Oskar Romm | |
---|---|
Nickname(s) | "Ossi" |
Born | 18 December 1919 Hejnice, Czechoslovakia |
Died | 1 May 1993 73) Germany | (aged
Allegiance | Nazi Germany (to 1945) |
Service/ | Luftwaffe |
Years of service | 1939–1945 |
Rank | Oberleutnant (first lieutenant) |
Unit | JG 51 JG 3 |
Commands held | IV./JG 3 |
Battles/wars | World War II |
Awards | Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross |
Oskar "Ossi" Romm (18 December 1919 – 1 May 1993) was a Luftwaffe ace and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II. The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership. During his career he was credited with 92 aerial victories, 82 on the Eastern Front and 10 on the Western Front.
Career
On 22 November 1942, Romm made an emergency landing in his Focke Wulf Fw 190 A-3 (Werknummer 0291—factory number) due to engine failure 5 kilometers (3.1 miles) north of Sychyovka.[1]
In September 1943, Romm was transferred to Ergänzungs-Jagdgruppe Ost, specialized training unit for new fighter pilots destined for the Eastern Front, as an instructor. During this assignment, he was awarded the German Cross in Gold (Deutsches Kreuz in Gold) on 17 October.[2]
Despite being half Jewish, or Mischling under the Nuremberg Laws, Romm enlisted in the Luftwaffe and served with distinction.[3] He was awarded his Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) on 29 February 1944 when his victory score stood at 76.[4][5]
Western Front
By late May 1944, 2. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 51 "Mölders" (JG 51—51st Fighter Wing) had been staffed with a full complement of 16 pilots, including Romm. The Staffel was ordered to relocate to the Western Front where it was attached to IV. Sturmgruppe of Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" (JG 3—3rd Fighter Wing) as fourth squadron fighting in Defense of the Reich. There, the Staffel was underwent conversion training to the Focke Wulf Fw 190 radial engine powered fighter aircraft.[6] At the time, IV. Sturmgruppe was based at Salzwedel and commanded by Hauptmann Wilhelm Moritz.[7]
Romm was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 12. Sturmstaffel of JG 3 on 7 July 1944. He replaced Oberleutnant Hans Rachner who had been killed in action that day.[8] On 7 July, a force of 1,129 B-17 Flying Fortress and B-24 Liberator bombers of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) Eighth Air Force had set out from England to bomb aircraft factories in the Leipzig area and the synthetic oil plants at Boehlen, Leuna-Merseburg and Lützkendorf. This formation was intercepted by a German Gefechtsverband (combat formation) consisting of IV. Sturmgruppe of JG 3, led by Moritz, escorted by two Gruppen of Bf 109s from Jagdgeschwader 300 (JG 300—300th Fighter Wing) led by Major Walther Dahl. Dahl and Moritz drove the attack to point-blank range behind the Liberators of the 492d Bombardment Group before opening fire. 492d Bombardment Group was temporarily without fighter cover. Within about a minute the entire squadron of twelve B-24s had been annihilated. The Germans claimed 28 USAAF 2nd Air Division B-24 bombers that day and were credited with at least 21. The majority to the Sturmgruppe attack.[9] This figure includes one B-24 bomber claimed shot down by Romm.[10] In total, Luftwaffe pilots claimed the destruction of 60 bombers while actual losses were 28 bombers destroyed and further bombers returned with various levels of combat damage.[11] The authors Prien, Stemmer and Bock state that the consolidated attack flown in close formation by the Sturmgruppe resulted in overclaiming of aerial victories caused by the confusing combat situation. During these attacks, multiple pilots may have simultaneously fired at the same bomber. It was therefore unclear who was responsible for the destruction of the bomber.[12]
On 18 July, the USAAF Fifteenth Air Force attacked the Luftwaffe Memmingen Airfield. The Sturmgruppe intercepted the bombers and following the mission, the pilots claimed 36 heavy bombers shot down, including three Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers by Romm.[13] Two days later, the Sturmgruppe moved to an airfield at Schwaighofen near Neu-Ulm where they stayed until 30 July. The Sturmgruppe then moved to Schongau.[14] There, 12. Sturmstaffel was renamed to 15. Sturmstaffel on 10 August.[15]
