Military alliances shortly before World War I. Germany and the Ottoman Empire allied after the outbreak of war.

This is the list of military alliances. A military alliance is a formal agreement between two or more parties concerning national security in which the contracting parties agree to mutual protection and support in case of a crisis that has not been identified in advance. Military alliances differ from coalitions, which are formed for a crisis that already exists. Numerous forms of military and defensive alliances have existed between states since early human history. This is a comprehensive list of the most important alliances.

Legend

Legend
Active military alliances

Before AD 1200

Years Name Members
c. 7th century–338 BC Latin League About 30 villages and tribes in the region of Latium
c. 6th century–338 BC Peloponnesian League Various city-states in the Peloponnese, dominated by Sparta
493 BC Foedus Cassianum Roman Republic
Latin League
478–404 BC Delian League See Members of the Delian League
215 BC Macedonian–Carthaginian Treaty Macedonia
Carthage
433–554 Silla-Baekje Alliance Silla
Baekje
1123 Pactum Warmundi  Kingdom of Jerusalem
 Republic of Venice
1167–1250 Lombard League Numerous cities in medieval Lombardy, modern Northern Italy

1200–1699

Years Name Members
1266–1320 Byzantine-Mongol Alliance  Byzantine Empire
 Golden Horde
1295–1560 Auld Alliance Kingdom of Scotland
Kingdom of France
1367–1385 Confederation of Cologne Cities of the Hanseatic League
1373 Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1373 Kingdom of Portugal
Kingdom of England
1386 Treaty of Windsor[note 1] Kingdom of Portugal
Kingdom of England
1489 Treaty of Dordrecht  Holy Roman Empire
 Kingdom of England
1499 Treaty of Blois Kingdom of France
 Republic of Venice
1508–1510 League of Cambrai Papal States
Kingdom of France
Aragon
 Holy Roman Empire
1511–1513 Catholic League (Italian) Papal States
 Republic of Venice
 Kingdom of England
Aragon
 Holy Roman Empire
1524–1525 Franco-Polish alliance Kingdom of France
 Crown of Poland
1528 Franco-Hungarian alliance Kingdom of France
 Kingdom of Hungary
1531–1547 Schmalkaldic League Various Protestant German States of the Holy Roman Empire
1536–1798 Franco-Ottoman alliance Kingdom of France
Ottoman Empire
1571–1573 Holy League Papal States
Spain
 Republic of Venice among others
1596–1604 Triple Alliance (1596)  Dutch Republic
 Kingdom of France
 Kingdom of England
1608–1621 Protestant Union Various Protestant German States of the Holy Roman Empire
1609–1635 Catholic League (German) Various Catholic German States of the Holy Roman Empire
1631–1639 Treaty of Fontainebleau  Kingdom of France
 Electorate of Bavaria
1654 Anglo-Swedish Alliance Sweden
England
1656 Treaty of Marienburg Sweden
Brandenburg-Prussia
1668–1672 Triple Alliance  Kingdom of England
 Sweden
 Dutch Republic
1684–1699 Holy League  Holy Roman Empire
 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
 Republic of Venice
Tsardom of Russia
1689–1713 League of Augsburg  Kingdom of England
 Dutch Republic
 Holy Roman Empire
1699 Treaty of Preobrazhenskoye  Denmark-Norway
Tsardom of Russia
 Electorate of Saxony
 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

