Tasmola culture
The Tasmola culture within the Saka realm ( ), and contemporary Asian polities c. -500.[1]
Geographical rangeSouth Central Siberia
PeriodIron Age
Datesca. 9th–4th centuries BC
Preceded byBegazy-Dandybai culture, Irmen culture
Followed byKorgantas culture

The Tasmola culture (Kazakh: Тасмола мәдениеті) was an early Iron Age culture during the Saka period (9th to 4th centuries BC) in central Kazakhstan.[2][3][4] The Tasmola culture was replaced by the Korgantas culture.[3] They may correspond to the Issedones of ancient Greek sources.[5]

Burials

Tasmola housing, village of Tagybaibulak

Everything known about the Tasmola culture originates from the barrows (or kurgans) they built to bury their deceased. The necropoles involve mainly a large barrow and an adjoining small one.[6] Tasmola kurgans were rather large during the early period (30-50m diameter, 3-5m in height), but were smaller in the later period (15-25 m in diameter, 0.5-1.5m in height).[7] They were grouped in cluster of 10 to 15 kurgans.[8] They were often equipped with a central passageway, or dromos, leading to the area of the burial.[8]

Kurgans of the Tasmola culture have been carbon-dated, and range from 894–790 cal BC (kurgan 8 of the Karashoky cemetery) for the earliest, to 509–377 cal BC (kurgan 3 of the Taisoigan cemetery) for the latest.[2] Later kurgans belong to the Korgantas culture.[2]

Circa 600 BCE, groups from the Tasmola culture are thought to have settled in the southern Urals, where they contributed to the development of the Sauromatian culture.[9]

Finds

Characteristic finds are bronze arrowheads, daggers and belt ornaments.[6]
The bronze and golden wares show influences from the preceding Begazy-Dandybai culture.[10]

Genetics

Eurasian archaeological cultures in the Iron Age (ca. 800–100 BCE) with their approximate ranges. Cultures in the Seima-Turbino zone are indicated with blue letters.[12]

