Masagana 99 was an agricultural program of then Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos to increase rice production among Filipino farmers. The program, launched in 1973 at a time the country was experiencing a rice supply shortage, led the Philippines to attain self-sufficiency in 1975–1976, and export rice to its neighboring Asian countries in 1977–1978. By 1980, however, problems with the credit scheme rendered the loans inaccessible to rich landowners while leaving poor farmers in debt.[1] The program was also noted to have become a vehicle of political patronage.[2][3][4]

By 1984, the Marcos administration shifted its focus away from Masagana 99 and towards different programs.[3][5]

Etymology

"Masagana" is a Filipino term for "bountiful"[6] while 99 refers to the number of sacks of rice targeted as the yield per hectare of land in every harvest season.[7]

Concept development

Masagana 99 was conceived by the administration of then Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos[6] as way to cope with a nationwide rice shortage arising from the various natural disasters and pest inverstations in 1972.[3]

Launched on May 21, 1973, its goal was to promote Philippine rice self-sufficiency by raising the Philippines' average palay crop yield from 40 cavans (a unit of measure equivalent to 60 kilograms of rice) per hectare to 99 cavans per hectare. The program planned to achieve this by pushing farmers to use newly developed technologies including high-yielding variety (HYV) seeds, low-cost fertilizer, and herbicides.[3]

The program included a supervised credit scheme, which was supposed to provide farmers with the funds needed to pay for the program's technology package. The Central Bank designed subsidized rediscounting facilities for public and private credit institutions throughout the country, encouraging them to give loans to farmers without collateral or other usual borrowing requirements.[3]

Initial success

The program achieved initial success by encouraging farmers to plant new "Miracle Rice" (IR8) variety of rice which the International Rice Research Institute had been developing since 1962, during the administration of President Carlos P. Garcia.[8]

The program was launched at the time the country was experiencing a shortage of supply on rice and was credited for the launching of the Philippine Green Revolution in 1973 which allowed the country to export rice to other Asian countries.[7] The highlights of its short-lived success happened when the Philippines finally attained self-sufficiency in 1975–1976, and was able to export rice to its neighbors in Asia in 1977–1978. But costly subsidies and failure of many farmers-borrowers to repay the loans led to the program benefiting only 3.7% of the country's small rice farmers by 1980.[9][3]

Problems with the credit scheme

Economists[1] generally acknowledge Masagana 99 to have failed because the supervised credit scheme it offered to farmers proved unsustainable.[1] The program is said to have catered to rich landowners and has been criticized for leaving poor farmers in debt[1] and for having become a vehicle of political patronage.[2][3][4] The program is also said to have benefited big agribusiness and transnational corporations to the detriment of the welfare of peasants.[10]

Negative environmental impact

Aside from the problems of its credit scheme, however, Masagana also had a negative impact on the environment and on traditional agricultural methods. Masagana 99's package of technological interventions in the form of synthetic fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides, and other chemicals imported from other countries.[11] This resulted in the devastation of indigenous plants and animals, and the eradication of certain pest species only led to the dominance of other pests.[3]

The use of chemicals also depleted the groundwater and saturated rice lands with chemicals, which would eventually lead to lower rice yields.[10] Some farmers also suffered diseases from exposure to pesticides.[10]

Masagana 99 was responsible for convincing the majority of the Philippines' irrigated rice farmers to adopt the use of chemical fertilizers.[12][10] It also led the Bureau of Plant Industry to focus on chemical fertilizers to eliminate pests such as the rice stemborer because pesticides were cheaper - abandoning a pre-existing Integrated Pest Management approach which used Trichogramma to control stemborer populations.[12]

Discontinuation

National Scientist and former University of the Philippines President Emil Q. Javier notes that by 1980, "Masagana 99 ceased to be of consequence as only 3.7 percent of the small rice farmers were able to borrow."[9] By 1981, the program's problems were apparent enough that Southeast Asian news outlets noted that Masagana 99 and its aquaculture equivalent, Biyayang Dagat, were lacking in funds due to low loan repayment rates.[3] By 1984, the Marcos administration shifted its focus away from Masagana 99 and towards a new program, the Intensified Rice Production Program (IRPP), which like Masagana 99 succeeded in temporarily increasing rice production, but ultimately left its beneficiary-farmers in debt.[3][5]

Aftermath

According to Carlos Dominguez III who was the agriculture secretary under the administration of President Corazon Aquino, the successor of Marcos, from 1987 to 1989, the program caused about 800 rural banks to go bankrupt, never boosted rice production sufficiently for the country to be able to export rice,[13] and left poor farmers in debt, because the program was used as a vehicle of political patronage.

