Savva Morozov

Savva Timofeyevich Morozov (Russian: Са́вва Тимофе́евич Моро́зов, 15 February [O.S. 3 February] 1862, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Bogorodsky Uyezd Moskovskaya Guberniya, Russian Empire – 26 May [O.S. 13 May] 1905, Cannes, France) was a Russian textile magnate and philanthropist. Established by Savva Vasilyevich Morozov (1770–1862), the Morozov family was the fifth-richest in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century.[1][2]

An old Morozov factory building in Zuyevo along ulitsa Lenina

Biography

Savva Timofeyevich Morozov came from an Old Believer merchant family which held the hereditary civil rank of honorary citizens (Russian: Почётные граждане). This gave him freedom from conscription, freedom from corporal punishment, and freedom from taxation (Russian: Подушный оклад).[lower-alpha 1] He grew up at the Morozov house at Trehsvyatitelskaya Lane 1-3c1 (Russian: Большой Трёхсвятительский переулок) on Ivanovo Hill (Russian: Ивановская горка) in the White City (Russian: Белый город), now the boulevards, of Moscow.[3] He attended the nearby gymnasium at Pokrovsky Gates.[3] His family home was the most expensive home in Moscow and its Morozov gardens (Russian: Морозовский сад) became a favourite haunt of S. Aksakov, F. Dostoevsky, A. Ostrovsky, L. Tolstoy, and P. Tchaikovsky.[4] He later studied physics and mathematics at Moscow University (1885) where he wrote a study on dye and met Mendeleev.[3] Beginning on 7 January 1885, at 10 o'clock in the morning, textile workers at the Morozov factories in Bogorodsk, especially Orekhovo-Zuyevo, went on strike for several weeks (Morozov strike).[3] In 1885–1887 he studied chemistry at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom. While in England he studied the structure of the textile industry in Great Britain, especially in Manchester.[3]

Savva Morozov House, Spiridonovka Street, built in 1893

Savva Morozov married his second-cousin's former wife Zinaida Grigorievna, née Zimin (Russian: Зинаида Григорьевна Зимина).[5][lower-alpha 2] They hosted lavish parties and balls which many distinguished Russians and Moscovites attended including Savva Mamontov, Botkin, Feodor Chaliapin, Maxim Gorky, Anton Chekhov, Konstantin Stanislavski, Pyotr Boborykin, and others. Olga Knipper recalled one of these balls: "I had to go to the ball at Morozova: I've never seen such luxury and wealth."[3]

At the beginning of the twentieth century, Morozov was the largest shareholder of the Moscow Art Theatre (MAT) under Stanislavski and Nemirovich-Danchenko.[6][7][8] During the summer of 1902, with participation of both Ivan Fomin and Alexander Galetsky, Savva funded Schechtel's improvements to the Lianozov-owned[lower-alpha 3] theatre built in 1890 at Kamergersky Lane 3 in Tverskoy.[6][7][8] The renovations incorporated Anna Golubkina's high-relief plaster of The Wave above the right entrance of the theatre.[9][10] In 1903 he funded the electrification of the theatre with its own electrical power station, and added another small stage which is isolated from the main building to allow full rehearsals during performances on the main stage.[8] All of this made the MAT the most advanced theatre in Russia.[8] For the fifth and sixth seasons (1902–04), Morozov funded the entire cost of the equipment and the operating costs of the building, too.[8] This new theatre had seating for 1200 (a third more than the older building) and greatly enhanced MAT's profitability. However, the rent increased for the seventh season (1904–05) and Morozov ceased paying for the leasehold and the operating cost. He would only pay back the principal for the cost of the improvements, which took 9 years.[8] When Gorky's Summerfolk was not well received by Nemirovich-Danchenko and Stanislavski, Gorky left the theatre and Morozov followed.[7]

Influenced by Maxim Gorky, Morozov and his relative Nikolai Pavlovich Schmidt[lower-alpha 4] were significant financial contributors to the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party, including making payments to the newspaper Iskra.[11][12]

