This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Africa. Separatism includes autonomism and secessionism.
Criteria
What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:
- They are active movements with active members.
- They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
- They are citizens/people of the conflict area and do not come from another country.
Under each region listed is one or more of the following:
- De facto state (de facto entity): for unrecognized regions with de facto autonomy.
- Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state.
- Proposed autonomous area: for movements towards greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession.
- De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region.
- Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control.
- Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession.
- Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations.
- Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities.
- Ethnic/ethno-religious/racial/regional/religious group(s).
Algeria
Location of Kabylie
- Ethnic group: Kabyle Berbers[1]
- Proposed state: Kabylia (Berber language: Tagduda Taqvaylit).
- Government-in-exile: Kabyle Provisional Government (ANAVAD AQVAYLI UΣḌIL).[2]
- Movement leader: Ferhat Mehenni.[3]
- Political party: Movement for the self-determination of Kabylie (Mak-Anavad).[4]
The Kabyle independence movement is supported by the Kabyle people, a Berber ethnic group. Kabylia was an independent from colonial Algeria until it was annexed in 1857. Supporters of independence from the region are opposed to the perceived Arabization policies pursued by the Algerian government.[5]
Kabylia is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States[6]
Angola
Central-Eastern Angola
- Ethnic group:
Lunda-Tchokwé people
- Proposed state: Democratic republic of Lunda-Tchokwé
- Government-in-exile: Partido Democrático da Defesa do Estado Lunda-Tchokwé,[7][8]
- Political party: Partido Democrático da Defesa do Estado Lunda-Tchokwé[9]
- Advocacy groups: Mulher Unida da Lunda-Tchokwé , Pioneiros Unidos da Lunda-Tchokwé, Juventude Unida da Lunda-Tchokwé, Manifesto Jurídico Sociológico do Povo Lunda-Tchokwé[10]
- Ethnic group: Bakongo
- Proposed state: Republic of Cabinda[11]
- Government-in-exile: Frente para a Libertação do Enclave de Cabinda (FLEC) (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Political party: Frente para a Libertação do Enclave de Cabinda (FLEC), Liberation Front of the State of Cabinda
- Militant organization: Forças Armadas de Cabinda (FAC)
- Status: Ongoing low-intensity war
.svg.png.webp){kind=small}
Cabinda is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States[6]
Benin
Republic of Oduduwa
- Ethnic group:
Yorùbá ethnic groups in Ekiti, Lagos, Ogun, Ondo, Oyo, Osun, Kwara, Òkun in Kogi states in Nigeria, Itsekiris in Delta state and Akoko in Edo state.
- Proposed state: Republic of Oduduwa
- Member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization[12]
- Civic organizations: Ilana Omo Oodua, Nigerian Indigenous Nationalities Alliance for Self-Determination(NINAS)
- Movement leaders: Professor Stephen Adebanji Akintoye, Sunday Igboho
- O'odua Grand Alliance for Independence & Oodua People's Congress Ogafi.org [13]
- Status: Constitutional Force Majeure
- Proposed state:
Botswana
Map of Zambesia
Cameroon
.png.webp)
Proclaimed Ambazonian territory
- Ethnic group: Anglophones of the former Southern Cameroons, consisting of over 80 ethnic groups
- Population: ~4 million people
- Proposed state: Federal Republic of Ambazonia[17]
- Advocacy group: Interim Government of Ambazonia, Ambazonia Governing Council and others[18]
- Militant groups: Ambazonia Self-Defence Council, Ambazonia Defence Forces, SOCADEF, other smaller militias
- Status: Ongoing civil war
Ambazonia is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States[6]
Bakassi
- People: Oron
- Population: 150,000–300,000 people (subject of dispute)
- Proposed state: Democratic Republic of Bakassi[19]
- Militant groups: Bakassi Movement for Self-Determination
- Status: Active insurgency until 2009, isolated incidents until 2015
Central African Republic
Territories under control of FPRC around 2021
Areas claimed by Dar al-Kuti
Dar El Kuti (Republic of Logone)
- Ethnic group: Muslims in the Central African Republic
- Proposed state: Dar al-Kuti[20]
- Advocacy group and militant organization: Séléka[21]
- Status: Ongoing civil war, effectively a proto-state