Proposed revival

President Rodrigo Duterte expressed his interest to revive the program in October 2016.[7] The plan met opposition from MASIPAG, a group of farmers and scientists, saying that revival of the program will bring back issues such as debt, replacement of traditional varieties with newer ones, and the promotion of pesticide use which they say will harm animals, farmers and crops and insisted that only large firms benefited from the program. The Department of Agriculture notes that the old variety used in the Masagana 99 program is already phased out and the Masagana 99 can use newer varieties of rice and insists that environmentally friendly pesticides will be promoted under the potentially revived Masagana 99.[6]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Esguerra, E.F. (1980). "Some notes on the Masagana 99 [rice] program and small farmer access to credit [Philippines]". Philippine Sociological Review (Philippines). Retrieved 19 September 2017.
  2. 1 2 Davidson, Jamie S. (2016-01-02). "Why the Philippines Chooses to Import Rice". Critical Asian Studies. 48 (1): 100–122. doi:10.1080/14672715.2015.1129184. ISSN 1467-2715. S2CID 155783676.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Reyes, Miguel Paolo P.; Ariate, Joel F. Jr.; Del Mundo, Lara Vinda. "'Success' of Masagana 99 all in Imee's head - UP researchers". Vera Files. Archived from the original on 2020-05-24. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
  4. 1 2 Tadem, Eduardo C. (2015-09-02). "Marcoses should apologize to Filipino farmers". Inquirer. Retrieved 2021-11-02.
  5. 1 2 Caña, Paul John (2020-05-23). "What Was the Masagana 99 Program and Why Do Some People Want it Back?". Esquire. Retrieved 2021-11-02.
  6. 1 2 3 Magsaysay, Bettina (27 October 2016). "Farmers oppose revival of Marcos' 'Masagana 99'". ABS-CBN News (in English and Filipino). Retrieved 19 September 2017.
  7. 1 2 3 Nilles, Giovanni (24 October 2016). "Return of FM's Masagana 99, Biyayang Dagat eyed". The Philippine Star. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
  8. ↑ Ganzel, Bill (2007). "The Development of "Miracle Rice" Varieties". Wessels Living History Farm. Ganzel Group. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
  9. 1 2 Javier, Emil Q. (2016-11-05). "Masagana 99 redux". The Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on 2016-11-06. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Ayroso, Dee (2016-04-20). "'Marcos era saw most rapid environmental degradation, biodiversity loss'". Bulatlat. Retrieved 2021-07-13.
  11. ↑ BAUTISTA, VICTORIA A. (1983). "Public-Interest Perspective: A Neglected Dimension in the Study of Corruption". Philippine Sociological Review. 31 (3/4): 45–53. ISSN 0031-7810. JSTOR 23898197.
  12. 1 2 Kenmore, P.E.; Litsinger, J.A.; Bandong, J.P.; Santiago, A.C.; Salac, M.M. (2019-03-11). "Philippine Rice Farmers And Insecticides: Thirty Years Of Growing Dependency And New Options For Change". In Tait, Joyce (ed.). Management of Pests and Pesticides. CRC Press. pp. 98–108. doi:10.1201/9780429038587-13. ISBN 978-0-429-03858-7. S2CID 211754723.
  13. ↑ Domingo, Katrina (2020-05-20). "'800 banks bankrupted': Dominguez disputes Imee Marcos' claim that father's Masagana program a success". ABS CBN News and Public Affairs. Retrieved 2020-05-20.
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