1700–1899

Years Name Members
1716–1731 Anglo-French Alliance  Kingdom of France
 Kingdom of Great Britain
1717–1718 Triple Alliance (1717)  Dutch Republic
 Kingdom of France
 Kingdom of Great Britain
1731–1756 Anglo-Austrian Alliance  Kingdom of Great Britain
 Holy Roman Empire
1747–1748 Convention of Saint Petersburg  Kingdom of Great Britain
 Russian Empire
 Dutch Republic
1756–1762 Anglo-Prussian Alliance (1756)  Kingdom of Great Britain
Kingdom of Prussia
1756–1792 Franco-Austrian Alliance  Kingdom of France
 Holy Roman Empire
1764–1788 Russo-Prussian alliance  Russian Empire
Kingdom of Prussia
1773–1810 Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo  Russian Empire
Denmark–Norway
1778–1800 Treaty of Alliance United States
 Kingdom of France
1779–1783 Treaty of Aranjuez  Kingdom of France
 Kingdom of Spain
1781–1790 Austro-Russian Alliance  Russian Empire
 Holy Roman Empire
1788–1791 Anglo-Prussian Alliance (1788)  Kingdom of Great Britain
Kingdom of Prussia
1788–1791 Triple Alliance (1788)  Kingdom of Great Britain
Kingdom of Prussia
 Dutch Republic
1790–1792 Polish–Prussian alliance Kingdom of Prussia
 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
1795 Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the United States and the Regency of Algiers United States
Regency of Algiers Regency of Algiers
1807 Russo-Serbian Alliance  Russian Empire
 Revolutionary Serbia
1815–1818 The Quadruple Alliance  United Kingdom
 Austrian Empire
 Kingdom of Prussia
 Russian Empire
1815–1825[note 2] Holy Alliance  Russian Empire
 Kingdom of Prussia
 Austrian Empire
1865–1872 Triple Alliance of 1865 Brazil
 Uruguay
 Argentina
1866–1868 First Balkan Alliance  Kingdom of Greece (1867)
 Principality of Montenegro (1866)
 Principality of Serbia
1867–1868 Greek–Serbian Alliance of 1867  Kingdom of Greece
 Principality of Serbia
1873 Treaty of Defensive Alliance (Bolivia–Peru)  Bolivia
Peru
1873–1887 League of the Three Emperors  Russian Empire
Austria-Hungary
 German Empire
1879–1918 Dual Alliance Austria-Hungary
 German Empire
1881–1908 Austro–Serbian Alliance Austria-Hungary
 Principality of Serbia
1882–1914 Triple Alliance  German Empire
Austria-Hungary
Kingdom of Italy
1892 Treaty of Nice  French Third Republic
Kingdom of Italy
1892–1917 Franco-Russian Alliance  French Third Republic
 Russian Empire

1900–1999

Years Name Members
1902–1923 Anglo-Japanese Alliance Japan
 United Kingdom
1904 Entente Cordiale[note 3]  France
 United Kingdom
1904 Treaty of Sofia  Principality of Bulgaria
Kingdom of Serbia
1907–1917 Triple Entente France
 Russian Empire
 United Kingdom
1912–1913 Balkan League  Kingdom of Bulgaria
Greece
Kingdom of Montenegro
Kingdom of Serbia
1913–1914 Greek–Serbian Alliance Greece
Serbia
1914–1918 Central Powers  German Empire
Austria-Hungary
 Ottoman Empire
1914–1918 Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance  Bulgaria
 Ottoman Empire
1915–1918 Bulgaria–Germany treaty (1915)  Bulgaria
 German Empire
1915–1918 German–Ottoman alliance  German Empire
 Ottoman Empire
1916–1918 Treaty of Bucharest (1916) France
Italy
Romania
 Russian Empire
 United Kingdom
1920–1921 Polish-Ukrainian Agreement Poland
Ukraine
1920–1938 Little Entente Czechoslovakia
Romania
Yugoslavia
1920–1940 Franco-Polish Alliance (1921) France
Poland
1920–1921 Georgian–Polish alliance Georgia
Poland
1921–1939 Polish–Romanian alliance Poland
Romania
1922–1930 Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1922 Iraq
 United Kingdom
1924–1938 Treaty of Alliance and Friendship between France and Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia
France
1930–1939/40 Finnish–Estonian defence cooperation  Estonia
 Finland
1930–1947 Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930 Iraq
 United Kingdom
1934–1938 Balkan Pact Greece
Romania
 Turkey
Yugoslavia
1934–1938 Rome Protocols Austria
Hungary
Italy
1934–1935 Stresa Front France
Italy
 United Kingdom
1935–1938 Czechoslovak–Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance Czechoslovakia
Soviet Union
1935–1939 Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance France
Soviet Union
1936–1956 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 Egypt
 United Kingdom
1939–1944 Anglo-Polish alliance Poland
 United Kingdom
1939–1945 Iberian Pact  Portugal
Spain
1939–1940 Soviet–Estonian Mutual Assistance Treaty  Estonia
 Soviet Union
1939–1940 Soviet–Latvian Mutual Assistance Treaty  Latvia
 Soviet Union
1939–1940 Soviet–Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty  Lithuania
 Soviet Union
1939–1949[note 4] Pact of Steel Germany
Italy
1940 Ogdensburg Agreement  Canada
 United States
1940–1945 Tripartite Pact