In October 1944, Romm was transferred to I. Gruppe of JG 3 where he was tasked with the creation of a newly formed 4. Staffel. At the time, I. Gruppe was based at Bindersleben Airfield and commanded by Hauptmann Horst Haase.[16] Command of 15. Sturmstaffel was then passed to Hauptmann Hubert-York Weydenhammer.[8] Romm claimed his only aerial victory while serving with 4. Staffel on 2 November when he shot down a USAAF North American P-51 Mustang fighter. That day, the Eighth Air Force attacked the synthetic fuel factories at Leuna. The day ended with a defeat for the Luftwaffe with 72 pilots killed in action and further 32 pilots wounded. The USAAF lost 40 heavy bombers, further two crashed on their return to England, and 14 escort P-51 fighters shot down.[17] In early December, Romm was transferred to I. Gruppe of Ergänzungs-Jagdgeschwader 1, a replacement training unit for fighter pilots. Command of 4. Staffel was then passed to Leutnant Franz Ruhl.[18]
Eastern Front and end of war
On 12 January 1945, Soviet forces launched the Vistula–Oder offensive advancing into German-held territory, capturing Kraków, Warsaw and Poznań.[19] In consequence, Romm as an experienced unit leader was transferred back to IV. Sturmgruppe of JG 3 again taking command of 15. Sturmstaffel. He took command from Leutnant Karl-Dieter Hecker who had taken command of the Sturmstaffel after Weydenhammer had been transferred in December 1944.[15] On 21 January 1945, IV. Sturmgruppe was ordered to relocate from Gütersloh Airfield to Märkisch Friedland, present-day Mirosławiec, located approximately 75 kilometers (47 miles) east of Stargard.[20] With this transfer, the Sturmgruppe came under the control of the 1. Flieger-Division (1st Air Division), commanded by Generalmajor Robert Fuchs, and subordinated to II. Fliegerkorps (2nd Air Corps), headed by General der Flieger Martin Fiebig. On 27 January, Märkisch Friedland had to be abandoned and the Sturmgruppe retreated to an airfield 75 kilometers (47 miles) southwest of Stargard. Over the next weeks, the Sturmgruppe predominantly flew fighter-bomber missions in support of German ground forces retreating towards the Oder.[21]
Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring, the commander-in-chief of the Luftwaffe, visited the Sturmgruppe on 13 February at Prenzlau. Göring was furious when he learned that the pilots were unable to fly missions due to lack of fuel. On 17 February 1945, Romm was appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of IV. Sturmgruppe of JG 3. He succeeded Major Erwin Bacsila who was transferred to Jagdgeschwader 400 (JG 400—400th Fighter Wing).[22] Command of 15. Sturmstaffel was then passed to Leutnant Karl-Dieter Hecker.[8] The next day, the Sturmgruppe flew ground support missions southeast of Stargard. During this mission, Luftwaffe pilots claimed four aerial victories, including an Il-2 ground-attack aircraft by Romm.[23]
Summary of career
Aerial victory claims
According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Romm was credited with 92 aerial victories.[24] Spick also lists Romm with 92 aerial victories, of which 82 were claimed over the Eastern Front and further 10 over the Western Front, claimed in 229 combat missions.[25] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 88 aerial victory claims. This figure includes 78 aerial victories on the Eastern Front and 10 over the Western Allies, including eight four-engined heavy bombers, claimed in 283 combat missions.[26]
Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 07651". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.[27]
Chronicle of aerial victories | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
This and the ♠ (Ace of spades) indicates those aerial victories which made Romm an "ace-in-a-day", a term which designates a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day.
