Statue of Industry
Black and white photograph of Statue of Industry
Statue of Industry
ArtistHerbert Maryon
Year1929
MediumPlaster over steel frame
Dimensions23 feet (7 m)

Statue of Industry was a 1929 sculpture by the English artist Herbert Maryon. The 23-foot (7-metre) tall work depicted a woman with a model of Tyne-built RMS Mauretania in one hand, a model of a turbo alternator in the other, and three children at her feet. It was a prominent attraction at the North East Coast Exhibition, a world's fair-type event in Newcastle intended to showcase the manufacturing-centric capabilities of a region which was in the midst of a post-war recession. It remained at the Exhibition from May 1929 opening to October 1929 closing. Afterwards, the plaster-on-steel statue was copper-metalized to better withstand the elements, and sold to the engineering firm A. Reyrolle & Company in Hebburn; it remained there until at least 1931.

Statue of Industry, wrote a local paper, "had her admirers; she had her withering critics".[1] Writing at the outset of the Exhibition that the statue "impressed all who gazed on it",[2] the paper nonetheless came to term it "a monstrosity",[3] and published many critical letters to the editor. In the closing days of the Exhibition, students from nearby Armstrong College, where Maryon was master of sculpture, tarred and feathered the work—a mode of criticism recently employed on sculptures by Jacob Epstein and George Frampton. The attack was widely reported and criticised, with observers noting the outrage that would have ensued had "ordinary working lads" been responsible rather than privileged university students.[4]

Background

North East Coast Exhibition

The North East Coast Exhibition was an event held in Newcastle from May to October 1929.[5] The brainchild of the Newcastle and Gateshead Chamber of Commerce, the Exhibition was intended to spur economic development in the region; a post-war recession had led to an unemployment rate of 61% in 1926, including 50,000 skilled engineers and shipbuilders.[6] Initially, it was planned as a showcase for the region's (mostly manufacturing) products, although the scope broadened to also include a large entertainment component.[7]

The Exhibition was situated in a corner of the Town Moor, a mile from the railway station and 300 yards from Armstrong College, then part of Durham University.[8] It featured a massive Palace of Engineering and a Palace of Industries.[9] The Palace of Engineering included models illustrating the region's expertise in fields such as railways, shipbuilding, bridge building, and mining; the Palace of Industries focused on consumer products, with exhibitions from brands such as Pyrex, Hoover (displaying its vacuums), and Singer.[9] Other structures included the Palace of Arts, with more than 300 artworks on loan, a Festival Hall, a sports stadium, and many smaller pavilions and kiosks.[10]

Herbert Maryon

When he began work on Statue of Industry, Herbert Maryon was 54 years old, and a year into his position as master of sculpture at Armstrong College.[11] Maryon had studied at The Slade, Saint Martin's School of Art, and the Central School of Arts and Crafts.[12][13][14] He then served as the first director of the Keswick School of Industrial Art from 1900 to 1904, where he designed numerous Arts and Crafts works, taught metalwork at the Storey Institute,[12] and then from 1907 to 1927 at the University of Reading as a teacher of metalwork, modelling, and casting.[12][15] While at Reading Maryon had designed several large works, including First World War monuments for East Knoyle,[16] Mortimer,[17] and the University of Reading.[18] He remained at Armstrong until 1939;[15] after the Second World War, Maryon went on a second career as a conservator at the British Museum, where his work on the Sutton Hoo ship-burial led to his appointment as an Officer of the Order of the British Empire.[19]

Design

Statue of Industry depicted a woman standing on a pedestal. The statue was 23 feet (7 m) tall, the figure accounting for 15 of those feet (4.6 m).[20] One of her hands held a model of RMS Mauretania, which had been built in Tyne; the other held a model of a turbo alternator.[20] Children surrounded her feet, representing the large population of Tyneside.[20]

The three-tonne statue was made of fibrous plaster surrounding a frame of steel.[20] The dimensions of Maryon's studio entrance necessitated the statue's composition; it was made in sections, none more than 4+1⁄2 feet long, and shaped with tools including axes and chisels.[20] The plaster was mixed in basins, then applied to the sections.[20] When done, it was painted cream and gold.[20] As a plaster work intended for the outdoors, it was designed to last for only a year.[1]