Dar El Kuti is a self-proclaimed state supported by the Popular Front for the Rebirth of Central African Republic (FPRC), a Muslim rebel movement in the Central African Republic.[22]
Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo
_-_Bas-Congo.svg.png.webp)
- Advocacy group: Bundu dia Kongo
- Proposed state: Kingdom of Kongo[25]
Katanga in green
- Political parties: Union of Independent Federalists and Republicans
- Militant organizations: Mai Mai Kata Katanga
Katanga is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States[6]
Eritrea
Map of Dankalia, Saho, and Kunama
- Ethnic group: Afar people, Saho people
- Proposed autonomous area or state:
Dankalia or unification with 
Ethiopia - Advocacy groups: Red Sea Afar Democratic Organisation, Democratic Movement for the Liberation of the Eritrean Kunama, Saho People's Democratic Movement[26][27][28][29]
- Proposed autonomous area or state:
Equatorial Guinea
- Ethnic group: Bubi
- Proposed state: Bioko Island
- Advocacy group: Movement for the Self-Determination of Bioko Island
- Ethnic group: Portuguese Africans, Fang
- Proposed state: Republic of Annobón
- Advocacy group: Free Annobón[30][31]
Ethiopia
Map of the regions and zones of Ethiopia
Ogaden
Greater Somalia including Ogaden
.svg.png.webp){kind=small}
.svg.png.webp){kind=small}
- Proposed state: Ogadenia (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization) or unification with
Somalia
- Political party: Ogaden National Liberation Front
Oromia
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Oromia (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Militant organizations: Oromo Liberation Front, Islamic Front for the Liberation of Oromia
- Advocacy group: Qeerroo
Tigray region
- Proposed state or autonomous area: Tigray[32]
- Political party: Tigray Independence Party[33]
Sidama region
- Proposed: Self-determination and/or autonomy for the Sidama people
- Militant organization: Sidama National Liberation Front[34]
Amhara
- ethnic group: Amhara people
- proposed: self determination and/or autonomy for
Amhara - political party: National Movement of Amhara
- status: Ongoing
- proposed: self determination and/or autonomy for
France
.svg.png.webp)
Map of Réunion
.svg.png.webp)
Map of Mayotte
- Secessionist movements:
- Political party:
.svg.png.webp)
Lorganizasion Popilèr po Libèr nout Péi (Lplp) – Popular Front for National Liberation: composed of Nasion Rénioné, Mar, Drapo rouz, Patriot rénioné and Mir. - Political party: Communist Party of Réunion
- Proposed state:
.svg.png.webp)
Republic of Réunion or Republic of Zabon
- Political party:
.svg.png.webp){kind=small}
Mayotte continues to have autonomist and separatist movements despite the island having voted to become France's 101st department in 2011.[37]
Ghana
Map of the Togoland
- Proposed state: Western Togoland
- Militant organizations: Western Togoland Restoration Front (member of UNPO)
- Proposed state: Western Togoland
Kenya
Mombasa
- Proposed state: Coast Province, Mombasa Republic
- Political party: Mombasa Republican Council[38][39]
- Status: Active[40]
Mombasa Republic is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States[6]
Rift Valley, Western Province, Nyanza
- Proposed State:
People's Republic of Kenya
- Political Party: Azimio la Umoja[41][42][43][44]
Libya
.png.webp)
Cyrenaica in Libya
- Ethnic group: Arabs
- Proposed autonomous region:
Cyrenaica[46] - Political party: Cyrenaica Transitional Council
- Proposed autonomous region:
- Ethnic group:
Toubou[47][48]
- Proposed state: Toubouland
- Militant organisations:
Toubou Front for the Salvation of Libya[49]
Mali
- Ethnic group: Tuareg
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Azawad - Political party: Coordination of Azawad Movements, which includes MNLA
- Militant organisations: National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad
- Azawad is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States[6]
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Mauritius
Location of Rodrigues in the Indian Ocean
- Ethnic group: Rodriguan
- Proposed greater autonomous area or state:
Rodrigues - Political party: Rodrigues People's Organisation[50][51]
- Proposed greater autonomous area or state:
Morocco
Rifian speaking regions of Morocco (yellow)
- Ethnic group: Riffian Berbers
- Proposed state: Republic of the Rif
- Political party: Rif Independence Movement
- Militant organisation(s): Rif Independence Movement
