Prior to independence

In the first national elections in 1907, the North became a stronghold of the Progresista Party, the primary opposition party to the Nacionalista Party at that time.^[6]

Third Republic presidential elections

Before the election of Ferdinand Marcos in 1965, it was President Elpidio Quirino who consistently carried the Ilocano heartland in the presidential elections during which he was a candidate. Despite Ramon Magsaysay's landslide victory in the 1953 presidential election, Quirino still won in his home province of Ilocos Sur, as well as Ilocos Norte, Abra and La Union.

In the 1965 presidential election, Senator Ferdinand Marcos of the Nacionalista Party, from Ilocos Norte, faced the incumbent president Diosdado Macapagal of the Liberal Party, who hailed from Pampanga. Marcos successfully campaigned on the issues of graft, peace and order, and economic progress, although these had been staple campaign issues since independence.^[7] Marcos carried not only the Solid North, but most of Luzon as well, with Macapagal only carrying the provinces of Pampanga, Tarlac and Bataan.

While Marcos won an even larger mandate during his successful reelection bid in 1969, support from the Solid North was not as crucial in his victory. Pampanga and Antique in the Visayas were the only provinces that he did not win.

1986 snap presidential election

Marcos eventually declared martial law and stayed in power until 1986, when he called for a "snap election". With his popularity declining after the assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr., Marcos relied heavily on support from the Solid North in the 1986 election, when he faced Aquino's widow, Corazon Aquino. Marcos depended on the Ilocos Region, described as "impregnable to the opposition", and on Eastern Visayas, the home region of his wife, First Lady Imelda Marcos.^[8] Marcos was eventually declared the winner but allegations of massive fraud erupted into the People Power Revolution which drove the Marcoses into exile and concluded with Aquino's ascension into the presidency.

Fifth Republic elections

Beginning in 1992, the Solid North did not deliver a solid vote for a single candidate. Two figures associated with Ferdinand Marcos, his widow, Imelda Marcos, and one of his allies, Danding Cojuangco, won in several provinces of the Solid North. In 1998, Imelda, who initially planned to run again, endorsed eventual winner Joseph Estrada, who won in all northern provinces except Cagayan.

In 2004, Fernando Poe Jr. was endorsed by Imelda for the presidency.^[9] He would win in most provinces except Benguet, Ifugao, Ilocos Sur, Kalinga, and Mountain Province. Poe narrowly lost to incumbent president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, but the election would later be tainted by fraud allegations.

In 2010, the Marcoses supported the candidacy of Manny Villar of the Nacionalista Party, while Joseph Estrada ran again but without support from the Marcoses.^[10] The bloc was divided between Villar, Estrada, and winner Aquino III. Both Villar and Estrada lost the presidential election. Meanwhile, several Marcoses ran in the elections; Bongbong Marcos, who ran for senator under Villar's slate, won a seat, Imelda Marcos won a seat in the House of Representatives, and Imee Marcos won the gubernatorial election in Ilocos Norte. Bongbong's Senate victory is the highest elected position won by a Marcos since their ouster in 1986.^[11] According to Bongbong, his candidacy made the Solid North "intact again."^[12]

In 2016, Bongbong ran for vice president as the running mate of senator Miriam Defensor Santiago. Marcos won in all of the Solid North provinces except Batanes, but lost to Leni Robredo. Marcos later filed an electoral protest which was dismissed.^[13] In the presidential race, the bloc was not as solid, with some voting for Jejomar Binay, running mate of Estrada in 2010, and Rodrigo Duterte, who has been endorsed by some alongside Marcos,^[14] and Grace Poe, daughter of Fernando Poe Jr.^[3]

In 2022, Bongbong ran for president alongside Sara Duterte as his running mate. Marcos won again in all provinces except Batanes, while Duterte won in all of the Solid North provinces.^[15][16]

Election maps

In these maps, the provinces of the candidates where one won at least a plurality of votes is shaded.

• 
  Provinces where Marcos won at least a plurality are in light green.
• 
  Provinces where Marcos won at least a plurality are in light green.
• 
  Provinces where Marcos won at least a plurality are in red. This is the clearest manifestation of the Solid North.
• 
  Provinces where Marcos won at least a plurality are in red; provinces where Marcos' ally Danding Cojuangco won at least a plurality are in dark green.
• 
  Provinces where Estrada won at least a plurality are in orange; provinces where Marcos' ally Juan Ponce Enrile won at least a plurality are in gray. The Marcoses supported Estrada in the election.
• 
  Provinces where Poe won at least a plurality are in dark blue. The Marcoses supported Poe in the election.
• 
  Provinces where Villar won at least a plurality are in light green; provinces where Estrada won at least a plurality are in orange. The Marcoses supported Villar in the election.
• 
  Provinces where Duterte won at least a plurality are in bright yellow. The Marcoses supported both Duterte and Defensor-Santiago in the election. Provinces where Binay (former running mate of Estrada) won at least a plurality are in orange. Provinces where Poe's daughter won at least a plurality are in blue.
• 
  Provinces where Marcos won at least a plurality are in jade green.

Key:

• Boldface: Winner
• Italicized: Marcos, or candidate supported by the Marcoses.

Citations

Sources