History

Sepia photograph of the North East Coast Exhibition
The Exhibition, with Statue of Industry to the right

Creation

Maryon started by creating a small sketch model of the statue.[20] He began the full work in September 1928, with assistance from his students.[20]

The statue was installed near the entrance of the Exhibition on 22 April 1929.[20][21][note 1] It was installed in sections; there to witness it, a reporter for the South Wales Daily Post wrote of seeing a "decapitated three-ton lady" suspended in mid-air, with "her head and shoulders" resting on the ground.[20] Plaster was applied on site, taking a fortnight to set; afterwards, the paint was applied.[20]

Reception

"She had her admirers", wrote the Evening Chronicle; "she had her withering critics".[1] Though at the outset of the Exhibition, the paper wrote that Statue of Industry "impressed all who gazed on it",[2] those letters to the editor it printed fell firmly into the latter camp, and the paper itself came to call the statue "[t]he dour lady of the North-East Exhibition".[1][24] Writers declared it a "hideous monstrosity" ("for the sake of us all, either remove the eyesore or keep it permanently covered");[25] "a credit to neither art nor womanhood" ("Why not re-christen it the Spectre of Unemployment?");[26] "like an Epstein fright" ("if there is artistic beauty in the statue hundreds of Exhibition visitors would be delighted to know precisely where it lies");[27] "repulsive" ("the figure in question is merely regarded with amusement and ridiculed");[28] and "the ugliest sight in the Exhibition" ("if [progress] needs this distorted effigy of womanhood to typify it, the sooner we get back to the conventional the better").[29] At a local Rotary Club meeting, one member called it "repulsive—an ugly woman holding in her hands microscopic representations of shipbuilding and engineering. At her feet, preventing progress were three figures which he first thought to be rats, but which on closer examination turned out to be triplets."[30]

Coming to the statue's defence, one writer criticised "the thoughtless and ill-natured criticism of those who care for little save the conventional".[31] The writer posited that the statue "typifies our Tyneside development, founded and maintained by the sea", in that it was "deliberately modelled and built up from the figure-head convention of our three-deckers and sailing ships of our grand-fathers"—leaning forward, gazing out at the horizon, and evoking "that curious wooden solidity typical of the figure-head and the Tynesider all over the world".[31] In the paper's next issue, a reader had a rebuttal: "I can hardly think that the designer of the Statue would deliberately set out to demonstrate to the world that the chief characteristic of local industry is 'wooden solidity.'"[32][note 2]

Tarring

Black and white photograph of students dancing around Statue of Industry after tarring it
Students dancing around Statue of Industry after tarring and feathering it

By October 1929, several statues in London had been defaced, particularly by tarring and feathering, as an expression of criticism.[35] Some of this reflected tension between different schools of art, although it was also partly attributable to university students out for a "rag".[35][36] In 1925, Jacob Epstein's sculpture Rima was splattered with green paint,[36] and in 1928, George Frampton's statue of Peter Pan was tarred and feathered.[35] Then, on the night of 8 October 1929, Rima was tarred and feathered,[37][38] and on the 15th, a similar attempt was made on Night, another of Epstein's sculptures.[39][40]

On Thursday, 24 October 1929, the Evening Chronicle reported that "students and others" were preparing festivities to mark the final day of the Exhibition on Saturday.[41] Statue of Industry, the paper reported, "has been mentioned as 'the centre of attraction,' for many of the games which are part of these festive programmes".[41] As it turned out, several groups of students at Armstrong College, particularly those studying engineering and medicine, had been plotting separately.[42] To one-up the medical students, the engineers struck on Friday;[42] several hundred students surrounded, then tarred and feathered, the statue.[43][note 3] Around 80 police officers had to be called to disperse the students, at times using water cannons on not only students, but also photographers stationed on a roof.[43][42][4]