Started in Morocco during the 1920s,[52][53] and was revitalized in 2013.[54] The Rif Independence Movement is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States.[54]
Namibia
Map of the Caprivi
- Ethnic group: Masubia, Nzanza, Mbowe, Makalahari, MaYeyi, Mampukushu, Makwengari, Mambunda, Matotela, Batoka, Mafwe, Barotse, Leya, Nanzwa, Lujana, Dombe
- Advocacy group: Movement for the Survival of the River Races of Zambesia
- Militant organization:
Caprivi Liberation Army[55] - Political party: Caprivi National African Union,
United Democratic Party - Proposed state:
Zambesia[14][15] or Caprivi Strip[56] or 
Barotseland
- Ethnic group: Baster
- Proposed autonomous area:
Rehoboth area[57] - Political party: The United People`s Movement (UPM)[58] Rehoboth Basters (Member of the UNPO)[59]
- Proposed autonomous area:
Nigeria
- Ethnic group: Igbo, Anioma, Igede, Igala, Idoma, Ijaw, Kalabari, Ibibio, and Ogoni.
- Proposed state:
Republic of Biafra (defunct) - Separatist movements: The Indigenous People of Biafra, Biafra Zionist Movement, Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra
- Militant organization: Eastern Security Network
- Government in exile: Biafran Government in exile[60]
- Biafra is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States[6]
- Proposed state:
Republic of Oduduwa
- Ethnic group: Yorùbá ethnic groups in Ekiti, Lagos, Ogun, Ondo, Oyo, Osun, Kwara, Òkun in Kogi states in Nigeria, Itsekiris in Delta state and Akoko in Edo state.
- Proposed state: Republic of Oduduwa
- Member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization[12]
- Civic organizations: Ilana Omo Oodua, Nigerian Indigenous Nationalities Alliance for Self-Determination(NINAS)
- Movement leaders: Professor Stephen Adebanji Akintoye, Sunday Igboho
- O'odua Grand Alliance for Independence & Oodua People's Congress Ogafi.org [13]
- Status: Constitutional Force Majeure
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Urhobo, Isoko, Itsekiri, Ijaw, Ukwuani, Edo, Esan, Ogoni, Kalabari and many more.
- Proposed: Autonomous regionalism:
Niger Delta Republic[62] was declared in February 1965 by Isaac Adaka Boro,[63] but failed to be established and remains an inspiration if not an aspiration.[64] - Movement: Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) formed in 2006 for the self-determination of the people of the Niger Delta[65]
- Militant groups: Niger Delta Avengers,[66] Niger Delta Greenland Justice Mandate, Niger Delta Vigilante, Niger Delta People's Volunteer Force (NDPVF), and other groups
- Status: Ongoing war
- Proposed: Autonomous regionalism:
Arewa (Northern Nigeria, Area of the Sharia Law）
- Ethnic group: Hausa people, Kanuri people
- Proposed State or Autonomous Area:
Arewa Republic - Political organisations Arewa Consultative Forum
- Proposed State or Autonomous Area:
- Ethnic group: Ogoni people
- Proposed autonomous region:
Ogoniland[68] - Advocacy group: Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People
- Proposed autonomous region:
Senegal
- Ethnic group: Diola
- Proposed state:
Republic of Casamance - Militant organization: Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance[69]
- Proposed state:
Somalia
Political map of Somalia
- Ethnic group: Somali, Arabs
- De facto state:
Somaliland - Political organisations: Government of Somaliland
- Militant organisation: Somaliland Armed Forces
- De facto state:
.svg.png.webp){kind=small}
South Africa
Municipalities often included in Cape Independence movements
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Cape Republic[73] or 
Sovereign State of Good Hope[74]
- Ethnic groups: Cape Coloureds, Afrikaners, Khoisan, Griqua people, Cape Malays, Bantu peoples of South Africa (Primarily Xhosa)
- Political parties: Cape Independence Party[75] Freedom Front Plus[76]
- Advocacy groups: CapeXit[77] Cape Independence Advocacy Group (CIAG),[73]
- Proposed state or autonomous area: Sovereign State of Good Hope
- Ethnic groups: Cape Coloureds, Khoisan, Cape Malays, Griqua people
- Advocacy Groups:
Goringhaicona Khoikhoin Indigenous Traditional Council,[lower-alpha 1][6] First Indigenous Nation of South Africa (FINSA) - Status: Unrecognized
- Ethnic group: Afrikaners
- Proposed state or autonomous area: Volkstaat[78]
- Political Party: Freedom Front Plus (in parliament and member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization).[79] Outside parliament: National Conservative Party of South Africa, Boerestaat Party, Herstigte Nasionale Party, Afrikaner Self-determination Party.