Bulgaria
Croatia
Germany
Hungary
Italy
Japan
Romania
Slovakia
Yugoslavia[note 5]

1941–1945 Anglo-Soviet Agreement  Soviet Union
 United Kingdom
1942–1945 Anglo-Soviet Treaty of 1942  Soviet Union
 United Kingdom
1942–1945 Declaration by United Nations
1942–1945 Croatian–Romanian–Slovak friendship proclamation Croatia
Romania
Slovakia
1943 Five Eyes  Australia
 Canada
 New Zealand
 United Kingdom
 United States
1946–1948 Treaty of London (1946)[1]  Jordan
 United Kingdom
1947–1957 UK–Ceylon Defence Pact[2][3]  Ceylon
 United Kingdom
1947–1997 Treaty of Dunkirk  France
 United Kingdom
1947 Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Rio Pact)
List
1948–1954 Western Union[note 6]  Belgium
 France
 Luxembourg
 Netherlands
 United Kingdom
1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)[note 7]
List
1949–1989 Secret Swedish–American Alliance[4]  Sweden
 United States
1950–1979 Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance  China
 Soviet Union
1951 Mutual Defense Treaty (United States–Philippines)  Philippines
 United States
1951 ANZUS Treaty  Australia
 New Zealand
 United States
1951 US–Japan Alliance  Japan
 United States
1952 Brazil–United States Treaty  Brazil
 United States
1952 US–Israel Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement[5]  Israel
 United States
1953 Mutual Defense Treaty (United States–South Korea)  South Korea
 United States
1953–1956 Agreement of Friendship and Cooperation Greece
 Turkey
Yugoslavia
1954 Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement (United States–Pakistan)  Pakistan

 United States

1954–1977 Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)
1954–2011 Western European Union
List
1955–1979 Middle East Treaty Organization (METO) Iran
 Iraq (withdrew in 1959)
 Pakistan
 Turkey
 United Kingdom
1955–1991 Warsaw Pact
List
1955–1975 Simonstown Agreement  South Africa
 United Kingdom
1955–1980 Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty China
 United States
1957–1967 Anglo-Malayan Defence Agreement  Malaya
 United Kingdom
1958–1962 Anglo-Nigerian Defence Agreement[6]  Nigeria
 United Kingdom
1958 US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement  United Kingdom
 United States
1960 Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan  Japan
 United States
1961 Sino-North Korean Mutual Aid and Cooperation Friendship Treaty  China
 North Korea
1962 Thanat–Rusk Communiqué  Thailand
 United States
1964–1979 Anglo-Maltese Defence Agreement[7]  Malta
 United Kingdom
1967–1972 Egypt–Jordan Mutual Defense Agreement[8]  Egypt
 Jordan
1968–1974 Mauritius–United Kingdom Mutual Defence and Assistance Agreement[9][10]  Mauritius
 United Kingdom
1970–1974 Alcora Exercise  Portugal
 Rhodesia
 South Africa
1971 Five Power Defence Arrangements  Australia
 Malaysia
 New Zealand
 Singapore
 United Kingdom
1975–1994 Israel–South Africa Agreement  Israel
 South Africa
1979 Taiwan Relations Act  Taiwan
 United States
1982 Regional Security System
List
1984 Peninsula Shield Force  Bahrain
 Kuwait
 Oman
 Qatar
 Saudi Arabia
 United Arab Emirates
1992 Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)  Armenia
 Belarus
 Kazakhstan
 Kyrgyzstan
 Russia
 Tajikistan
1997 Union State  Belarus
 Russia
1999  European Union[note 8]
List
[11]

2000–present

Years Name Members
2010 Agreement on Strategic Partnership and Mutual Support[note 9]  Azerbaijan
 Turkey
2010 Lancaster House Treaties  France
 United Kingdom
2014 Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement  Philippines
 United States
2015 Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition
2015 Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition  Iran
 Iraq
 Russia
 Syria
 Hezbollah
2015–2020 US–Afghanistan Strategic Partnership Agreement Afghanistan
 United States
2020 Lublin Triangle  Lithuania
 Poland
 Ukraine
2021 Franco-Greek defence agreement  France
 Greece
2021 Shusha Declaration  Azerbaijan
 Turkey
2021 Association Trio  Ukraine
 Georgia
 Moldova
2022 British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact  Poland
 Ukraine
 United Kingdom[12]
2022 Japan–Australia Reciprocal Access Agreement  Australia
 Japan
2023 Anglo-Japanese Reciprocal Access Agreement[13]  Japan
 United Kingdom
2023 Alliance of Sahel States[14]  Burkina Faso
 Mali
 Niger

