As a coastal site, villagers likely used te'aats (pictured) to navigate the coastline.

Lupukngna was a coastal Tongva village that was at least 3,000 years old located on the bluffs along the Santa Ana River in Huntington Beach near the Newland House Museum.[1][2] Other nearby coastal villages included Genga, located in West Newport Beach, and Moyongna, located down the coast near Corona del Mar.[2][3] The village has also been referred to as Lukup and Lukupa.[4][1] The village has been chronicled in the history of Costa Mesa, California.[5]

History

Lupukngna has been located at the Newland House in Huntington Beach (photo taken in 2009).

As a coastal village, the usage of te'aats were likely important to the village's people.[6] In the late eighteenth century, padres from Mission San Juan Capistrano reportedly visited the village as part of a colonial project of Christian conversion at Spanish Missions in California.[7][8]

The Diego Sepúlveda Adobe was built overlooking Lupukngna and Genga from between 1817-1823[9][10] as an outpost "to watch over cattle and Indians." In 1827, missionaries considered whether to move their entire operation to the location.[7]

In 1935, archaeologists found evidence of a village along the Santa Ana River near contemporary Adams Avenue. It was found that villagers primarily subsisted on acorns, seeds, berries, small game, fish and shellfish, similar to surrounding Tongva villages. Shell mounds were also found.[5][11]

The Newland House Museum was identified as a likely site of the village. This is because the house was constructed on one of a few knolls in the area that rises above the Santa Ana River's floodplain. Numerous Tongva villages in the area were established on other similar knolls, making the location more probable. Additionally, several archaeological investigations have been done at the house since the 1930s, which have yielded various Tongva artifacts.[12][13]

A small residential street in Costa Mesa near the Diego Sepúlveda Adobe is named Lukup Lane in reference to the village.[14]

See also

Native American villages in Orange County, California:

References

  1. 1 2 "Olson Townhomes Development Project: Appendix D" (PDF). Sagecrest Planning: 11. 2021.
  2. 1 2 Greene, Sean; Curwen, Thomas. "Mapping the Tongva villages of L.A.'s past". www.latimes.com. Retrieved 2022-12-10.
  3. ↑ Loewe, Ronald (2016). Of sacred lands and strip malls : the battle for Puvungna. Lanham, MD. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-7591-2162-1. OCLC 950751182.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. ↑ Proposed Bolsa Chica Project, Orange County: Environmental Impact Statement. US Army Corps of Engineers. 1992. p. 198.
  5. 1 2 Early Costa Mesa. Costa Mesa Historical Society. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub. 2009. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-7385-6976-5. OCLC 276818569.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  6. ↑ Delineation Drilling Activities in Federal Waters Offshore, Santa Barbara County: Environmental Impact Statement. 2001. pp. 4-112–4-114. Archived from the original on December 21, 2019. Retrieved June 17, 2019.
  7. 1 2 Mitchell, Patrick (2006). Santa Ana River Guide. Larry B. Van Dyke, Eva Dienel (1st ed.). Birmingham, Alabama. p. 219. ISBN 978-0-89997-616-7. OCLC 909903029.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  8. ↑ "History | City of Costa Mesa". www.costamesaca.gov. Retrieved 2022-12-11.
  9. ↑ Orton; Marsh (1997). The Colorful Coast: An Illustrated History of Newport Beach & Harbor. Heritage Media Corporation. p. 27.
  10. ↑ "Indian Villages". OC Historyland. Retrieved 2022-12-14.
  11. ↑ California Coastal Commission (1987). California coastal resource guide. Madge Caughman, Joanne S. Ginsberg (1st ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 320. ISBN 0-520-06186-1. OCLC 16005763.
  12. ↑ "Southern California Indian Curriculum Guide" (PDF). The Bowers Museum of Cultural Art: 18. 2002.
  13. ↑ "Huntington Beach Landmark - Newland House". Geocaching. Groundspeak, Inc. 23 October 2008. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
  14. ↑ "List of Streets in Costa Mesa, Orange County, California, United States, Google Maps and Photos Streetview, United States, List of Streets, Google Street View, Geographic.org". geographic.org. Retrieved 2022-12-11.
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