Religion in Italy according to the Ipsos survey, 2023 (approximately 1000 participants, adults under 75)[1]

  Catholicism (61%)
  Protestantism (4%)
  Other Christianity (3%)
  No religion (28%)
  Prefer not to say (2%)
  Islam (1%)
  Other religion (1%)
Italy is home to many of the world's largest, oldest and opulent churches. Clockwise from left: Florence Cathedral, which has the largest brick dome in the world;[2][3] Pisa Cathedral, Milan Cathedral, the largest Italian church and the third largest in the world; and St Mark's Basilica, one of the best known examples of Italo-Byzantine architecture[4]

Religion in Italy has been historically characterized by the dominance of Catholicism since the Great Schism.[5][6] According to a 2023 Ipsos survey, 61% of the country's residents are Catholic, 4% are Protestants, 3% other Christians (68% are Christians overall), 28% are irreligious, 2% prefer not to say, 1% are Muslims, and 1% adhere to other religions.[7] Italy's Catholic patron saints are Francis of Assisi and Catherine of Siena.[8]

According to the 2017 Being Christian in Western Europe survey by Pew, 58% of Italians consider religion to be very or somewhat important.[9] Italy was the only country in the survey having more practising Christians than non-practising ones.[10] Italy is the third European Union member in terms of highest weekly church attendance rates after Poland and Ireland.[11]

From 2001 to 2022 the religious practice in Italy has steadily decreased. Although in surveys most of the population claims religious affiliations[lower-alpha 1], according to the Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) data, less than 19%[lower-alpha 2] of Italians have declared themselves to be practicing. While the proportion of those who have never practiced a religion has doubled, from 16% in 2001 to 31% in 2022.[12][13][14]

Overview

The 2012 Global Religious Landscape survey by the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life (an American think tank) found that 83.3% of Italy's residents were Christians, 12.4% were irreligious, atheist or agnostic, 3.7% were Muslims and 0.6% adhered to other religions.[7]

Regarding Italian citizens in Italy, according to the 2005 Eurobarometer poll (conducted on behalf of the European Commission), 74% of Italians "believe there is a God", 16% "believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 6% "do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force".[15] According to a 2006 survey by Eurispes (an Italian research centre), Catholics made up 87.8% of Italian citizens, with 36.8% describing themselves as observants.[16] According to the same poll in 2010, those percentages fell to 76.5% and 24.4%, respectively.[17] In 2016 Eurispes found that 71.1% of Italians were Catholic, 5 points down from 2010, but their religious practice was on the rise at 25.4%.[18] According to Doxa (another Italian research centre) in 2014, 75% of Italians are Catholic.[19] In the spring of 2016 the Pew Research Center found that 81.7% of the population of Italy was affiliated with the Catholic Church, out of a Christian population of 85.1%; non-religious people comprised the 11.6% of the total population and were divided in atheists (3.1%), agnostics (2.5%) and "nothing in particular" (6.0%).[20] According to a 2017 poll by Ipsos (a France-based research centre), 74.4% of Italians are Catholic (including 27.0% engaged and/or observant), 22.6% are irreligious and 3.0% adhere to other denominations in Italy.[21] Finally, Eurostat's Eurobarometer survey in 2018 showed that 85.6% of Italy's population is Christian (78.9% Catholic, 4.6% orthodox Christians, 0.6% Protestants, 1.5% other Christians), while 2.6% belong to other religions and 11.7% are non-religious (7.5% atheists, 4.2% agnostics).[22] The 2021 Eurobarometer estimated that 84.4% was Christian (with 79.2% of the population being Catholic), 11.6% was agnostic or atheist and 3.2% followed another religion.[23]

Additionally, there are significant differences in religious beliefs by gender, age and geography. For instance, according to a 2014 Doxa poll: 80% of women defined themselves as "Catholic", while 69% of men did so; 80% of the people in the age group above 55 defined themselves as Catholic, while 8% said to be irreligious or atheist and another 7% described themselves as "without religious reference"; among people aged between 15 and 34, percentages were 68%, 13% and 12%, respectively; in Southern Italy, 85%, 6% and 5%, respectively; in the North-West, 62%, 16% and 13%, respectively.[19]

The Catholic Church

St. Peter's Basilica, viewed from the Tiber, the Vatican Hill in the back and Castel Sant'Angelo to the right, Rome (both the basilica and the hill are part of the sovereign state of Vatican City, the Holy See of the Catholic Church).