- Advocacy group: Orania Movement
- Movement: Boere-Vryheidsbeweging
- Status: Accord on Afrikaner self-determination
Autonomy movements
- Ethnic groups: Vhavenda People
- Proposed: Autonomous area for the Vhavenda People
- Political Parties: Dabalorivhuwa Patriotic Front (DPF)
.svg.png.webp){kind=small}
Vhavenda is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States[6]
Spain
_in_Spain.svg.png.webp)
- Secessionist movement
- People: Canarians
- Proposed state:
Republic of the Canary Islands
- Political parties (autonomist): Coalición Canaria, Partido Nacionalista Canario, Centro Canario Nacionalista, Nueva Canarias
- Political parties (secessionist): FREPIC-AWAÑAK, Tanekra, Alternativa Nacionalista Canaria, Alternativa Popular Canaria, Unidad del Pueblo, National Congress of the Canaries
- Trade union: Intersindical Canaria
- Youth movement: Azarug
- Proposed state:
Canary Islands is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States[6]
- autonomist
- proposed autonomous region:
Ceuta
- political parties: Movement for Dignity and Citizenship and Ceuta Ya!
Sudan
- Ethnic group: Fur, Arabs, Zaghawa, Masalit, Tama
- Proposed state or autonomous area: Darfur or proposed unification with Chad[80][81]
- Militant organization: Darfur Liberation Front
- Status: War in Darfur
- Ethnic group: Beja
- Proposed autonomous area: Beja state[82][83][81]
- Political groups: Beja Congress[83]
Tanzania
_sv.svg.png.webp)
- Ethnic group: Arabs, Shirazi
- Proposed state:
.svg.png.webp)
Zanzibar - Political party: Civic United Front (member of Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization), Uamsho[84]
- Proposed state:
- ethnic group: Bantu People of Pemba
United Kingdom
British Indian Ocean Territory
- Ethnic group: Chagossian People
.svg.png.webp){kind=small}
Zambia
Zimbabwe
- Ethnic group: Matabele
See also
Notes
References
- ↑ Young, Grace. "Kabyle people". Encyclopaedia Britannica.
- ↑ The 2nd Kabylian Movement for Self-Determination Congress (10 December 2011). "Kabylian Movement for Self-Determination Status" (PDF). pp. Art. 19. 21. 22. 23.
- ↑ Ferhat Mehenni. "Blog de Ferhat Mehenni". Le site officiel des Souverainistes Kabyles (in French).
- ↑ Mouvement pour l'Autodétermination de la Kabylie. "Bienvenue sur le site officiel des Souverainistes Kabyles" (in French).
- ↑ Merezak, Houda (2021-08-30). "The Movement for the Self-Determination of Kabylia (MAK)". Morocco World News. Retrieved 2023-04-10.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "OEAS Member-States".
- ↑ Burnett, M. Troy, ed. (2020). "Angola". Nationalism Today: Extreme Political Movements around the World. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 63–78, pages 77–78. ISBN 978-1-4408-5000-4.
- ↑ Bento, Lourenço (6 August 2019). "Manifesto Jurídico Sociológico Do Povo Lundês, Lança Livro Sobre Estado". Kwacha UNITA Press (KUP) (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 3 January 2020.