The tarring was widely reported.[note 4] It was also widely criticised. The Evening Chronicle called it a rag "without a purpose",[52] and termed the perpetrators "a band of students whose high spirits outran their intelligence and their manners".[3] "The effigy in question may be a monstrosity worthy of Epstein at his worst," it wrote, "but that is no excuse for an inept piece of horseplay that does little credit to its perpetrators."[3] One reader wrote in to "express my disgust" at the actions: "While, personally, admitting the ugliness of the 'erection,' there is no reason why, at this stage of the Exhibition, a crowd of silly, irresponsible fools should run amok in such fashion."[4] Another called the tarring "scandalous": "It is a pity the crowd of spectators present did not get the pots of tar and give them the contents on their own heads."[4] The relative privilege of the students, "who are supposed to be taking a course of higher education, such as working lads are not privileged to get", was also noted, with a reader commenting that "I shudder to think what would have happened if ordinary working lads had perpetrated the outrage".[4] Armstrong's newly appointed Principal Sir William Marris admonished the students in a speech, suggesting that their energy would be better spent raising money for charity.[52][53] One student ended up admitting the tarring to have been "in extremely bad taste", agreeing that "had it been perpetrated by a group of miners or news-boys would universally have been stigmatised as an inexcusable outrage".[42] As a 1999 history of the exhibition noted, the tarring was also "all too representative of the region's industry".[54]

Overnight, the statue was cleaned with petrol; it stood gleaming again in the morning.[42] The day after the tarring, however, rumours circulated about another possible attack to mark the Exhibition's closing night.[42] No attempt was made; a dozen police officers guarded the statue, and prevented crowds from milling too long.[55][56] On Monday, Maryon released a statement on the incident: "Industry is not a pretty, simpering thing. The statue of the woman represents industry as we know it in the North-East—one who has passed through hard times and is now ready to face the future strong and undismayed."[57][58][59][60][61] Two months later, in December, three students at King's College tarred statues as part of a rivalry with University College, and in the process inadvertently poured tar on the school's war memorial.[62] After the Principal, William Reginald Halliday, threatened to close the college for the term, the students confessed and were suspended two terms—until the following October.[62] According to The Sunday Sun, "it was deemed essential that strict measures should be taken" due to the spate of recent raggings, including against Statue of Industry.[62]

Post-Exhibition

Much of the Exhibition was broken down and sold afterwards, both as objects (such as chairs and staff uniforms) and raw materials (such as steel, timber, and asbestos sheeting).[63][64] Inquiries were also received for Statue of Industry.[63][64] One such offer, claimed the Evening Chronicle, was from "a gentleman from Ponteland" who "would knock the statue off its pedestal and use that as a bird bath";[65] twelve days later, The Sunday Sun made the claim that a "Newcastle business man with a handsome garden out Ponteland way has offered £1 for the three babies from the Statue of Industry with the purpose of 'turning them loose' in his rockery".[66] A day after the Evening Chronicle reported on difficulties selling the statue,[67] a reader wrote in to suggest that it be moved to Roker Park as "a mascot to the woe-begone football team" there, Sunderland A.F.C., and rechristened "Alice in Blunderland".[68]

The statue was ultimately purchased by the Hebburn-based engineering firm A. Reyrolle & Company.[1][22] The Evening Chronicle claimed that the company itself was uninterested, but that its managing director, Henry William Clothier, had "taken a personal interest in the future of the statue", and suggested that the statue would probably be placed on the company's Sports Ground.[1] Asked the paper, "Oh! What Will Hebburn Say?"[1]

The statue was ultimately removed in late February or early March 1930, using a derrick, three lorries, and several workmen.[1] Before its new installation, it was copper-metalized, to better withstand the elements.[1] The following year, members of the Junior Chamber of Commerce visited the company, and saw Statue of Industry in its new location.[69][70]

Other versions

At the time the statue was installed, there were plans to sell copies at the Exhibition of Maryon's sketch model.[20] These plans were ultimately abandoned.[67] Maryon's model was left in a cupboard at the Exhibition; only months afterward, wrote the Evening Chronicle, was it "rescued from its dungeon by Councillor A. W. Lambert".[22] The Evening Chronicle exclaimed that Lambert, the chairman of the Exhibition Committee, "is keeping it as a memento!"[22]