This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Balke, Bock, Mathews and Foreman. | |||||||||
Claim | Date | Time | Type | Location | Claim | Date | Time | Type | Location |
– 1. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 51 "Mölders" –[28] Eastern Front — 11 September 1942 – 3 February 1943 | |||||||||
1 | 4 December 1942 | 12:55 | Il-2 | vicinity of Oledar[29] | 3?[Note 1] | 18 January 1943 | 11:10 | MiG-3 | PQ 07754, Velikiye Luki[31] |
2 | 15 January 1943 | 12:45 | MiG-3 | PQ 07651[31] | |||||
– 1. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 51 "Mölders" –[30] Eastern Front — 4 February – September 1943 | |||||||||
4 | 24 February 1943 | 09:46 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 44282[32] 10 km (6.2 mi) north of Zhizdra |
38♠ | 20 August 1943 | 05:40 | Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] | southeast of Achtyrka[33] |
5 | 24 February 1943 | 09:48 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 44252[32] 15 km (9.3 mi) north of Zhizdra |
39♠ | 20 August 1943 | 05:41 | Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] | southwest of Achtyrka[33] |
6 | 18 March 1943 | 07:11 | Pe-2 | PQ 35 Ost 53322[34] 10 km (6.2 mi) west of Soskovo |
40♠ | 20 August 1943 | 05:43 | Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] | southwest of Achtyrka[33] |
7 | 20 April 1943 | 12:15 | La-5 | PQ 35 Ost 64624[34] 20 km (12 mi) north-northeast of Mtsensk |
41♠ | 20 August 1943 | 05:44 | Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] | southwest of Achtyrka[33] |
8 | 10 June 1943 | 19:20 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 44454[35] vicinity of Wosnessnokaja |
42♠ | 20 August 1943 | 06:19 | Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] | southwest of Achtyrka[33] |
9 | 5 July 1943 | 08:55 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 73543[36] 40 km (25 mi) west-southwest of Livny |
43♠ | 20 August 1943 | 06:21 | Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] | southwest of Achtyrka[33] |
10 | 5 July 1943 | 11:50 | MiG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 63774[36] 10 km (6.2 mi) southeast of Fatezh |
44 | 21 August 1943 | 14:19 | Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] | east of Peressetschnaya[33] |
11 | 8 July 1943 | 03:57 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 63713[36] 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Fatezh |
45 | 22 August 1943 | 06:25 | Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] | east of Peressetschnaja[37] |
12 | 8 July 1943 | 09:39 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 63714[36] 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Fatezh |
46 | 22 August 1943 | 07:00 | Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] | south of Grjewka[37] |
13 | 9 July 1943 | 12:17 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 63563[36] 10 km (6.2 mi) southwest of Maloarkhangelsk |
47 | 23 August 1943 | 13:20 | Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] | southeast of Tscherkasskoje[37] |
14 | 10 July 1943 | 13:27 | La-5?[Note 3] | PQ 35 Ost 63529[36] 20 km (12 mi) west-northwest of Maloarkhangelsk |
48 | 23 August 1943 | 16:41 | Pe-2 | east of Ossnowa[37] |
15 | 11 July 1943 | 03:47 | MiG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 63587[36] 20 km (12 mi) southwest of Maloarkhangelsk |
49 | 26 August 1943 | 17:12 | Yak-1 | PQ 35 Ost 41597[37] 30 km (19 mi) south of Lebedin |
16 | 13 July 1943 | 13:43 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 63242[38] 10 km (6.2 mi) south of Zalegoshch |
50 | 26 August 1943 | 17:14 | Yak-1 | PQ 35 Ost 41586[37] 30 km (19 mi) south-southwest of Lebedin |