- ↑ Minahan, James B. (2016). "Lunda-Chokwe". Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood. p. 492. ISBN 978-1-61069-954-9.
- ↑ Kangandjo, Isidro (3 March 2021). "Presidente do Manifesto Jurídico e Sociológico do Povo Lunda-Tchokwé avisa o governo do MPLA". Factos Diários (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 16 May 2022.
- ↑ "Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
- 1 2 "UNPO: UNPO Welcomes 5 New Members!". unpo.org. Retrieved 2022-04-14.
- 1 2 "Oduduwa Grand Alliance For Independence, OGAFI". Retrieved 2020-07-11.
- 1 2 "UNPO: Zambesia". unpo.org. Retrieved 2022-12-28.
- 1 2 "UNPO: Zambesia: UNPO condemns oil and gas company ReconAfrica's interest in exploiting resources of the Kavango Basin". unpo.org. Retrieved 2022-12-28.
- ↑ "Moremi against secession of Ngamiland from Botswana". Moremi against secession of Ngamiland from Botswana. 2015-01-15. Retrieved 2023-05-25.
- ↑ Official Website of the Government of the Federal Republic of Ambazonia (2016). "Government of Ambazonia". Government of Ambazonia Official Website. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
- ↑ "Southern Cameroons National Council plans street protests to have activists freed". The Post News. 2005-11-27. Archived from the original on 2016-08-16. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
- ↑ "Rebels Declare 'Independence' Of Bakassi". Up Station Mountain Club.
- ↑ "Central African Republic rebels declare autonomous state in north". The Washington Post. 15 December 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
- ↑ Chris Roth (28 April 2014). "Springtime of Nations". Retrieved 23 October 2014.
- ↑ Dembassa-Kette, Crispin. "Rebel declares autonomous state in Central African Republic". af.reuters.com. Archived from the original on 23 April 2017.
- ↑ "Etat du Sud Congo". Retrieved 23 October 2014.
- ↑ "(Congo-Brazzaville) Etat du Sud-Congo : drapeau, devise, armoiries et limites géographiques". 16 September 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
- ↑ "Special Inquiry Into the Bas Congo Events of February and March" (PDF). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. May 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 30, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-10.
- ↑ "Two Ethiopia Sponsored Armed Groups Got Terrorist Status". 2013-09-09. Retrieved 2023-05-26.
- ↑ "Saho Movement Leaders In Jail In Adi-Grat". Awate.com. 2017-09-09. Retrieved 2023-05-26.
- ↑ "Eritrean opposition says ready to attack government army". Sudan Tribune. 2009-12-30. Retrieved 2023-05-26.
- ↑ Negash, Beyan (2015-03-15). ""Pre-figurative Politics" Of The Eritrean Lowland League". Awate.com. Retrieved 2023-05-26.
- ↑ "Annobon's Road to Independence". 30 December 2022.
- ↑ "LA DECLARACIÓN DE INDEPENDENCIA DE ANNOBÓN SACUDE GUINEA ECUATORIAL. | asodeguesegundaetapa.org".
- ↑ Temare, Getachew Gebrekiros (28 September 2019). "The Republic of Tigray? Aydeln, yekenyeley!". Retrieved 14 October 2020.
- ↑ Asefa, Abraham (22 August 2020). "'Exit' imminent as Abiy neglects the Tigrayan 'voice'". Retrieved 14 October 2020.
- ↑ "Ethiopia: why the Sidama secession demand needs to be negotiated". The Conversation. 30 July 2019. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
- ↑ "Ethiopia shaken by a new and growing rebellion in Amhara".
- ↑ "Why Ethiopia's Amhara militiamen are battling the army". 15 August 2023.
- ↑ "Politique. Quand Mayotte deviendra département..." Archived from the original on 2010-09-14. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
- ↑ Kantai, Parselelo (17 May 2012). "Kenya's Mombasa Republican Council : The Coast calls for freedom". The Africa Report. Jeune Afrique Media Group (JAMG). Archived from the original on 10 October 2022.
- ↑ Torres, Luc; et al. (6 September 2012). "The separatist map of Africa: interactive". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
- ↑ Mwangi, Wachira (30 June 2022). "Puzzle of 81 suspects arrested in Mtwapa over MRC links". The Daily Nation. Archived from the original on 30 June 2022.
