Identity tourism may refer to the act of assuming a racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, sexual or gender identity for recreational purposes,[1] or the construction of cultural identities and re-examination of one's ethnic and cultural heritage from what tourism offers its patrons.[2]

Research dates back to a 1984 special issue of Annals of Tourism Research guest edited by Pierre L. van den Berghe and Charles F. Keyes.[3] This volume examined the ways in which tourism intersects with the (re-)formation and revision of various forms of identity, particularly ethnic and cultural identities. Since that time, various scholars have examined the intersection between dimensions of identity and tourism.

The way people construct and re-examine their ethnic and cultural heritage today is mainly through the internet.[4] Introduction of the internet has introduced a radical way for tourists to enjoy the experience. Through the Internet of Things, tourism has leaped to the next big step. Social media is now used to stimulate identity in the social context. For example, wide media coverage on political content enables a user of Internet of Things to be influenced into identifying with political affiliations.[5] Using the internet to explore different ideas and allowing them to influence and re-examine the way you see the world today, is identity tourism on the Internet.

Early contributions of identity tourism allowed scholars to examine the intersection of tourism and identity. Early scholars conducted investigations regarding the influence of the locations of tourism and how the culture portrayed influenced the visitors. The concept creates the history of identity tourism. However, this traditional view of tourism has evolved to include the influence of the internet on identity tourism. The internet allows people from various backgrounds to showcase their culture and experiences to everyone. People who access this information and their perceptions changed or influenced experience identity tourism. The influence of the internet on identity tourism can be viewed as the contemporary identity tourism.

History

An important early contribution to the study of identity tourism was Lanfant, Allcock and Bruner's 1995 edited volume International Tourism, Identity and Change.[6][7][8] As with the Keyes and van den Berghe special issue of Annals of Tourism Research, this volume moved the field away from studying the impact of tourism on identity to investigating the intersection of tourism and identity in more dynamic ways, among other things looking at how "local" and "tourist" identities are mutually-constructed. Likewise, Michel Picard and Robert Wood's who edited volume Tourism, Ethnicity and the State in Asian and Pacific Societies (1997, University of Hawaii Press), examined the ways in which tourism intersections with ethnic, cultural, regional and national identities, as well as with the political agendas of Pacific island and Southeast Asian states.[9][10][11][12] Abrams, Waldren and Mcleod's 1997 volume Tourists and Tourism: Identifying with People and Places[13] also offered case studies examining issues surrounding the construction of identity in the context of tourism.[14][15][16][17] Among other things, the chapters in their volume investigated tourists' views of themselves and others in the course of their travels, the relationship of travelers to resident populations, and the ways in which tourists' quests for authenticity are entangled with their own sensibilities about their own identities.

Case studies of tourism and identity include Edward Bruner's[18] 2001 article "The Masai and the Lion King: Authenticity, Nationalism and Globalization in African Tourism",[19] which examines how various Kenyan tourist sites entail displays of particular identities ("Masai" "Colonialist" etc.) and how tourists' engagements with these identity displays are varied, nuanced and complex, articulating with their own narratives, sensibilities about African heritage and quests. Kathleen M. Adams' 2006 work on tourism, identity and the arts in Toraja, Indonesia illustrates how tourism is drawn upon by different members of the community to elaborate different dimensions of identity. In "Art as Politics: Re-crafting tourism, identities and power in Tana Toraja, Indonesia",[20] Adams documents how tourism challenges older elite identities in the community, reconfiguring artistic and ritual symbols once associated with elites as broader symbols of Toraja ethnic group identity. Amanda Stronza's[21] 2008 work on tourism and identity in the Amazon has illustrated how tourism appears to be causing new differentiation of identities within the community she researched (see "Through a New Mirror: Reflections on Tourism and Identity in the Amazon").[22] A 2011 edited volume by Burns and Novelli also offers a number of case studies on the topic of tourism and social identities.[23]

Alyssa Cymene Howe studied how identity tourism interacted in the San Francisco queer space in the 90s. She found that tourism created, for both tourists and residents of San Francisco, a sense of group identity. The creation of the "Queer Homeland" of San Francisco owes part of its identity to tourism as a practice itself.[24]

Cyberspace

Identity is not static but a dynamic concept that is determined by development, culture, and the society that an individual is exposed to. Cyberspace, which allows individuals to interact with other people from different cultures can allow people to expand their identities.[25] In 2011, an edited volume on Tourism Social Media: Transformations in Identity, Community, and Culture by hospitality and business school scholars highlights some of these issues. Today, locations can now attract people from all over the world through smart tourism. These tourists could use sensors, scanners, and other smart devices to interact with these culturally rich places. Such initiatives have been used to manage tourists during peak season.[26] Moreover, there are various programs and applications, such as chat rooms, forums, MUDs, MOOs, and MMORPGs, among others where a user is allowed to establish an identity in that particular space. This online identity could be different from a user's physical identity in race, gender, height, weight or even species. People create profiles online to interact with online. Such an identity could be completely random and friend interacting with this new identity will be exposed to maybe the fictional name of the participant.[27] In these chat rooms and forums, a user creates their identity through text and the way they interact with others. In MMORPGs, users create a visual representation of their identity through an avatar. This allows users to easily tour more than just ethnic and cultural identities. So, the emergence of the internet as a venue of identity expression is also relevant to the theme of tourism and identity.

