Skidel revolt
Part of the Polish-Belarusian ethnic conflict and the invasion of Poland
Date18–19 September 1939
Location
Skidzyelʹ, Białystok Voivodeship, Second Polish Republic
53°35′00″N 24°15′00″E / 53.58333°N 24.25000°E / 53.58333; 24.25000
Result Polish victory
Belligerents
 Second Polish Republic Communist Party of Western Belorussia

The Skidel Revolt (Polish: Powstanie Skidelskie, Belarusian: Скідзельскае паўстанне) or Skidal Uprising (term used in Soviet historiography) was an anti-state and anti-Polish sabotage action done by Jewish and Belarusian inhabitants of the Polish town of Skidel near Grodno (now Skidzieĺ, Belarus) at the onset of World War II. It started on the second day of the Soviet invasion of Poland in an attempt to assist the external attack.[1]

Background

The events

The revolt of 18 September 1939 was organized by the Communist Party of West Belarus which was outlawed by Poland in 1938. According to Russian documents, it consisted of around 200 men, although their number has been contested by Polish historian Marek Wierzbicki as exaggerated.[2] A group of Jews and Belarusians, members and sympathizers of the delegalized Communist Party, all citizens of Poland, took control of the town of Skidel and some nearby locations, acquired firearms, often from skirmishes with Polish Army units and police[2] Similar incidents of various severity, with pro-communist activists attacking and taking over local government offices, arresting or fighting with Polish police and army personnel, took place in numerous nearby settlements including Jeziory, Wiercieliszki, Wielka Brzostowica, Dubno, Wołpa, Indura (near Grodno), Sopoćkinie, Zelwa, Wołkowysk, Ostryna, Zdzięcioł (near Nowogródek), Janów Poleski, Horodec, Antopol, Drohiczyn Poleski and Motol nearby among other locations.[1] In a number of instances, individual or groups of former authority figures, such as civil servants, landowners, priests, rural settlers, policemen and reserve officers, usually of Polish ethnicity, were murdered, including in Skidel, Brzostowica Mała, Lerypol, Budowla, and other locations.[2] Wierzbicki estimates that there were dozens if not hundreds of such incidents.[2]

Several Polish families were rescued by their Belarusian neighbors in the village of Sawalówka.[2]

In some settlements, the withdrawal of Polish administration ahead of the Soviet advance prompted Jewish councils to form self-defense groups against the Belarusian raids which further complicated the issue of allegiance.[1] Some of the self-defending Jews were driven by deep-seated Polish patriotism.[1]

Polish Army units quickly engaged the insurgents, On 19 September 1939 the 102nd Uhlan Regiment of the Polish Army engaged some insurgents around Ostryna, Dubno and Jeziory.[2] After some skirmishes, Polish units put down the revolt and took control of Skidel and neighboring settlements.[2] The insurgents captured with weapons were summarily executed.[2] Shortly afterward, on 20 September, advancing Red Army units, supported by armor, took over Skidel, pushing the Polish forces back.[2]

Aftermath

When Soviet forces took over Skidel, many Poles were immediately arrested. Some time later in 1940 there was a show trial in Skidel of 15 individuals including three women, two Tartars and two Polish Russians, who aided the Polish Army which briefly retook Skidel on 19 September. They were accused of crimes against the Soviet Union. There is no historical record of what happened to them, although Wierzbicki states that fragmentary information and "common practice" suggests that at least some of them were executed.[2] After the end of World War II, and the annexation of eastern Poland, the mass murders and robberies were hushed up and the sabotage action in Skidzieĺ turned by the Soviet Union into a province-wide liberation movement.[2][3]

In 1940 the Soviet authorities found clear evidence of the widespread robberies and mass murders committed on the side by scores of intoxicated peasants and criminal opportunists, but after the intervention of the communist party representative, the Soviet court threw out the case citing political rationale (justified class struggle), as well as procedural reasons (that it has no jurisdiction to persecute crimes that happened on those territories before the Soviet annexation of them on, that legal documents dated to 2 November 1939).[3] After the annexation of eastern Poland, the Soviet propaganda turned the Skidzieĺ events into a liberation movement, and mythologized them.[2]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Marek Wierzbicki (2007). Western Belarus in September 1939 – Polish-Jewish Relations in the kresy. Leipziger Universitätsverlag. pp. 139–140. ISBN 978-3865832405. Retrieved December 13, 2012. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Marek Wierzbicki (1997). "Powstanie skidelskie 1939". Białystok: Białoruskie Zeszyty Historyczne, nr 7. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved December 13, 2012 – via Internet Archive.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  3. 1 2 Marek Wierzbicki (22 September 2002). "Czystki kresowe" [Soviet purges in the Polish Kresy region]. Tygodnik Wprost, No. 5/2014 (1613). Retrieved 1 February 2014.
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