The headquarters of the 1.2-billion strong Catholic Church, the State of Vatican City (see also Holy See), is an enclave within the city of Rome and, thus, the Italian territory. The Church's world leader, the Pope, is the Bishop of Rome, hence the special relationship between Italians and the Church—and the latter's entanglement with Italian politics (see Lateran Treaty and the section below on religion and politics).

The current Pope is Francis, born Jorge Mario Bergoglio, who, before his election in 2013, is from Argentina and was the Archbishop of Buenos Aires from 1998 to his installation. Francis is the third non-Italian Pope in a row, after John Paul II (1978–2005) from Poland and Benedict XVI (2005–2013) from Germany.

Most of the leading Catholic religious orders, including the Jesuits, the Salesians, the Franciscans, the Capuchin Franciscans, the Benedectines, the Dominicans, the Divine Word Missionaries, the Redemptorists, the Conventual Franciscans and the Oblates of Mary Immaculate, have their headquarters in Rome too.[24]

The Italian territory is divided into 225 Catholic dioceses (whose bishops have been organised, since 1952, in the politically influential[25][26] Italian Episcopal Conference, CEI)[27][28] and, according to Church statistics (which do not consider current active members), 96% of the country's population was baptised as Catholic.[29]

Ecclesial life is somewhat vibrant and, despite secularization, some of the most active movements and associations are Catholic, including organisations as diverse as Catholic Action (AC), the Italian Catholic Association of Guides and Scouts (AGESCI), Communion and Liberation (CL), Neocatechumenal Way, the Focolare Movement, the Christian Associations of Italian Workers (ACLI), the Community of Sant'Egidio, etc., most of which have been involved in social activities and have frequently supplied Italian politics with their members.[30][31][32][33]

Italy's current President, Sergio Mattarella,[34][35][36] and former Prime Minister, Matteo Renzi,[37][38] have been AC and AGESCI leaders, respectively, while a former President of the CEI, Cardinal Angelo Bagnasco,[39][40] was long an AGESCI assistant.

Minor historical denominations

The Great Synagogue, Florence

Other than that the Latin Church of the Catholic Church, Italy has two additional significant Christian bodies that are native to the peninsula: the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church, one of the 23 Eastern Catholic Churches in communion with the Pope, and the Waldensian Evangelical Church, a Christian movement originated from Lyon in the late 12th century and adopted Calvinist theology shortly after the start of the Protestant Reformation (see also: Waldensians). The two churches include the majority of the population in Piana degli Albanesi, Sicily and Lungro, Calabria, and the so-called "Waldensian Valleys" (Val Pellice, Val Chisone and Valle Germanasca) of western Piedmont, respectively.

Most historical mainline Protestants, including the Waldensians (30,000 members), the Baptists (Baptist Evangelical Christian Union of Italy, 20,000), the mostly German-speaking Lutherans (Lutheran Evangelical Church in Italy, 7,000), the Methodists (Methodist Evangelical Church in Italy, 5,000) and minor Calvinist and Presbyterian communities, are affiliated to the Federation of Evangelical Churches in Italy, along with the Italian section of The Salvation Army and some minor Evangelical and Pentecostal denominations.[41] In the Protestant context, it is also worth mentioning the Evangelical Christian Church of the Brethren (21,000) and the Italian section of the Seventh-day Adventist Church (20,000).[42]

Italy is home to around 45,000 Jews,[42][43] who are one of the most ancient Jewish communities in the world. Jewish presence dates to the pre-Christian Roman period and has continued uninterrupted up to the present, despite periods of extreme persecution and occasional expulsions from parts of the country. Native Italian Jews, who form the core of the community in Rome, practice the minhag Italkim, or "Italian Jews", but there are also Ashkenazi Jews who have settled in the North, especially in the lands of the former Republic of Venice (Veneto, Friuli-Venezia Giulia and eastern Lombardy) and Piedmont, since the late Middle Ages, and Sephardi Jews, who have established themselves mostly in Livorno, Florence, Venice and several cities of Emilia, after their expulsion from the Kingdom of Naples.[44] The Jewish community of Milan, the country's second largest after Rome's, is the most international in character and composition, notably including a substantial number of Mizrahi Jews originating from Libya and the Middle East.[45] The twenty-one Jewish local communities are affiliated with the Union of Italian Jewish Communities, which counts 25,000 members.[46]