According to the author Suzanne Massie, writing in Land of the Firebird, Morozov had approached his mother and family matriarch about introducing profit-sharing with factory workers - one of the first industrialists to propose such an idea. His mother angrily removed Savva from the family business, and one month later the apparently despondent Morozov shot himself while in the south of France. Morozov died from a gunshot wound in Cannes, France. His death was officially ruled a suicide; however, various murder-theories exist.[lower-alpha 5]

Notes

  1. ↑ Before the introduction of income-tax levies in the twentieth century, the Tsarist autocracy levied a poll tax censuses to finance the Imperial Russian Army.
  2. ↑ Zinaida's first husband was Sergei Vikulovich Morozov (Russian: Сергей Викулович Морозов), the third son of Savva's first cousin Vikula Eliseevich Morozov (Russian: Викула Елисеевич Морозов, 1860-1921).
  3. ↑ The Lianozovs were caviar- and fish-magnates with exclusive rights from Persia to the fisheries of the southern Caspian Sea. Later, after the founding of Baku Oil in 1907, the Lianozov family were the 23rd-richest family in Russia before World War I.[1][2]
  4. ↑ Schmidt was the son of Pavel Alexandrovich Schmidt (Russian: Павел Александрович Шмит) and of Savva's sister, Vera Vikulovna Morozova (Russian: Вера Викуловна Морозова).
  5. ↑ Yuri Felshtinsky identifies Leonid Krasin as the most likely assassin of Morozov.[6]

References

  1. 1 2 Гаков, Владимир (3 May 2005). "Старые русские: Бакинские нефтяники, первый дилер Ford и Борис Абрамович – среди 30 богатейших людей и семей России 1900–1914 годов" [Old Russians: Baku oil, the first Ford dealer and Boris Abramovich – among the 30 richest individuals and families in Russia in 1900–1914]. Forbes (in Russian). Moscow. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
  2. 1 2 "Миллионщики" [Millionaires]. Forbes (in Russian). Moscow. 22 October 2009. Archived from the original on 16 March 2011. Retrieved 11 May 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Лизунов, Владимир С. (1995). Минувшее проходит предо мною [The Past Is Held in Front of Me] (in Russian). Орехово-Зуево (Orekhovo-Zuyevo): Богородское краеведение (Bogorodskoye District Studies). Retrieved 12 May 2016.
  4. ↑ "Прощай, любимый город! (из Советский физик)" [Farewell, beloved city! (from Soviet Physicist)] (in Russian). Moscow: Moscow State University, M V Lomonosov (physics) department. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  5. ↑ Whims of Fate. Retrieved 17 May 2009
  6. 1 2 3 Felshtinsky, Yuri; Litvinenko, Alexander (26 October 2010). Lenin and His Comrades: The Bolsheviks Take Over Russia 1917–1924. New York: Enigma Books. ISBN 9781929631957.
  7. 1 2 3 Benedetti, Jean, ed. (1991). The Moscow Art Theatre Letters. New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780878300846.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Орлов, Юрий (2005). "Экономика Московского Художественного театра 1898—1914 годов: к вопросу о самоокупаемости частных театров" [Economics of the Moscow Art Theatre's 1898–1914: the issue of self-financing private theaters]. Отечественные записки (in Russian). 4 (25). Retrieved 16 May 2016.
  9. ↑ Голубкина, Анна Семёновна (1923). Несколько слов о ремесле скульптора [A few words about the sculptor's craft] (in Russian). Moscow: Издательство М. и С. Сабашниковых.
  10. ↑ Румянцев, Вячеслав (ed.). Голубкина Анна Семеновна (1864–1927): БИОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ УКАЗАТЕЛЬ [Golubkina Anna Semyonovna (1864–1927) BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX] (in Russian). Retrieved 16 May 2016.
  11. ↑ Arto Luukkanen (1994), The Party of Unbelief, Helsinki: Studia Historica 48, ISBN 951-710-008-6, OCLC 832629341, OL 25433417M
  12. ↑ Vaksberg, Arkady (2007), The Murder of Maxim Gorky: A Secret Execution (in Russian), translated by Bludeau, Todd, New York: Enigma Books, ISBN 9781929631629
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