Proposed alliances

Name and description Countries
CANZUK is a proposed alliance between four Commonwealth realms.  Australia
 Canada
 New Zealand
 United Kingdom
United States–Israel Strategic Partnership is a proposal to make a formal alliance between the United States and Israel  Israel
 United States
France–Japan Reciprocal Access Agreement is currently being negotiated to finalize a formal alliance between Japan and France.[15]  France
 Japan
EU–UK Mutual Defence Agreement is a proposal, most notably from the Labour Party, to sign a formal alliance between the EU and the UK.[16]  European Union
 United Kingdom
Japan–Philippines Reciprocal Access Agreement has been in negotiations due to rising political tensions in the Pacific.[17][18]  Japan
 Philippines
South Korea–Japan Defense Pact[19] is a proposed alliance between South Korea and Japan in response to increased aggression from North Korea.  Japan
 South Korea
Mauritius–United Kingdom Defence Agreement is a proposal to sign a military alliance between Mauritius and the UK as part of an effort to resolve the Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute.[20]  Mauritius
 United Kingdom
Japan–Philippines–United States trilateral alliance is currently being negotiated in response to increased military build-up by China.[21]  Japan
 Philippines
 United States
France–Philippines Visiting Forces Agreement is being negotiated.[22]  France
 Philippines

See also

Notes

References

  1. Treaty of Alliance wikimedia.org
  2. "United Kingdom And Ceylon (Defence Agreement) - Hansard - UK Parliament". Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  3. Barnes, Robert (2022). "'In the Mutual Interest': The Making and Breaking of the United Kingdom-Ceylon Defence Agreement, 1947–1957". The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 50 (6): 1093–1122. doi:10.1080/03086534.2022.2084932. S2CID 249944469.
  4. SOU 1994:11 Om kriget kommit... Förberedelser för mottagande av militärt bistånd 1949–1969
  5. "Technical Difficulties".
  6. Marco Wyss Marco Wyss (22 April 2021). "The Anglo-Nigerian Defence Agreement | Postcolonial Security: Britain, France, and West Africa's Cold War | Oxford Academic". Academic.oup.com. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  7. "Anglo-Maltese Defence Agreement - Hansard - UK Parliament". Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  8. Wall, Michael (31 May 2019). "Hussein and Nasser sign defence agreement - archive, 1967 | Middle East and north Africa". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  9. "MAURITIUS - UNITED KINGDOM Agreement on Mutual Defence and Assistance". The National Archives. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  10. Houbert, Jean (8 November 2008). "Mauritius: Independence and Dependence". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 19: 75–105. doi:10.1017/S0022278X00054136. S2CID 154753371. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  11. "TEU 42.7: "If a Member State is the victim of armed aggression on its territory, the other Member States shall have towards it an obligation of aid and assistance by all the means in their power, in accordance with Article 51 of the United Nations Charter. This shall not prejudice the specific character of the security and defence policy of certain Member States."". The Treaty on European Union. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
  12. "Ukraine, UK, Poland announce security pact amid heightened tensions". 17 February 2022.
  13. "UK, Japan sign defense deal amid rising concern about China". ABC News. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  14. "Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso Sign Sahel Security Pact". Voice of America. Reuters. 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  15. "Japan, France Vow to Enhance Defense Cooperation at 2-Plus-2 Talks". 21 January 2022.
  16. "Lammy at em securing a security pact with Europe". 1 February 2023.
  17. "Japan, Philippines on verge of VFA defense pact". Asia Times. 18 August 2023.
  18. "Philippines' Marcos open to a troop pact with Japan". Reuters. 13 February 2023.
  19. "S. Korea looks to revive military pact with Japan upon thaw". Koreaherald.com. 9 March 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  20. Scott, David (7 June 2018). "Britain Returns to the Indian Ocean?". The Round Table. 107 (3): 307–316. doi:10.1080/00358533.2018.1476096. S2CID 158788448.
  21. Heydarian, Richard Javad (6 April 2023). "The Japan–Philippine–U.S. Trilateral alliance in the making". The Japan Times.
  22. Cabalza, Dexter (3 December 2023). "PH, France eye VFA, deeper defense ties". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
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