Jahriyya revolt (1781) or Salar revolt[1]
Date1781[2][3][4][5][6]
Location
Qinghai, Gansu
Result Qing victory
Belligerents
Qing Empire, Khafiya (Khufiyya) Sufi Muslims Rebel Jahriyya Sufi Muslims
Commanders and leaders
Heshen, Agui, Fuk'anggan, Li Shiyao Ma Mingxin, Su Sishisan[7]
Strength
Loyalist Khufiyya Sufi Muslim and Gedimu Muslim Hui troops, Han Green Standard Army, Tibetans, Manchu Mongol and Han Eight Banners. Rebel Jahriyya Sufi Muslim Hui, Rebel Jahriyya Sufi Muslim Salars,[8] Santa people, Han Chinese rebels,[9]: 21  3,000 from Xunhua[10]

In the Jahriyya revolt (Chinese: 蘇四十三起義) of 1781 sectarian violence between two suborders of the Naqshbandi Sufis, the Jahriyya Sufi Muslims and their rivals, the Khafiyya Sufi Muslims, led to Qing intervention to stop the fighting between the two, which in turn led to a Jahriyya Sufi Muslim rebellion which the Qing dynasty of China crushed with the help of the Khufiyya (Khafiyya) Sufi Muslims.[11][12]

Due to street fighting and lawsuits between the Jahriyya and Khufiyya Sufi orders, Ma Mingxin was arrested to stop the sectarian violence between the Sufis.[13] The Jahriyya then tried to violently jailbreak Ma Mingxin which led to his execution and the crushing of the Jahriyya rebels. The Qing used Xinjiang as a place to put deported Jahriyya rebels.[14]

The Khufiyya Sufis and Gedimu joined together against the Jahriyya Sufis whom they fiercely opposed and differed from in practices.[9]: 19–20  Salar Jahriyyas were among those deported to Xinjiang.[15] Some Han Chinese joined and fought alongside the Jahriyya Salar Muslim rebels in their revolt.[9]: 21  Muslim loyalists fought for the Qing.[16]

Jahriyya followers were also deported to Guizhou and Yunnan.[17] The Jahriyya were labelled as the "New Teaching".[18]

Corruption and embezzlement by officials was suggested as a contributing factor to the violence.[19]

The Dungan Revolt (1895–96) broke out in the same place as the Jahriyya revolt for very similar reasons, sectarian violence[20] and lawsuits between two Naqshbandi Sufi orders which the Qing tried to resolve.[21]

Ma Mingxin's descendant was Ma Yuanzhang.[22]

In addition to sending Han exiles convicted of crimes to Xinjiang to be slaves of Banner garrisons there, the Qing also practiced reverse exile, exiling Inner Asian (Mongol, Russian and Muslim criminals from Mongolia and Inner Asia) to China proper where they would serve as slaves in Han Banner garrisons in Guangzhou. Russian, Oirats and Muslims (Oros. Ulet. Hoise jergi weilengge niyalma) such as Yakov and Dmitri were exiled to the Han banner garrison in Guangzhou.[23] In the 1780s after the Muslim rebellion in Gansu started by Zhang Wenqing 張文慶 was defeated, Muslims like Ma Jinlu 馬進祿 were exiled to the Han Banner garrison in Guangzhou to become slaves to Han Banner officers.[24] The Qing code regulating Mongols in Mongolia sentenced Mongol criminals to exile and to become slaves to Han bannermen in Han Banner garrisons in China proper.[25]

References

  1. ↑ Michael Dillon (1999). China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects. Psychology Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-7007-1026-3.
  2. ↑ Matthew S. Erie (September 2016). China and Islam. Cambridge University Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-107-05337-3.
  3. ↑ Glauco D'Agostino (2013-10-14). La lunga marcia dell'Islam politico. Gangemi Editore Spa. p. 46. ISBN 978-88-492-7725-8.
  4. ↑ Chinese Republican Studies Newsletter. Center for Asian Studies, University of Illinois. 1975. p. 227.
  5. ↑ Dru C. Gladney (1 January 1991). Muslim Chinese: Ethnic Nationalism in the People's Republic. Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-674-59495-1.
  6. ↑ Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.
  7. ↑ Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.
  8. ↑ Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.
  9. 1 2 3 Arienne M. Dwyer (2007). Salar. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-04091-4.
  10. ↑ Joint Committee on Chinese Studies (U.S.) (1987). Papers from the Conference on Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dominance, Banff, August 20-24, 1987. p. 41.
  11. ↑ Jonathan N. Lipman; Jonathan Neaman Lipman; Stevan Harrell (1990). Violence in China: Essays in Culture and Counterculture. SUNY Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-7914-0113-2.
  12. ↑ Lipman, Jonathan N. (1984). "Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu". Modern China. 10 (3): 285–316. doi:10.1177/009770048401000302. JSTOR 189017. S2CID 143843569.
  13. ↑ Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.
  14. ↑ Michael Dillon (16 December 2013). China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects. Taylor & Francis. p. 123. ISBN 978-1-136-80940-8.
  15. ↑ Arienne M. Dwyer (2007). Salar. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 21. ISBN 978-3-447-04091-4.
  16. ↑ Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.
  17. ↑ Karen G. Turner; James V. Feinerman; R. Kent Guy (1 May 2015). The Limits of the Rule of Law in China. University of Washington Press. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-295-80389-0.
  18. ↑ Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.
  19. ↑ Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.
  20. ↑ Lipman, Jonathan N. (1984). "Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu". Modern China. 10 (3): 285–316. doi:10.1177/009770048401000302. JSTOR 189017. S2CID 143843569.
  21. ↑ Lipman, Jonathan N. (1984). "Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu". Modern China. 10 (3): 285–316. doi:10.1177/009770048401000302. JSTOR 189017. S2CID 143843569.
  22. ↑ Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.
  23. ↑ Yongwei, MWLFZZ, FHA 03-0188-2740-032, QL 43.3.30 (April 26, 1778).
  24. ↑ Šande 善德 , MWLFZZ, FHA 03-0193-3238-046, QL 54.5.6 (May 30, 1789) and Šande , MWLFZZ, FHA 03-0193-3248-028, QL 54.6.30 (August 20, 1789).
  25. ↑ 1789 Mongol Code (Ch. 蒙履 Menggu lüli , Mo. Mongγol čaγaǰin-u bičig ), (Ch. 南省，給駐防爲 , Mo. emün-e-tü muji-dur čölegüljü sergeyilen sakiγči quyaγ-ud-tur boγul bolγ-a ). Mongol Code 蒙例 (Beijing: Lifan yuan, 1789; reprinted Taipei: Chengwen chubanshe, 1968), p. 124. Batsukhin Bayarsaikhan, Mongol Code (Mongγol čaγaǰin - u bičig), Monumenta Mongolia IV (Ulaanbaatar: Centre for Mongol Studies, National University of Mongolia, 2004), p. 142.

See also

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