17?[Note 1] | 13 July 1943 | — |
Il-2[38] | 51 | 27 August 1943 | 13:00 | MiG-3 | Taranowka[37] | |
18 | 13 July 1943 | 14:00 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 63256[38] 15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of Zalegoshch |
52 | 27 August 1943 | 13:07 | Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] | Taranowka[37] |
19 | 21 July 1943 | 18:15 | La-5 | PQ 35 Ost 64811[39] 10 km (6.2 mi) south of Mtsensk |
53 | 28 August 1943 | 11:55 | La-5 | Kotelura[37] |
20 | 23 July 1943 | 11:37 | La-5 | PQ 35 Ost 43243[39] 25 km (16 mi) west-southwest of Tschaikowka |
54 | 31 August 1943 | 18:00 | La-5 | 1 km (0.62 mi) west of Yelnya[37] |
21 | 1 August 1943 | 15:15 | Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] | PQ 35 Ost 54766[40] 10 km (6.2 mi) south of Znamenskoye |
55 | 31 August 1943 | 18:30 | Pe-2 | 18 km (11 mi) east of Yelnya[37] |
22 | 1 August 1943 | 15:18 | Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] | PQ 35 Ost 54764[40] 10 km (6.2 mi) south of Znamenskoye |
56♠ | 4 September 1943 | 13:30 | Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] | 35 km (22 mi) southwest of Nowograditsche[41] |
23♠ | 2 August 1943 | 04:20 | Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] | east of Sinojewo[40] | 57♠ | 4 September 1943 | 13:31 | Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] | vicinity of Lenkino[41] |
24♠ | 2 August 1943 | 04:22 | MiG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 53622, Muchanowka[40] 15 km (9.3 mi) west of Trosna |
58♠ | 4 September 1943 | 13:32 | La-5 | 4 km (2.5 mi) south of Wederinki[41] |
25♠ | 2 August 1943 | 04:35 | Pe-2 | west of Ssemenowka[40] 15 km (9.3 mi) north-northeast of Dmitriyev-Lgovsky |
59♠ | 4 September 1943 | 13:36 | La-5 | 2 km (1.2 mi) south of Unbakowo[41] |
26♠ | 2 August 1943 | 04:36 | Pe-2 | PQ 35 53492[40] 15 km (9.3 mi) south-southeast of Kromy |
60♠ | 4 September 1943 | 17:17 | Pe-2 | vicinity of Ssofonowo[41] |
27♠ | 2 August 1943 | 18:34 | Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] | east of Karachev[40] | 61 | 5 September 1943 | 15:29 | MiG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 35379[41] 25 km (16 mi) southeast of Dorogobuzh |
28 | 7 August 1943 | 08:20 | MiG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 54844[40] 20 km (12 mi) southeast of Znamenskoye |
62 | 6 September 1943 | 09:35?[Note 4] | Boston | 8 km (5.0 mi) west Jaroslawez[41] |
29 | 7 August 1943 | 14:24 | MiG-3?[Note 5] | PQ 35 Ost 54881[33] 10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Naryschkino |
63 | 6 September 1943 | 15:12 | Pe-2 | 6 km (3.7 mi) northwest of Beredina[41] 1 km (0.62 mi) southwest of Voroshanka |
30♠ | 14 August 1943 | 06:26 | Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] | PQ 35 51858[33] 15 km (9.3 mi) east of Bohodukhiv |
64 | 6 September 1943 | 15:24 | Yak-7 | 6 km (3.7 mi) southwest of Goroshanka[41] 6 km (3.7 mi) northwest of Beredina Luika |
31♠ | 14 August 1943 | 06:27 | Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] | PQ 35 Ost 51825[33] 15 km (9.3 mi) southwest of Zolochiv |
65 | 7 September 1943 | 16:12 | Yak-4?[Note 6] | 1 km (0.62 mi) east of Wilarowka[41] |
32♠ | 14 August 1943 | 11:20 | Boston | Stalina[33] | 66 | 8 September 1943 | 07:39?[Note 7] | Yak-7 | 5 km (3.1 mi) northeast of Rudnja[41] |
33♠ | 14 August 1943 | 13:22 | La-5 | north of Krysino[33] | 67 | 8 September 1943 | 07:47 | Yak-7 | 5 km (3.1 mi) south of Kirov[41] |
34♠ | 14 August 1943 | 16:50?[Note 8] | P-40 | PQ 35 Ost 51179[33] 10 km (6.2 mi) west of Spas-Demensk |
68 | 9 September 1943 | 15:30 | MiG-3 | 6 km (3.7 mi) northeast of Dukhovshchina[41] |