A genetic study published in Nature in May 2018 examined the remains of eight Sakas buried on the central steppe between ca. 900 BC and 500 BC, most of whom were ascribed to the Tasmola culture. The three samples of Y-DNA extracted belonged to the haplogroups R1 (two samples) and E. The eight samples of mtDNA extracted belonged to C4a1a, F1b1, A, H101, C4d, U2e, H10 and U7a4. The Sakas of the central steppe were determined to be of about 56% Western Steppe Herder (WSH) ancestry and 44% southern Siberian hunter-gatherer ancestry. Hunter-gatherer ancestry was primarily paternal. They displayed a higher amount of southern Siberian hunter-gatherer admixture than other peoples of the Scythian cultures, including other Sakas. It was suggested that the Sakas of the central steppe were a major source of western Eurasian ancestry among the Xiongnu, and that the Huns emerged through the conquest of Sakas by the Xiongnu.[13] Another study from 2021 modeled them as roughly 50% Khövsgöl LBA, 45% WSH, and 5% BMAC-like, with three outlier sample ("Tasmola Birlik") displaying c. 70% additional Ancient Northeast Asian ancestry represented by the Neolithic Devil’s Gate Cave specimen, suggesting them to be recent migrants from further East. The same additional Eastern ancestry is found among the later groups of Huns (Hun Berel 300CE, Hun elite 350CE), and the Karakaba remains (830CE).[14]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Ivanov, Sergei Sergeevich (2023). "Asia, Steppe, East: Early Iron Age Pastoralist Cultures". Reference Module in Social Sciences: Fig.1. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-90799-6.00253-6. ISBN 9780443157851.
  2. 1 2 3 Beisenov, Arman Z; Svyatko, Svetlana V; Kassenalin, Aibar Е; Zhambulatov, Kairat А; Duisenbai, Daniyar; Reimer, Paula J (March 2016). "First Radiocarbon Chronology for the Early Iron Age Sites of Central Kazakhstan (Tasmola Culture and Korgantas Period)" (PDF). Radiocarbon. 58 (1): 179–191. Bibcode:2016Radcb..58..179B. doi:10.1017/RDC.2015.18. S2CID 130995035. For the Tasmola culture, the earliest date clearly belongs to kurgan 8 of the Karashoky cemetery (UBA-23671; 894–790 cal BC), while the latest date belongs to kurgan 3 of the Taisoigan cemetery (UBA-23673; 509–377 cal BC).
  3. 1 2 Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto; Khussainova (26 March 2021). "Ancient genomic time transect from the Central Asian Steppe unravels the history of the Scythians". Science Advances. 7 (13). Bibcode:2021SciA....7.4414G. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abe4414. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 7997506. PMID 33771866. The Tasmola culture in central and north Kazakhstan is among the earliest major IA nomad warrior cultures emerging (eighth to sixth century BCE)
  4. ↑ Barrows with stone ranges of the Tasmola culture - UNESCO World Heritage Centre
  5. ↑ Ivanov, Sergei Sergeevich (2023). "Asia, Steppe, East: Early Iron Age Pastoralist Cultures". Reference Module in Social Sciences. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-90799-6.00253-6. ISBN 9780443157851. Based on some information from literary sources it was suggested that the areas of the Tasmola Culture distribution can be correlated with the territory of the Issedones tribal group habitat. The Pazyryk Culture of the Altai Mountains, which also covered the mountains of Eastern Kazakhstan, could be associated with the semi-legendary people of the "gold guarding vultures"
  6. 1 2 Tasmola culture
  7. ↑ Beisenov, Arman Z; Svyatko, Svetlana V; Kassenalin, Aibar Е; Zhambulatov, Kairat А; Duisenbai, Daniyar; Reimer, Paula J (March 2016). "First Radiocarbon Chronology for the Early Iron Age Sites of Central Kazakhstan (Tasmola Culture and Korgantas Period)" (PDF). Radiocarbon. 58 (1): 179–191. Bibcode:2016Radcb..58..179B. doi:10.1017/RDC.2015.18. S2CID 130995035. The dimensions of newly discovered mounds was rather large, up to 30–50 m in diameter, 3–5 m in height, while the kurgans discovered earlier had small mounds up to 15–25 m in diameter and 0.5–1.5 m in height.
  8. 1 2 Chang, Claudia (16 August 2017). Rethinking Prehistoric Central Asia: Shepherds, Farmers, and Nomads. Routledge. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-351-70158-7.
  9. ↑ Järve, Mari; Saag, Lehti; Scheib, Christiana Lyn; Pathak, Ajai K.; Montinaro, Francesco; Pagani, Luca; Flores, Rodrigo; Guellil, Meriam; Saag, Lauri; Tambets, Kristiina; Kushniarevich, Alena; Solnik, Anu; Varul, Liivi; Zadnikov, Stanislav; Petrauskas, Oleg; Avramenko, Maryana; Magomedov, Boris; Didenko, Serghii; Toshev, Gennadi; Bruyako, Igor; Grechko, Denys; Okatenko, Vitalii; Gorbenko, Kyrylo; Smyrnov, Oleksandr; Heiko, Anatolii; Reida, Roman; Sapiehin, Serheii; Sirotin, Sergey; Tairov, Aleksandr; Beisenov, Arman; Starodubtsev, Maksim; Vasilev, Vitali; Nechvaloda, Alexei; Atabiev, Biyaslan; Litvinov, Sergey; Ekomasova, Natalia; Dzhaubermezov, Murat; Voroniatov, Sergey; Utevska, Olga; Shramko, Irina; Khusnutdinova, Elza; Metspalu, Mait; Savelev, Nikita; Kriiska, Aivar; Kivisild, Toomas; Villems, Richard (22 July 2019). "Shifts in the Genetic Landscape of the Western Eurasian Steppe Associated with the Beginning and End of the Scythian Dominance". Current Biology. 29 (14): e4–e5. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.019. ISSN 0960-9822.
  10. ↑ Megalithic mausolea of the Begazy-Dandybai culture - UNESCO World Heritage Centre
  11. 1 2 Onggaruly, Akhan; Kairmagambetov, Arhat M.; Nuskabay, Abdinur A.; Rahimzhanova, Saule Zh. (25 September 2020). "Mound of the Military Elite Sakas of Torgay". Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology). 3 (33): 233–247. doi:10.24852/pa2020.3.33.233.247.
  12. ↑ Török, Tibor (July 2023). "Integrating Linguistic, Archaeological and Genetic Perspectives Unfold the Origin of Ugrians". Genes. 14 (7): 1345. doi:10.3390/genes14071345. ISSN 2073-4425. PMC 10379071. PMID 37510249.
  13. ↑ Damgaard et al. 2018.
  14. ↑ Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto; Khussainova, Elmira; Kahbatkyzy, Nurzhibek; Musralina, Lyazzat; Spyrou, Maria A.; Bianco, Raffaela A.; Radzeviciute, Rita; Martins, Nuno Filipe Gomes; Freund, Caecilia; Iksan, Olzhas; Garshin, Alexander; Zhaniyazov, Zhassulan; Bekmanov, Bakhytzhan; Kitov, Egor; Samashev, Zainolla (2021-03-26). "Ancient genomic time transect from the Central Asian Steppe unravels the history of the Scythians". Science Advances. 7 (13). doi:10.1126/sciadv.abe4414. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 7997506. PMID 33771866.

Sources

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