Identity tourism in cyberspace is facilitated by the ontological discussion that challenges the perspective of space and place to include the cyberspace.[28] Cyberspace is then equivalent to real other real physical spaces offline. Therefore, the same way people today use cyberspace to shop, entertain and date, Ziyed Guelmami and François Nicolle state that it can also be a platform to construct identity.[28] The construction of identity online is equated to identity tourism because it fits the definition of tourism that defines it as people traveling and staying in places outside their usual environment for various purposes.

With the development of the internet and virtual reality, identity tourism can become more salient than previously thought. With virtual reality, for example, transgender individuals can control their own gender presentation in an MMORPG or forum. Lisa Nakamura[29] has studied identity tourism in cyberspace, using it to describe the process of appropriating an identity involving another gender and/or race than one's own on the web. Keller (2019) also states that the youth, especially the young modern women uses the internet to explore feminist activism.[30] An individual may also come from a very conservative family but through social media platforms like Twitter, they are able to explore various conversations like those related to dressing choice, something that she might not be able to access in her real life. Therefore, through cyberspace, they are able to explore a certain identity and even adopt it as theirs.[30] Another unfortunate phenomena explored on the internet is Jihadi ideologies. Prucha (2016) reveals that extremist groups have used social media to create a wealth of information on Jihad. Through cyberspace, curious individuals have been able to access the information, adopted extremism as their identity and even traveled to the Islamic State to live the Jihad life.[31] This kind of cyber-identity tourism mainly refers to the web but also touch other media forms, such as video games.[32] Being able to 'tour' the internet with a new identity opens the possibility of the net being an identifiable space.

Nakamura also mentions the popular cartoon "On the Internet, nobody knows you’re a dog", in her journal "Race In/For Cyberspace: Identity Tourism and Racial Passing on the Internet”. This image portrays an aspect of identity tourism and how on the internet anyone can describe their physical selves in any way; “on the internet nobody knows you’re a dog”, it is possible to portray yourself as a different race, gender, age, sexuality, etc., in other words “computer crossdressing”. The internet allows people to communicate in real time all while controlling their image and the conditions which people perceive them. Nakamura describes the cartoon as celebrating the internet's ability as a social leveler, which allows anyone, even dogs, to freely self-represent themselves in any way, shape or form.[33]

Tourism through the Internet of Things (IoT)

With the internet of things, the inter-connectivity presented in the internet allows users to interact with a chosen environment than it was ever possible in the past. Platforms that are often used for social identity tourism include Facebook, Twitter, Google+, YouTube, Instagram, and Pinterest.[34] Different age groups may prefer different platforms. For example, today, an interface can be built and allow more direct interaction of users with facilities and other services or product offered by the tourist destination.[35] The action can be achieved through sensors and smart products that have the ability to sense actual physical actions that are translated to the digital form creating an embodied interaction.[35] The electronic identification system also allows cross border authentication for online cross-border services that may be needed for internet users to access tourism online.[36]

The study of online identity tourism draws attention to important considerations about how individuals allow virtual reality to shape their identity.[37] However, Ruangkanjanases et al. (2020) reveals that the reshaping of identity affects the individual perceives themselves as useful.[38] This way, people can also quantify the success of social media and justify its use.[39] Unfortunately, due to the temptation that people have on social media to compare themselves with others, they might find their new identity unsatisfactory.[40] The result is lower identity clarity and overall self-esteem.

Digital blackface

Digital blackface refers to when non-black people use the images or voices of black people to describe their own feelings or actions. People use these images to claim aspects of black identity all while not being black themselves. Using these gifs, images and videos of black people can perpetuate stereotypes about black people, Jardin Dogan, a counselor and educator specializing in Black mental health, explains.[41] The problematic nature of digital blackface can be traced back to the 19th century when blackface became a popular form of entertainment and white performers would paint their faces black and mimic the portrayal of Black people for all-white audiences. The same stereotypes that paint black men as violent and black woman as hypersexual, are based on minstrel shows, so even though using these images or voices of black people may seem harmless, they just further perpetuate stereotypes of black people. Not only does digital blackface perpetuate stereotypes, it is also a form of cultural appropriation because non-Black people get to take on aspects of "Blackness" that can be shed and taken on whenever and however they please, while not having to deal with any of the consequences that black people do for their race on a daily basis. Digital blackface contributes to identity tourism because people can assume aspects of racial identity for recreational purposes.[41]