35 | 18 August 1943 | 06:48 | Yak-1 | east of Kotlyarov[33] | 69?[Note 1] | 10 September 1943 | 16:46 | Yak-1 | Djatkowo[41] |
36 | 18 August 1943 | 07:24 | Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] | east of Bezlyudovka[33] | 70?[Note 1] | 14 September 1943 | 16:30 | La-5 | Schatkowa[41] |
37 | 18 August 1943 | 07:25 | Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] | east of Bezlyudovka[33] | |||||
– 1. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 51 "Mölders" –[30] Eastern Front — February 1944 | |||||||||
71♠ | 5 February 1944 | 08:58 | Yak-9 | PQ 25 Ost N/93329[43] 15 km (9.3 mi) southwest of Parichi |
74♠ | 5 February 1944 | Boston?[Note 9] | Boston | PQ 25 Ost N/93345[43] 15 km (9.3 mi) southwest of Parichi |
72♠ | 5 February 1944 | 09:00 | Boston?[Note 9] | PQ 25 Ost N/93351[43] 20 km (12 mi) southwest of Parichi |
75♠ | 5 February 1944 | 09:03 | Boston | PQ 25 Ost N/93474[43] 30 km (19 mi) south-southeast of Parichi |
73♠ | 5 February 1944 | 09:01 | Boston?[Note 9] | PQ 25 Ost N/93324[43] 15 km (9.3 mi) southwest of Parichi |
76♠ | 5 February 1944 | Boston?[Note 9] | Boston | PQ 25 Ost N/93428[43] 30 km (19 mi) south-southeast of Parichi |
– 2. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 51 "Mölders" –[42] Defense of the Reich — July 1944 | |||||||||
77 | 7 July 1944 | 09:40 | B-24[10] | PQ 15 Ost S/HC, Oschersleben[44] | |||||
– 12. Sturmstaffel of Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" –[42] Defense of the Reich — 7 July – 10 August 1944 | |||||||||
78 | 18 July 1944 | 10:50 | B-17[10] | 30 km (19 mi) southeast of Memmingen[44] | 80 | 18 July 1944 | 10:55 | B-17[10]?[Note 10] | 40 km (25 mi) southeast of Memmingen[44] |
79 | 18 July 1944 | 10:50 | B-17[10] | 30 km (19 mi) southeast of Memmingen[44] | |||||
– 15. Sturmstaffel of Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" –[42] Defense of the Reich — 10 August – November 1944 | |||||||||
81 | 27 September 1944 | 11:06 | B-24[45] | PQ 15 Ost S/MA - 05 Ost MU[46] Eschwege |
84 | 28 September 1944 | 12:50 | B-17[45] | PQ 15 Ost S/JB[46] west of Halberstadt |
82 | 27 September 1944 | 11:06 | B-24[45] | PQ 15 Ost S/MA - 05 Ost MU[46] Eschwege area |
85 | 28 September 1944 | 12:51 | B-17[45] | PQ 15 Ost S/JB[46] west of Halberstadt |
83 | 27 September 1944 | 11:07 | B-24[45] | PQ 15 Ost S/MA - 05 Ost MU[46] Eschwege area |
|||||
– 4. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" –[42] Defense of the Reich — November 1944 | |||||||||
86 | 2 November 1944 | 12:38 | P-51[47] | PQ 15 Ost KD[48] | |||||
– Stab IV. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" –[42] Defense of the Reich in the East — 17 February – 8 May 1945 | |||||||||
87 | 18 February 1945 | — |
Il-2[49] | 90 | 3 March 1945 | 17:10 | P-39[49] | ||
88 | 19 February 1945 | — |
P-39[49] | 91 | 6 March 1945 | — |
LaGG-3[49] | ||
89 | 19 February 1945 | — |
Yak-3[49] | 92 | 21 March 1945 | — |
Il-2[50] |
Awards
- Flugzeugführerabzeichen
- Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe
- Iron Cross (1939) 2nd and 1st Class
- Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe on 1 November 1943 as Feldwebel and pilot[51][Note 11]
- German Cross in Gold on 17 October 1943 as Feldwebel in the I./Jagdgeschwader 51[53]
- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 29 February 1944 as Oberfeldwebel and pilot in the 1./Jagdgeschwader 51 "Mölders"[54][Note 12]
Notes
- 1 2 3 4 This claim is not listed by Mathews and Foreman.[30]
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 The "m.H." refers to an Ilyushin Il-2 with rear gunner (mit Heckschütze).