- ↑ "Kenya's opposition wants to split up the country – but secession calls seldom succeed". 8 June 2023.
- ↑ "NASA Supporters Unveil "Peoples Republic of Kenya" Flag".
- ↑ "Azimio to push for secession in battle with Ruto as talks stall". 27 May 2023.
- ↑ "Raila Criticised for Threatening Ruto with Secession Ultimatum - Kenyans.co.ke". 27 May 2023.
- ↑ Cousins, Michel (2013-06-01). "Cyrenaica federalists declare self government on 64th anniversary of Emirate of Cyrenaica independence". LibyaHerald. Retrieved 2023-04-09.
- ↑ Troy Burnett, M. (4 August 2020). Nationalism Today: Extreme Political Movements around the World. Abc-Clio. ISBN 9781440850004.
- ↑ "Factbox: Who are the Tibu?". ChicagoHerald. 2012-04-08. Retrieved 2012-04-08.
- ↑ Hatita, Abdul Sattar (2016-03-14). "People of Toubou Seeking Independence in Libya". ASHARQ AL-AWSAT English Archive. Retrieved 2023-06-13.
- ↑ "Libya's Toubou tribal leader raises separatist bid". Al Arabiya English. March 27, 2012.
- ↑ "Cry Freedom: Rodrigues Island: Case for Self-Determination". 4 March 2016.
- ↑ "Self-determination, a reality or myth for Agaleans and Rodriguans?". 6 April 2022.
- ↑ White Gypsies: Race and Stardom in Spanish Musical Films - Eva Woods Peiró. p. 46.
- ↑ What the Arabs think - William Roe Polk. p. 52.
- 1 2 "The Rif Independence Movement Joins OEAS". Scribd. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
- ↑ Forrest, Joshua B. (2003). Subnationalism in Africa: Ethnicity, Alliances, and Politics. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 188. ISBN 1-58826-227-8.
- ↑ "Caprivi Liberation Front". Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
- ↑ "UNPO: Rehoboth Basters: Keeping the Culture Alive". unpo.org. Retrieved 2022-12-03.
- ↑ "UNPO: Rehoboth Basters: Post-Colonial African Independence Movements Quashed". unpo.org. Retrieved 2022-12-03.
- ↑ "UNPO: Rehoboth Basters". unpo.org.
- ↑ "Voice of Biafra International". www.biafraland.com. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
- ↑ "Home". Indigenous Peoples Union of Niger Delta. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
- ↑ Minahan, James B. (2016). "Urhobo". Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood. p. 442–443. ISBN 978-1-61069-954-9.
- ↑ Hazen, Jennifer M.; Jonas, Horner (2007). Small Arms, Armed Violence, and Insecurity in Nigeria: The Niger Delta in Perspective. Geneva, Switzerland: Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies. p. 127. ISBN 978-2-8288-0090-1. JSTOR resrep10752.
- ↑ Bamidele, Seun (2017). "The Resurgence of the Niger-Delta Avengers (NDAs) Group in the Niger-Delta Region of Nigeria". International Journal on Minority and Group Rights. 24 (4): 537–552. doi:10.1163/15718115-02404003. JSTOR 26557931.
- ↑ Hazen & Jonas 2007, p. 123
- ↑ "The group stated that its mission was to secede from Nigeria." Adunbi, Omolade (2022). "Flames of Wealth: Crude Enclaves and Imitative Technologies of Extraction". Enclaves of Exception: Special Economic Zones and Extractive Practices in Nigeria. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 133–165, page 135. ISBN 978-0-253-05956-7.
- ↑ "Separatist agitations in Nigeria: Causes and trajectories". Brookings.
- ↑ "Political Autonomy for Nigeria's Ogoniland?".
- ↑ "Mouvement des Forces Démocratiques du le Casamance (MFDC)". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
- 1 2 "Is Kenya birthing a new country named Jubaland?". Christian Science Monitor.
- 1 2 "Refworld | The Jubaland Initiative: Is Kenya Creating a Buffer State in Southern Somalia?". Refworld.
