km north of Beijing, ending with Dzungar withdrawal[71]
1691The Khalkha Mongols submit to the Qing dynasty[72]
1696Battle of Jao Modo: The Qing dynasty invades Mongolia with 100,000 troops in three columns. Galdan Boshugtu Khan suffers defeat against the Western Route Army but manages to escape.[71] The Qing dynasty takes all of Mongolia from the Dzungar Khanate[72]
1698Dzungar–Qing Wars: Qing dynasty occupies Hami[73]

18th century

1720s

YearDateEvent
1720Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720): The Qing dynasty expels the Dzungars from Tibet, beginning the period of Tibet under Qing rule[74]
Dzungar–Qing Wars: Amin Khoja leads a rebellion in Turpan against the Dzungar Khanate and defects to the Qing dynasty[73]
Zhu Yigui rebels in Taiwan and is defeated[75]
1723Plains aborigines living in Dajiaxi village along the central coastal plain of Taiwan rebel; the aborigines are defeated but Han Chinese settlers continue to rebel[76]
The government starts investing in the Eight Banners' livelihoods to reduce their reliance on state subsidies[77]
1727The government orders the comprehensive collection of genealogical tables for the Eight Banners[78]
172825 JuneTreaty of Kyakhta (1727): The Mongolian border of the Qing dynasty and Empire of Russia is delineated[79]

1730s

YearDateEvent
1732Dzungar–Qing Wars: The Dzungars attack Amin Khoja, who takes his people to settle in Guazhou[73]
Han Chinese rebels in Taiwan are defeated[76]
1735Miao Rebellion: Qing forces defeat and massacre 28,900 Miao and Kam people in Rongjiang[80]
Military upkeep reaches 32 million taels, a bit more than half of the empire's budget[81]
1737Dzungar–Qing Wars: Abuse by the Dzungars cause residents of the Tarim Basin to flee to the Qing dynasty[82]

1740s

YearDateEvent
1742Bannermen of Chinese origin who joined after 1644 are allowed to leave the banner system[83]

1750s

YearDateEvent
1754Dzungar–Qing Wars: The Dörbet and Amursana defect to the Qing dynasty[84]
State investment programs for the Eight Banners end[85]
Chinese bannermen at the Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Hangzhou, and Jingkou garrisons are "let go" and "excused" from their duties[83]
1755Dzungar–Qing Wars: The Qing dynasty sends 50,000 troops in two columns against the Dzungars, meeting little resistance, and complete the destruction of the khanate in just 100 days, however Amursana revolts in the aftermath[73]
1756All secondary status households in the Eight Banners are ordered to register as civilians[86]
1757Dzungar–Qing Wars: Amursana flees the Qing dynasty, dying in Tobolsk[84]
Chinese bannermen in Beijing who are too old, maimed, or incompetent are let go[87]

1760s

YearDateEvent
1760The government spends 4 million taels buying back land from Han owners for the Eight Banners[88]
1761Chinese bannermen at Suiyuan are replaced by Mongols and Manchus[87]
1762All Chinese bannermen are given the choice of leaving the banner system[87]
1763Chinese bannermen at Liangzhou and Zhuanglang are let go[87]

1770s

YearDateEvent
1779Chinese bannermen at Xi'an are let go[87]

1780s

YearDateEvent
1786Lin Shuangwen rebellion: Lin Shuangwen rebels in Taiwan[89]
1788Lin Shuangwen rebellion: Lin Shuangwen is defeated[89]

19th century

1820s

YearDateEvent
1820Poverty becomes endemic in the Eight Banners[90]

1840s

YearDateEvent
1841Ding Gongchen builds China's first steam engine[91]
1842 29 August The Treaty of Nanking is signed between Britain and China, to come into effect on 26 June 1843.