- ↑ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-3.[28]
- ↑ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 09:30.[42]
- ↑ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Ilyushin Il-2.[28]
- ↑ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Yakovlev Yak-7.[42]
- ↑ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 07:38.[42]
- ↑ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 10:50.[28]
- 1 2 3 4 According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Bell P-39 Airacobra.[42]
- ↑ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a North American P-51 Mustang.[42]
- ↑ According to Obermaier on 2 October 1943.[52]
- ↑ According to Scherzer as pilot in the I./Jagdgeschwader 51 "Mölders".[55]
References
Citations
- ↑ Prien et al. 2006, p. 276.
- ↑ Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1056.
- ↑ Rigg 2002, p. 39.
- ↑ Forsyth 2011, p. 82.
- ↑ Forsyth 2022, p. 69.
- ↑ Prien et al. 2022, pp. 285–286.
- ↑ Prien, Stemmer & Bock 2018, pp. 373–374.
- 1 2 3 Prien, Stemmer & Bock 2018, p. 373.
- ↑ Weal 1996, p. 78.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Prien 1996, p. 358.
- ↑ Prien, Stemmer & Bock 2018, p. 367.
- ↑ Prien, Stemmer & Bock 2018, p. 368.
- ↑ Prien, Stemmer & Bock 2018, pp. 368, 380.
- ↑ Prien, Stemmer & Bock 2018, pp. 368, 374.
- 1 2 Prien 1996, p. 331.
- ↑ Prien & Stemmer 2002, pp. 340–341.
- ↑ Prien & Stemmer 2002, pp. 341, 446.
- ↑ Prien & Stemmer 2002, pp. 343, 404.
- ↑ Prien 1996, p. 287.
- ↑ Prien 1996, p. 289.
- ↑ Prien 1996, pp. 290–291.
- ↑ Prien 1996, pp. 294, 330.
- ↑ Prien 1996, pp. 297, 362.
- ↑ Zabecki 2014, p. 1614.
- ↑ Spick 1996, p. 234.
- ↑ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 1056–1058.
- ↑ Planquadrat.
- 1 2 3 4 Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1057.
- ↑ Prien et al. 2006, p. 272.
- 1 2 3 Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 1057–1058.
- 1 2 Prien et al. 2006, p. 273.
- 1 2 Prien et al. 2012, p. 489.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Prien et al. 2012, p. 497.
- 1 2 Prien et al. 2012, p. 490.
- ↑ Prien et al. 2012, p. 492.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Prien et al. 2012, p. 493.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Prien et al. 2012, p. 498.
- 1 2 3 Prien et al. 2012, p. 494.
- 1 2 Prien et al. 2012, p. 495.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Prien et al. 2012, p. 496.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Prien et al. 2012, p. 499.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1058.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Prien et al. 2022, p. 323.
- 1 2 3 4 Prien, Stemmer & Bock 2018, p. 380.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Prien 1996, p. 360.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Prien, Stemmer & Bock 2018, p. 382.
- ↑ Prien & Stemmer 2002, p. 446.
- ↑ Prien, Stemmer & Bock 2018, p. 278.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Prien 1996, p. 362.
- ↑ Prien 1996, p. 363.
- ↑ Patzwall 2008, p. 173.
- ↑ Obermaier 1989, p. 188.
- ↑ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 384.
- ↑ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 363.
- ↑ Scherzer 2007, p. 638.
Bibliography
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- Bergström, Christer [in Swedish]. "Bergström Black Cross/Red Star website". Identifying a Luftwaffe Planquadrat. Archived from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
- Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer [in German] (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
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- Mathews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2015). Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 3 M–R. Walton-on-Thames, UK: Red Kite. ISBN 978-1-906592-20-2.
- Obermaier, Ernst (1989). Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945 [The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945] (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. ISBN 978-3-87341-065-7.
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