Notes

  1. ↑ The Exhibition also included eight smaller statues of women adorning two towers.[20][22] Those eight, wrote the Evening Chronicle, were "in garb highly conducive to catching influenza",[23] whereas Statue of Industry was (per the South Wales Daily Post) "adequately clothed".[20]
  2. ↑ At the end of the Exhibition, the Evening Courier had a contest to determine what had been the most popular attractions.[33] Statue of Industry placed 11th out of 18.[34]
  3. ↑ Another idea in consideration, claimed a student, was to drill holes in the statue and blow it up, but this was ultimately deemed too dangerous.[42]
  4. ↑ Including in the Grimsby Daily Telegraph,[43] the Birmingham Evening Despatch,[44] the Nottingham Evening Post,[45] the Leicester Mercury,[46] the Liverpool Post & Mercury,[47] the Leicester Mail,[48] The Manchester Guardian[49] the Hull The Daily Mail,[50] and the Liverpool Evening Express.[51]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Oh! What Will Hebburn Say?". Evening Chronicle. No. 13, 817. Newcastle upon Tyne. 5 March 1930. p. 4. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  2. 1 2 "Exhibition Wonders Revealed". The Evening Chronicle. No. 13, 586. Newcastle upon Tyne. 14 May 1929. p. 9 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  3. 1 2 3 "Vale! End of a Great Adventure". Evening Chronicle. No. 13, 728. Newcastle upon Tyne. 26 October 1929. p. 6. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 ""Fools Amok" at Exhibition: Statue Outrage Protests". Readers' Letters. Evening Chronicle. No. 13, 728. Newcastle upon Tyne. 26 October 1929. p. 8. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  5. ↑ Richardson 1929.
  6. ↑ Barke 2014, pp. 157–158.
  7. ↑ Barke 2014, p. 158.
  8. ↑ Richardson 1929, p. 18.
  9. 1 2 Barke 2014, p. 167.
  10. ↑ Barke 2014, pp. 167–170.
  11. ↑ "New Appointments at Armstrong College". Deaths. The Citizen. Vol. 52, no. 128. Gloucester. Canadian Press. 27 September 1927. p. 6. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  12. 1 2 3 The Institution of Mechanical Engineers (1918). "Herbert James Maryon, in To be considered by the Applications Committee on Wednesday, 24th April, and by the Council on Friday, 3rd May 1918.". Proposals for Membership, Etc. London. pp. 337–339. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2023 – via Ancestry.com.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  13. ↑ "Herbert James Maryon". Mapping the Practice and Profession of Sculpture in Britain and Ireland 1851–1951. University of Glasgow History of Art. 2011. Archived from the original on 27 December 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2016. Free access icon
  14. ↑ "Art School Notes: Reading". The International Studio. New York: John Lane Co. XXXIV (136): 342. June 1908. Archived from the original on 23 September 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2023. Open access icon
  15. 1 2 "Contributors to this Issue: Herbert Maryon". Studies in Conservation. The International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works. 5 (1). February 1960. JSTOR 1505065. Closed access icon
  16. ↑ Historic England (n.d.). "East Knoyle War Memorial (1438366)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 22 February 2023. Free access icon
  17. ↑ "Mortimer War Memorial". War Memorials Register. Imperial War Museums. n.d. Archived from the original on 9 October 2018. Retrieved 19 February 2023. Free access icon
  18. ↑ Historic England (n.d.). "University of Reading War Memorial (1113620)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
  19. ↑ Bruce-Mitford, Rupert (23 July 1965). "Mr. Herbert Maryon". Obituary. The Times. No. 56381. London. p. 14. Archived from the original on 27 September 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2023. Free access icon