According to CESNUR, in 2017 in Italy there were about 3,200 adherents to pre-Christian, neo-pagan or neo-shamanic indigenous religions.[42] Modern forms of native polytheism is represented by Roman Polytheistic Reconstructionism, which includes organizations such as Nova Roma, the Associazione Tradizionale Pietas, Communitas Populi Romani, the Movimento Tradizionale Romano, and the Societas Hesperiana pro Culto Deorum. There are also pagans belonging to other European religions, such as Heathenism, to which the Comunità Odinista and the Tempio del Lupo belong; Druidism, Hellenism and Wicca.[47]

Immigration and future scenarios

The Mosque of Rome

Immigration has brought to Italy many religious minorities, especially Islam, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Oriental Orthodoxy. By the numbers, in 2015 the country was home to around 1,850,000 Muslims and virtually 1,700,000 Orthodox Christians.[42] Among the latter, especially relevant are the Romanian Orthodox Church, which has a diocese of Italy, and the Greek Orthodox Church through the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, whose Archdiocese of Italy and Exarchate of Southern Europe has its see in Venice. Massimo Introvigne, founder and director of CESNUR (an Italian think tank devoted to religious studies) and main author of L'enciclopedia delle religioni in Italia, predicts that, thanks to continued immigration from Eastern Europe, Orthodox Christians could soon become the country's second largest religious group, overtaking Muslims.[48]

Also Protestantism, especially in its evangelical and Pentecostal forms, is on the rise: Introvigne recalls how Giorgio Bouchard, a Waldensian pastor, told him that "when he was born, the typical Italian Protestant was a man, lived in Piedmont, had a last name like Bouchard and was a Waldensian", while "today, the typical Italian Protestant believer is a woman, lives in Campania or Sicily, is named Esposito and is a Pentecostal."[49] Not surprisingly the Assemblies of God in Italy (150,000 members), the Federation of Pentecostal Churches (50,000) and several smaller evangelical/Pentecostal denominations have the majority of their communities in the South.[42][50][51] Additionally, several foreign-born churches, especially African initiated churches, mostly evangelical and/or Pentecostal, are taking roots in the country, especially in the North.[52][53]

Among the fastest-growing new religious denominations in Italy a special place is held by the Jehovah's Witnesses (who count around 420,000 faithful, including both members and other people regularly attending the Congregation's meetings).[42][54] Then come four faiths professed mainly by immigrants: Buddhists (260,000),[42] Sikhs (210,000),[55] Hindus (180,000),[42] and Latter-day Saints (26,000).[42][56] According to Caritas Italiana (the CEI's charitable arm), in 2015 the immigrant population was 53.8% Christian (30.5% Orthodox, 18.3% Catholic, 4.3% Protestant and 0.7% other), 32.2% Muslim, 2.9% Hindu and 2.2% Buddhist.[42] According to the same source, in 2012 Italy was home to 850 "African Neo-Pentecostal churches", 750 foreign-language Catholic communities, 655 mosques or other Islamic houses of worship, 355 Orthodox parishes, 126 Buddhist temples, 60 Sikh ones and 2 Hindu ones.[57]

Sikhs are a growing religious minority in Italy, which has the second biggest Sikh population in Europe after the United Kingdom and sixth largest number of Sikhs in the world. It is estimated that there are between 200,000 to 220,000 Sikhs in Italy.[55][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69] Many Sikhs currently reside and work in the agricultural sector in Reggio Emilia, Lazio and Verona, many working in the Parmesan cheese sector.[70][71][72][73] It is estimated that 5,000-5,800 Sikh Soldiers died for the liberation of Italy during the World War II. [74][75][76]

Demography

The religious composition of the Italian population (2015 estimate: 60,795,612 people, including 55,782,575 Italian citizens and 5,014,037 foreign residents) is shown in the table below. The primary data source is the aforementioned CESNUR, which includes the data on foreign residents provided by Caritas Italiana.[42][77]

Due to the lack of a single, coherent and statistically accurate source, the figures are to be taken with a grain of salt and sums do not necessarily add up. The number of Catholics among Italian citizens is calculated using the latest Eurispes poll, released in January 2016: according to the survey 71.1% of Italians are Catholic.[18] The numbers of Christians are consequently calculated, including that number and the data provided by CESNUR and Caritas Italiana.