1860s

YearDateEvent
1863Restrictions on banner occupations are officially lifted to no effect[92]

1870s

YearDateEvent
1871DecemberMudan incident: A Ryukyuan tributary ship crashes off the southern coast of Taiwan[93]
1872JulyMudan incident: The survivors of the Ryukyuan shipwreck who survive a massacre by Taiwanese indigenous peoples find shelter among Han Chinese locals and are shipped home from mainland China[94]
1874Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874): Japanese forces invade aboriginal territory in southern Taiwan using the Mudan incident as pretext and retreat after forcing the Qing to pay an indemnity[95]

1890s

YearDateEvent
189517 AprilFirst Sino-Japanese War: The Qing cede the Penghu islands and Taiwan to Japan in the Treaty of Shimonoseki[96]
189811 JuneThe Guangxu Emperor begins the Hundred Days' Reform[97]
5 SeptemberZhang Yuanji recommends ending Manchu-Han differences and dissolving the Eight Banners system[98]
21 SeptemberEmpress Dowager Cixi puts the Guangxu Emperor under house arrest[99]
22 SeptemberEmpress Dowager Cixi comes to power[100]

20th century

1900s

YearDateEvent
1900JuneBoxer Rebellion: Empress Dowager Cixi declares war on foreign powers[100]
14 AugustBoxer Rebellion: Foreign troops enter Beijing[101]
7 SeptemberBoxer Rebellion: The Boxer Protocol is signed[102]
17 SeptemberBoxer Rebellion: Foreign troops leave Beijing[102]
1901JulyThe Zongli Yamen is replaced with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs[103]
19027 JanuaryEmpress Dowager Cixi returns to Beijing[102]
1 FebruaryBan on intermarriage between Manchus and Han Chinese is lifted[104]
190329 DecemberManchu monopoly on posts in the Eight Banners is abolished[104]
190516 JulyThe government issues an edict proclaiming the need for leading officials to investigate new ways of government from abroad[105]
24 SeptemberAnti-Manchu proponent Wu Yue fails to assassinate the constitutional study commissioners[106]
The prohibition on transfer of property from the Eight Banners to civilians is lifted[103]
19061 SeptemberEmpress Dowager Cixi promises to form a constitutional government with no specified date[107]
1907AprilThe territories of Manchuria are reorganized into provinces[103]
6 JulyAnhui governor Enming is assassinated by the anti-Manchu Xu Xilin[108]
20 SeptemberEmpress Dowager Cixi declares her intention to create "a bicameral deliberative body"[109]
27 SeptemberAn edict is passed to disband provincial banner garrisons over a 10-year period[110]
9 OctoberAn edict is passed to create a set of codes which apply uniformly to Manchus and Han Chinese[109]