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 "Lady Painted Cream and Gold, And She is Adequately Clothed: Statue of Industry". South Wales Daily Post. 23 April 1929. p. 11. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  21. ↑ "A Statue of Industry". Daily Herald. No. 4, 117. London. 24 April 1929. p. 6. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  22. 1 2 3 4 "Desolated Glories of the Exhibition". Evening Chronicle. No. 13, 860. Newcastle upon Tyne. 25 April 1930. p. 14. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  23. ↑ "Exhibition Statues". All Sorts of Gossip. The Evening Chronicle. No. 13, 484. Newcastle upon Tyne. 14 January 1929. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  24. ↑ "Pitmen and Art". Evening Chronicle. No. 13, 706. Newcastle upon Tyne. 1 October 1929. p. 12. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  25. ↑ George, S. E. (13 June 1929). "The Statue of Industry". Evening Chronicle. No. 13, 612. Newcastle upon Tyne. p. 12. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  26. ↑ "Statue of Industry". Evening Chronicle. No. 13, 614. Newcastle upon Tyne. 15 June 1929. p. 8. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  27. ↑ "The Exhibition Statue". The Evening Chronicle. No. 13, 619. Newcastle upon Tyne. 21 June 1929. p. 12. Archived from the original on 2 November 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  28. ↑ "Industry Statue". Evening Chronicle. No. 13, 620. Newcastle upon Tyne. 22 June 1929. p. 4. Archived from the original on 2 November 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  29. ↑ "Much-Maligned Statue". Evening Chronicle. No. 13, 692. Newcastle upon Tyne. 14 September 1929. p. 4. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  30. ↑ "A "Repulsive" Statue". Lincolnshire Echo. No. 10, 929. Lincolnshire. 28 June 1929. p. 3. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  31. 1 2 "The Statue of Industry". Evening Chronicle. No. 13, 690. Newcastle upon Tyne. 12 September 1929. p. 12. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  32. ↑ ""Wooden Solidity"". Evening Chronicle. No. 13, 693. Newcastle upon Tyne. 16 September 1929. p. 12. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  33. ↑ "Evening Chronicle Exhibition Attractions Competition". Evening Chronicle. No. 13, 713. Newcastle upon Tyne. 9 October 1929. p. 14. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  34. ↑ "Newcastle Woman Wins £100". Evening Chronicle. No. 13, 751. Newcastle upon Tyne. 22 November 1929. p. 5. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  35. 1 2 3 "The Outrages on London Statues". Our London Correspondence. The Manchester Guardian. No. 25, 580. Manchester. 23 August 1928. p. 8. Archived from the original on 6 July 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023. Free access icon
  36. 1 2 "The Green Goddess: Epstein Panel Painted Over By Students". North Mail. No. 21, 093. Newcastle. 14 November 1925. p. 7. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023. Free access icon
  37. ↑ "Hyde Park Statue Tarred: Feud Again Stirs London". The Winnipeg Evening Tribune. Vol. XL, no. 243. Winnipeg. Associated Press. 10 October 1929. p. 1. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023. Free access icon
  38. ↑ "Rima Tarred and Feathered: Epstein Work Subject of Outrage". The Manchester Guardian. No. 25, 931. Manchester. 10 October 1929. p. 11. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023. Free access icon
  39. ↑ "Second Effort to Tar Epstein Statue Made". The Battle Creek Enquirer and News. Vol. XXXIV, no. 87. Battle Creek, Michigan. Associated Press. 16 October 1929. p. 11. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023. Free access icon
  40. ↑ "Attempt to Deface "Night": Tar and Feathers in Glass Containers". The Manchester Guardian. No. 25, 936. Manchester. 16 October 1929. p. 12. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023. Free access icon
  41. 1 2 "Tragedy that Darkens the Exhibition". Evening Chronicle. No. 13, 726. Newcastle upon Tyne. 24 October 1929. p. 14. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  42. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Students to Attack Statue Again?". Evening Chronicle. No. 13, 728. Newcastle upon Tyne. 26 October 1929. p. 1. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  43. 1 2 3 "Another Statue Tarred: Newcastle Students' "Rag"". Grimsby Daily Telegraph. No. 9, 843. Grimsby. 26 October 1929. p. 6. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  44. ↑ "Another Tar Outrage: North-East Coast Exhibition Statue Offends Students". Evening Despatch. No. 11, 970. Birmingham. 26 October 1929. p. 3. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  45. ↑ ""Female" Statue Tarred: Fire Hose Turned on Would-Be Photographers". Nottingham Evening Post. No. 16, 015. Nottingham. 26 October 1929. p. 1. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  46. ↑ "More Tarring: Students Disfigure Statue at Exhibition". Leicester Mercury. Leicester. 26 October 1929. p. 1. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  47. ↑ "Statue Tarred and Feathered". Liverpool Post & Mercury. No. 23, 196. Liverpool. 26 October 1929. p. 9. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  48. ↑ "Statue Tarred: Firemen Turn Hose on Photographers". Leicester Mail. No. 6, 114. Leicester. 26 October 1929. p. 2. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  49. ↑ "Statue Tarred and Feathered: Outrage in Full View of Crowds". The Manchester Guardian. No. 25, 945. Manchester. 26 October 1929. p. 13. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023. Free access icon