Religious denominations which have a relevant presence in the country, but for which there are no data, are included in the table.

Religion / denomination Italian citizens Foreign residents Total population
members % members % members %
Christianity 40,734,750 73.0 2,699,000 53.8 43,433,750 71.4
Catholicism 39,661,400 71.1[18] 917,900[42] 18.3 40,579,300 66.7
Latin Catholic Church data not available
Eastern Catholic Churches data not available
Italo-Albanian Catholic Church 61,398[78] 0.1 data not available 61,398 0.1
Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church data not available
Romanian Greek-Catholic Church data not available
Eastern Orthodoxy and Oriental Orthodoxy 157,988[42] 0.3 1,528,500[42] 30.5 1,686,500 2.8
Romanian Orthodox Church – Diocese of Italy data not available
Greek Orthodox Church – Archdiocese of Italy data not available 150,000[79] 0.3
Russian Orthodox Church data not available
Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) data not available
Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Kyivan Patriarchate) data not available
Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church data not available
Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria data not available 30,000[80] 0.1
Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church data not available
Serbian Orthodox Church data not available 15,000[80] 0.0
Bulgarian Orthodox Church data not available 3,000[81] 0.0
Orthodox Church in Italy data not available
Protestantism 442,377[42] 0.8 216,000[42] 4.3 658,400 1.1
Pentecostal churches 318,000[42] 0.6 data not available
Assemblies of God in Italy 150,000[42] 0.3 data not available
Federation of Pentecostal Churches 50,000[50] 0.1 data not available
Apostolic Church in Italy 10,000[82] 0.0 data not available
Historical Protestant churches – FCEI 65,442[42] 0.1 data not available
Waldensian Evangelical Church 30,000[41] 0.1 data not available
Baptist Evangelical Christian Union of Italy 20,000[41] 0.0 data not available
Lutheran Evangelical Church in Italy 7,000[41] 0.0 data not available
Methodist Evangelical Church in Italy 5,000[41] 0.0 data not available
Others (including Presbyterians and The Salvation Army) 3,000[41] 0.0 data not available
African Pentecostal initiated churches data not available
Anglican Communion – Diocese in Europe data not available
Evangelical Christian Church of the Brethren 21,295[42] 0.0 data not available
Seventh-day Adventist Church (Italy) 20,369[42] 0.0 data not available
Restorationist "Christian" churches 5,073[42] 0.0 data not available
Nondenominational churches and others 11,294[42] 0.0 data not available
Congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses (Italy) 422,000[42] 0.8 36,600[42] 0.7 515,100[42] 0.8
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Italy) 26,000[42] 0.0
Independent Catholic churches 25,000[42] 0.0
Islam 245,621[42] 0.4 1,613,500[42] 32.2 1,859,100 3.1
Sunni Islam data not available
Union of Islamic Communities and Organisations in Italy data not available
Italian Islamic Confederation data not available
Islamic Religious Community data not available
Shia Islam data not available
Buddhism 148,392[42] 0.3 108,900[42] 2.2 257,300 0.4
Soka Gakkai Italian Buddhist Institute data not available 75,000[42] 0.1
Italian Buddhist Union data not available 61,000[42] 0.1
Hinduism 30,392[42] 0.1 146,800[42] 2.9 177,200 0.3
Italian Hindu Union data not available
Sikhism data not available 210,000[55] 0.3
Judaism 36,150[42] 0.1 6,700[42] 0.1 42,850 0.1
Union of Italian Jewish Communities 25,000[46] 0.0 data not available
Other/No religion data not available 24.5
Other religions data not available
No religion data not available
Totals 55,782,575 100.0 5,014,037 100.0 60,795,612 100.0

Religious practice

Religious practice, especially church attendance, is still high in Italy when compared to the average Western European country.

The Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) found in 2015 that 29.0% of the population went to church, synagogue, mosque, temple or another house of worship on a weekly basis. The share of practising believers was higher in Southern Italy (33.5%) than the North-West (27.7%), the North-East (26.8%) and the Centre (25.0%). Religious practice was particularly high in Sicily (37.3%), in Campania (35.4%), Calabria (34.8%), Apulia (32.6%) and Molise (30.9%) in the South, in Veneto (32.4%)—once dubbed "white Veneto" because of Christian Democracy's strength there (white being the party's official colour)—and Trentino (31.4%) in the North-East, in Marche (31.6%) in the Centre. It was particularly low in Liguria (18.6%), Aosta Valley (21.0%), Friuli-Venezia Giulia (21.9%), and Sardinia (21.9%) and the so-called "red regions" (long-time strongholds of the left-wing/centre-left, from the Italian Communist Party to the current Democratic Party), especially Tuscany (19.4%) and Emilia-Romagna (21.6%).[83]

Religion and politics

After Italian unification, predominantly supported by secular and anti-clerical forces, and especially the capture of Rome in 1870 which marked the final defeat of the Papal States by the Kingdom of Italy and gave start to the so-called Roman Question over the temporal power of the Pope,[84] Catholics largely self-excluded themselves from active politics. As a result, all the main political parties and parliamentary groupings were secular in character until the early 20th century.

In 1905 the Italian Catholic Electoral Union was formed in order to coordinate the participation of Catholic voters in the Italian electoral contests.[85] The party had minor but significant results and, under the so-called Gentiloni pact in 1913, it entered in alliance with the establishment Liberals.[86]

After World War I, Catholics organised the Italian People's Party,[87] as part of the Christian democracy movement.

During the Fascist regime, the Roman Question was settled through the Lateran Treaty, signed by the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy in 1929. These gave birth to the State of Vatican City. Fascism persecuted religious minorities: on 9 April 1935, Guido Buffarini Guidi outlawed the Pentecostal faith,[88] and during 1938-1939 Jews were targeted by the infamous racial laws and later victims of a genocide in the context of the Holocaust.

The Italian resistance movement saw the participation of Catholics,[89] Protestants (Waldensians were especially active in the Action Party),[90] and Jews (through the Jewish Brigade) alike. In 1943 a group of Catholics, including several former Populars and many members of Catholic Action (a widespread lay association), formed the aforementioned Christian Democracy party and, with Alcide De Gasperi, led the Italian provisional government since 1945.[91]

After World War II, the Catholic Church, after some initial reservations (Pope Pius XII favoured a solution similar to that of the Church in Francoist Spain, while some cardinals wanted a plurality of Catholic parties, possibly including a communist one), actively supported De Gasperi's Christian Democracy,[92][93] a Catholic-inspired but formally non-denominational party, and the so-called "political unity of Catholics".[94] From 1946 to 1992 all Prime Ministers but two were Christian Democrats and Catholics.

However, both the Waldensians and the Jews have played an important role in Italian politics. While several Catholic-inspired parties also rose to political prominence after Christian Democracy's dissolution in 1994 (from Italian People's Party–1994 to Democracy is Freedom, from the Christian Democratic Centre to the Union of the Centre, from Forza Italia–1994 to Forza Italia–2013, Waldensians have usually been active in "secular" parties, especially the Italian Socialist Party, Italian Communist Party and, more recently, the Democratic Party, which is also home to former Christian Democrats. More recently, a group of conservative Pentecostals set up the Extended Christian Pact party. Also, the Jews have mostly been active in "secular" parties, but they have recently been more divided between the Democrats and Forza Italia.

Freedom of religion

The Constitution of Italy recognises the Catholic Church and the state as "independent and sovereign, each within its own sphere" (article 7), in respect of the liberal principle of separation of church and state. In particular, the Lateran Treaty of 1929 (signed under Benito Mussolini), which gave a special status to the Church, is recognised and modifications "accepted by both parties" to such treaty are allowed without the need of constitutional amendments. In fact, the treaty was later modified by a new agreement between the state and the Church in 1984 (under Prime Minister Bettino Craxi), according to which Catholicism ceased to be the state religion.