- ↑ "Somalia upset with Kenya's 'push' for Jubaland autonomy". 12 February 2020.
- 1 2 "Cape Independence - CIAG - Let's Free The Cape!". www.capeindependence.org. Retrieved 2021-07-18.
- ↑ Daniel, Luke (2018-07-18). "Khoisan Nation serves Cape Town parliament with eviction notice". The South African. Retrieved 2023-05-23.
- ↑ "Cape Party still wants to 'free' Western Cape from rest of SA". Retrieved 31 July 2017.
- ↑ "Vryheidsfront Plus". vfplus.org.za. Retrieved 2021-07-18.
- ↑ "CapeXit.org – Own your future – Eien jou toekoms". Retrieved 2021-07-18.
- ↑ "Ek is wit en trots daarop". Mail & Guardian. 2008-10-12. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
- ↑ Members: Afrikaner, Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
- ↑ "Sudan or Chad? Why a Darfur sultan regrets a twist of colonial fate". BBC News. 2022-05-30. Retrieved 2023-05-26.
- 1 2 "بعد ذهاب جنوبه... هل ينفصل شمال السودان إلى دولتين؟". رصيف22 (in Arabic). 2021-09-06. Retrieved 2023-05-26.
- ↑ "Eastern Sudan rocked by protests and calls for independence". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 2023-05-25.
- 1 2 "Eastern Sudan's Beja threaten to take up arms against Khartoum - Sudan | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 2015-07-27. Retrieved 2023-05-25.
- ↑ "Contagion of discontent: Muslim extremism spreads down east Africa coastline". The Economist. 3 November 2012.
- ↑ "Pemba Island Native Army".
- ↑ "UK to open negotiations over future of Chagos Islands". BBC News. 2022-11-03. Retrieved 2023-05-23.
- ↑ Revi, Vinitha. "Chaos over Chagos: Is the sovereignty dispute coming to an end?". ORF. Retrieved 2023-05-23.
- ↑ Wintour, Patrick (2022-11-04). "UK agrees to negotiate with Mauritius over handover of Chagos Islands". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-05-23.
- ↑ "Chagos Islands All-Party Group: Reformation & Coordinator's Summary". chagos-support. 2020-02-09. Retrieved 2023-05-23.
- ↑ "Barotseland kingdom seeks to leave Zambia". BBC News. 29 March 2012.
- ↑ "Bembas Through Kola Foundation Starts Mobilizing For 2026 Presidential And General Elections". 18 December 2023.
- ↑ "Kola Foundation has a political agenda - Kabuswe". 21 December 2023.
- ↑ "Kola Foundation distractive to National Unity". 19 December 2023.
- ↑ "ONE ZAMBIA TWO LAWS OF "CUUNDU CAITWA" LEGALLY CONVENED IN 2015 WHILE "UMODZI KUM'MAWA IS ILLEGALISED AND TRIBALISED IN 2023- Kasebamashila Kaseba". 18 December 2023.
- ↑ "Chuundu Caitwa asks President Lungu to fire Kambwili, Davies Chama and Mumbi Phiri".
- ↑ "Umodzi Kumawa Forum Denounces Tribal Labels Amidst Political Condemnation". 15 December 2023.
- ↑ Magagula, David (28 December 2011). "Mthwakazi Liberation Front is 1 year old - Achievements and the road ahead". Bulawayo24 News. Archived from the original on 9 January 2012.
- ↑ "Zimbabwe: The Mthwakazi Liberation Front (MLF), including structure, leadership, membership, objectives, activities, and areas of operation; treatment of members by authorities (2013-April 2018)". Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. 23 April 2018. Archived from the original on 4 July 2018.
- ↑ "Matabeleland Freedom Party". Archived from the original on 19 March 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
- ↑ "Mthwakazi Republic Party".
- ↑ "Mthwakazi threat to take down Nehanda statue from Bulawayo arts centre". Archived from the original on 28 October 2019.
- ↑ Ncube, Mbekezeli (11 May 2022). "Radical opposition Mthwakazi Republic Party dismisses claims of coalition talks with CCC". New Zimbabwe. Archived from the original on 11 May 2022.
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