  50. ↑ "Statue Tarred: Students' Outrage at Newcastle Exhibition". Latest News. The Daily Mail. No. 13, 744. Hull. 26 October 1929. p. 6. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  51. ↑ "Students Tar and Feather Statue: Fire Brigade Turn Hose on Photographers". Evening Express. No. 18, 142. Liverpool. 26 October 1929. p. 1. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  52. 1 2 ""Rags"; Tar and Feathers". The Northern Outlook. Evening Chronicle. No. 13, 728. Newcastle upon Tyne. 26 October 1929. p. 6. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  53. ↑ "Armstrong's Chief". The Northern Outlook. Evening Chronicle. No. 13, 706. Newcastle upon Tyne. 1 October 1929. p. 8. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  54. ↑ Ayris 1999, pp. 77–78.
  55. ↑ "Closing Scenes Last Night". The Sunday Sun. No. 535. Newcastle upon Tyne. 27 October 1929. pp. 1, 11. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  56. ↑ "North-East Coast Exhibition: Visited by 4,370,000 People". The Manchester Guardian. No. 25, 946. Manchester. 28 October 1929. p. 14. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  57. ↑ "Industry Is Not Pretty". In and Out of Town. Evening Express. No. 18, 144. Liverpool. 29 October 1929. p. 6. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  58. ↑ "Sculptor and His Critics: Defence of Statue that was Tarred". Lincolnshire Echo. No. 11, 034. Lincolnshire. 29 October 1929. p. 4. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  59. ↑ "Tarred Statue Critics: Newcastle Sculptor's Defence of His Work". The Western Daily Press. Vol. 143, no. 24, 016. Bristol. 29 October 1929. p. 6. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023. Free access icon
  60. ↑ "Tarred Statue of Industry: Sculptor's Defence of His Work". The Manchester Guardian. No. 25, 947. Manchester. 29 October 1929. p. 3. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023. Free access icon
  61. ↑ "Tarred Statue: Sculptor's Defence of His Work". Western Mail. No. 18, 838. 29 October 1929. p. 10. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  62. 1 2 3 ""Undergrads" Suspended: Memorial Tarred in Error". The Sunday Sun. No. 543. Newcastle upon Tyne. 22 December 1929. p. 9. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  63. 1 2 "Festival Hall as Garage? Fare of Exhibition Buildings in the Balance". Evening Chronicle. No. 13, 735. Newcastle upon Tyne. 4 November 1929. p. 1. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  64. 1 2 "Big Demand to Buy the Exhibition". Evening Chronicle. No. 13, 738. Newcastle upon Tyne. 7 November 1929. p. 16. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  65. ↑ "N.E. Exhibition Gets Another Last Visitor". Evening Chronicle. No. 13, 748. Newcastle upon Tyne. 19 November 1929. p. 5. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  66. ↑ "Exhibition's Profit". The Sunday Sun. No. 540. Newcastle upon Tyne. 1 December 1929. p. 9. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  67. 1 2 "Harken, Ye Gallants of Newcastle! A Fair Lady Is In Distress. Who Will Save Her?". Evening Chronicle. No. 13, 731. Newcastle upon Tyne. 30 October 1929. p. 4. Archived from the original on 2 November 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  68. ↑ "A Future for "Mother"". A Smile or Two. Evening Chronicle. No. 13, 732. Newcastle upon Tyne. 31 October 1929. p. 8. Archived from the original on 2 November 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  69. ↑ "Members of the Junior Chamber of Commerce". Far and Near. The Shields Daily News. No. 22, 420. 26 January 1931. p. 2. Retrieved 29 October 2023. Closed access icon
  70. ↑ R., A. S. (20 July 1935). "A Newcastle Goddess". All Sorts of Gossip. Evening Chronicle. No. 15, 486. Newcastle upon Tyne. p. 4. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon

Bibliography

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.