Freedom of religion is also recognised, with "all religious denominations" having "the right of self-organisation according to their own statutes, provided these do not conflict with Italian law"; "[t]heir relations with the state are regulated by law, based on agreements with their respective representatives" (article 8).[95] Having an agreement with the Italian government is not needed in order to appoint chaplains in hospitals and jails and to be partially financed by taxpayers' money.[96] Since 1984, the Italian government has signed thirteen such agreements and eleven have been approved by the Italian Parliament and signed into law, including the following:[97]

Additionally, there is one agreement endorsed by the government, but not yet signed into law:

  • Christian Congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses in Italy (endorsed in 2007).[99]

Under the eight per thousand system, Italian taxpayers can choose to whom devolve a compulsory "Eight per thousand tax" of 0.8% from their annual income tax return between an organised religion recognised by Italy or, alternatively, to a social assistance scheme run by the government.[100] In the latest available year (2012), 15,226,291 taxpayers chose the Catholic Church, 562,313 the Union of Methodist and Waldensian Churches, 72,238 the Union of Jewish Communities in Italy, 47,859 the Lutheran Evangelical Church in Italy, 44,229 the Evangelical Christian Churches Assemblies of God in Italy, and 29,448 the Italian Union of Seventh-day Adventist Christian Churches.[101] The "Eight per thousand tax" has thus disproportionately helped some minor denominations, particularly the Waldensians.

In 2023, the country was scored 4 out of 4 for religious freedom.[102]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The ISTAT (the National Institute of Statistics), in surveying a whole range of news about the daily life of the population each year, also includes the question "Habitually how often do you go to church or other place of worship?", while it does not record religious affiliation, which is considered a "sensitive" data.
  2. ↑ In the last survey year (2022), regular practice involves 15% of the male population and 22% of the female population in Italy.

References

  1. ↑ "Global Religion - Religious Beliefs Across the World" (PDF). Ipsos. May 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 September 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  2. ↑ "The Duomo of Florence | Tripleman". tripleman.com. Archived from the original on 6 December 2009. Retrieved 25 March 2010.
  3. ↑ "Brunelleschi's Dome". Brunelleschi's Dome.com. Archived from the original on 16 April 2010. Retrieved 25 March 2010.
  4. ↑ "Basilica di San Marco". Archived from the original on 5 March 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  5. ↑ Dell'orto, Giovanna (5 October 2023). "The Nones: Italy". Associated Press. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
  6. ↑ Dell'orto, Giovanna (5 October 2023). "From cradle to casket, life for Italians changes as Catholic faith loses relevance". AP News. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
  7. 1 2 "The Global Religious Landscape" (PDF). Pewforum.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 January 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2015.
  8. ↑ "Breve Pontificio con il quale San Francesco d'Assisi e Santa Caterina da Siena vengono proclamati Patroni Primari d'Italia (18 giugno 1939) | PIO XII". Vatican.va. Retrieved 2 October 2015.
  9. ↑ "Religious practice and belief". Pew Research Center. 29 May 2018.
  10. ↑ "Being Christian in Western Europe". Pew Research Center. 29 May 2018. the survey shows that non-practicing Christians (defined, for the purposes of this report, as people who identify as Christians, but attend church services no more than a few times per year) make up the biggest share of the population across the region. In every country except Italy, they are more numerous than church-attending Christians (those who go to religious services at least once a month).
  11. ↑ Harris, Elise (18 August 2019). "In Italy, views of Church from the papers and the pews seem very different". Crux. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  12. ↑ "Italy: Historic Decline in Religious Practice". 19 August 2023.
  13. ↑ "Italia: in forte ribasso la pratica religiosa" [Italy: steep decline in religious practice]. SettimanaNews (in Italian). 8 August 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
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  41. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Membri" [Members] (in Italian). Federation of Evangelical Churches in Italy. Archived from the original on 21 November 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
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  64. ↑ "How the recent Punjabi migration to Spain & Italy is a departure for the diaspora". The Economic Times. 29 July 2018. The total number of Indians in Italy has now crossed 200,000, making it the largest Indian diaspora in continental Europe and far greater than the 30,000 estimated in Spain. This Indian contingent is mainly made up of Punjabi Jat Sikhs.
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