References

  1. ↑ Elliott 2001, p. 52.
  2. ↑ Elliott 2001, p. 54.
  3. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 576.
  4. ↑ Narangoa 2014, p. 24.
  5. ↑ Swope 2014, p. 19.
  6. 1 2 3 Narangoa 2014, p. 25.
  7. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 570.
  8. ↑ Crossley 1997, p. 65-77.
  9. ↑ Elliott 2001, p. 56.
  10. 1 2 Narangoa 2014, p. 28.
  11. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 558.
  12. ↑ Twitchett 1998b, p. 271.
  13. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 577.
  14. ↑ Swope 2014, p. 14.
  15. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 579.
  16. 1 2 Wakeman 1985, p. 63.
  17. ↑ Swope 2014, p. 24.
  18. ↑ Narangoa 2014, p. 30.
  19. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 600.
  20. 1 2 Twitchett 1998, p. 601.
  21. ↑ Narangoa 2014, p. 34.
  22. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 602.
  23. ↑ Crossley 1997, p. 74.
  24. 1 2 Elliott 2001, p. 63.
  25. ↑ Swope 2014, p. 79.
  26. 1 2 Twitchett 1998, p. 616.
  27. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 617.
  28. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 618.
  29. ↑ Swope 2014, p. 102.
  30. ↑ Crossley 1997, p. 77.
  31. 1 2 3 Narangoa 2014, p. 37.
  32. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 629.
  33. 1 2 Swope 2014, p. 115.
  34. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 630.
  35. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 636.
  36. ↑ Narangoa 2014, p. 41.
  37. 1 2 Twitchett 1998, p. 639.
  38. 1 2 Twitchett 1998, p. 656.
  39. 1 2 Twitchett 1998, p. 660.
  40. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 662.
  41. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 673.
  42. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 675.
  43. 1 2 3 Twitchett 1998, p. 676.
  44. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 702.
  45. 1 2 Twitchett 1998, p. 679.
  46. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 682.
  47. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 712.
  48. 1 2 Twitchett 1998, p. 683.
  49. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 684.
  50. 1 2 Twitchett 1998, p. 691.
  51. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 686.
  52. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 690.
  53. 1 2 3 Twitchett 1998, p. 692.
  54. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 698.
  55. 1 2 3 4 Narangoa 2014, p. 46.
  56. 1 2 3 Twitchett 1998, p. 704.
  57. 1 2 Narangoa 2014, p. 47.
  58. 1 2 Twitchett 1998, p. 718.
  59. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 706.
  60. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 719.
  61. 1 2 Twitchett 1998, p. 707.
  62. 1 2 Twitchett 1998, p. 720.
  63. 1 2 Twitchett 1998, p. 721.
  64. ↑ Elliott 2001, p. 307.
  65. 1 2 Twitchett 1998, p. 710.
  66. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 725.
  67. ↑ Elliott 2001, p. 315.
  68. ↑ Narangoa 2014.
  69. ↑ Elliott 2001, p. 335.
  70. 1 2 3 Narangoa 2014, p. 56.
  71. 1 2 Adle 2003, p. 148.
  72. 1 2 Adle 2003, p. 219.
  73. 1 2 3 4 Adle 2003, p. 200.
  74. ↑ Adle 2003, p. 149.
  75. ↑ Li 2019, p. 82-83.
  76. 1 2 Twitchett 2002, p. 228.
  77. ↑ Elliott 2001, p. 318.
  78. ↑ Elliott 2001, p. 326.
  79. ↑ Christian 2018, p. 182.
  80. ↑ Geary 2003, p. 13.
  81. ↑ Elliott 2001, p. 309.
  82. ↑ Adle 2003, p. 199.
  83. 1 2 Elliott 2001, p. 340.
  84. 1 2 Adle 2003, p. 150.
  85. ↑ Elliott 2001, p. 321.
  86. ↑ Elliott 2001, p. 333.
  87. 1 2 3 4 5 Elliott 2001, p. 341.
  88. ↑ Elliott 2001, p. 316.
  89. 1 2 Standaert 2022, p. 225.
  90. ↑ Elliott 2001, p. 322.
  91. ↑ Andrade 2016, p. 264.
  92. ↑ Elliott 2001, p. 311.
  93. ↑ Barclay 2018, p. 50.
  94. ↑ Barclay 2018, p. 51-52.
  95. ↑ Wong 2022, p. 124-126.
  96. ↑ Zhang (1998), p. 514.
  97. ↑ Rhoads 2000, p. 63.
  98. ↑ Rhoads 2000, p. 65.
  99. ↑ Rhoads 2000, p. 67.
  100. 1 2 Rhoads 2000, p. 71.
  101. ↑ Rhoads 2000, p. 72.
  102. 1 2 3 Rhoads 2000, p. 73.
  103. 1 2 3 Rhoads 2000, p. 77.
  104. 1 2 Rhoads 2000, p. 76.
  105. ↑ Rhoads 2000, p. 96.
  106. ↑ Rhoads 2000, p. 97.
  107. ↑ Rhoads 2000, p. 100.
  108. ↑ Rhoads 2000, p. 104.
  109. 1 2 Rhoads 2000, p. 118.
  110. ↑ Rhoads 2000, p. 117.

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