References

  1. ↑ Martin, Judith; Nakayama, Thomas (2012-02-23). Intercultural Communication in Contexts: Sixth Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. ISBN 978-0-07-776942-0.
  2. ↑ Pitchford, Susan; Jafari, Jafar (2008-02-29). Identity Tourism: Imaging and Imagining the Nation. Emerald Group Publishing. ISBN 978-0-08-046618-7.
  3. ↑ Van Den Berghe, Pierre L.; Keyes, Charles F. (1984). "Introduction tourism and re-created ethnicity". Annals of Tourism Research. 11 (3): 343–352. doi:10.1016/0160-7383(84)90026-4.
  4. ↑ Cavada D., Not, E., and Venturini, A. (2018) Tangible Tourism with the Internet of Things. In: Stangl B., Pesonen J. (eds) Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2018. Springer, Cham.
  5. ↑ Chan, Michael. (2017). Media Use and the Social Identity Model of Collective Action: Examining the Roles of Online Alternative News and Social Media News. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly. 94. 663-681. 10.1177/1077699016638837.
  6. ↑ "International Tourism, Identity and Change". Retrieved on February 18, 2014.
  7. ↑ "Review of International Tourism - Identity and Change". Bulletin de Méthodologie Sociologique (50): 96. 1996. ISSN 0759-1063. JSTOR 24359863.
  8. ↑ Swain, Margaret Byrne (1997). Boissevain, Jeremy; Lanfant, Marie-Françoise (eds.). "Coping with the Anthropology of Tourism". American Anthropologist. 99 (1): 162–164. doi:10.1525/aa.1997.99.1.162. ISSN 0002-7294. JSTOR 682149.
  9. ↑ "Tourism, Ethnicity, and the State in Asian and Pacific Societies". Retrieved on February 18, 2014.
  10. ↑ Amster, Matthew H. (1998). "Review of Tourism, Ethnicity, and the State in Asian and Pacific Societies". Crossroads: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 12 (2): 107–108. ISSN 0741-2037. JSTOR 40860683.
  11. ↑ Keyes, Charles (1998). "Review of Tourism, Ethnicity and the State in Asian and Pacific Societies". American Anthropologist. 100 (3): 837–838. doi:10.1525/aa.1998.100.3.837. hdl:10125/24150. ISSN 0002-7294. JSTOR 682114.
  12. ↑ Michel, Franck (1998). "Review of Tourism, Ethnicity, and the State in Asian and Pacific Societies". L'Homme (148): 292–294. ISSN 0439-4216. JSTOR 23211518.
  13. ↑ Abram, Simone; Waldren, Jackie D.; Macleod, Don, eds. (1 June 1997). Tourists and Tourism: Identifying with People and Places. Ethnicity and Identity Series (1 ed.). Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1859739051.
  14. ↑ Kirby, Peter W. (1998). "Review of Tourists and Tourism: Identifying with People and Places". Cambridge Anthropology. 20 (3): 98–100. ISSN 0305-7674. JSTOR 23818818.
  15. ↑ Adams, Kathleen M. (1999). "Review of Tourists and Tourism: Identifying with People and Places". American Anthropologist. 101 (4): 868. doi:10.1525/aa.1999.101.4.868.1. ISSN 0002-7294. JSTOR 684087.
  16. ↑ Adler, Judith (1999). "Review of Tourists and Tourism: Identifying with People and Places". The Canadian Journal of Sociology. 24 (3): 425–426. doi:10.2307/3341397. ISSN 0318-6431. JSTOR 3341397.
  17. ↑ Crick, Malcolm (1999). "Review of Tourism and Culture: An Applied Perspective, ; Tourists and Tourism: Identifying with People and Places". American Ethnologist. 26 (2): 514–516. doi:10.1525/ae.1999.26.2.514. ISSN 0094-0496. JSTOR 647332.
  18. ↑ "Edward M Bruner - Anthropology at Illinois". anthro.illinois.edu. Archived from the original on 2017-08-11. Retrieved 2017-03-25.
  19. ↑ Edward M. Bruner (2001). "The Maasai and the Lion King: Authenticity, Nationalism, and Globalization in African Tourism". American Ethnologist. 28 (4): 881–908. doi:10.1525/ae.2001.28.4.881. S2CID 145530052.
  20. ↑ "Art as Politics: Re-crafting tourism, identities and power in Tana Toraja, Indonesia". Retrieved on February 18, 2014.
  21. ↑ "Stronza, Dr. Amanda - Recreation Park and Tourism Sciences". rpts.tamu.edu.
  22. ↑ Stronza, Amanda (2008). "Through a New Mirror: Reflections on Tourism and Identity in the Amazon" (PDF). Human Organization. 67 (3): 244–257. doi:10.17730/humo.67.3.a556044720353823.
  23. ↑ Burns, Peter M.; Novelli, Marina, eds. (14 September 2006). Tourism and Social Identities. Routledge. ISBN 978-0080450742.
  24. ↑ Howe, Alyssa Cymene (2001). "Queer Pilgrimage: The San Francisco Homeland and Identity Tourism". Cultural Anthropology. 16 (1): 35–61. doi:10.1525/can.2001.16.1.35. hdl:1911/88475. ISSN 0886-7356. JSTOR 656601.
  25. ↑ Galik, S. (2019). On Human Identity in Cyberspace of Digital Media. European Journal of Transformational Studies, 7(2), 33-43.
  26. ↑ Kaur, K. and Kaur, R. (2016). Internet of Things to Promote Tourism: An Insight into Smart Tourism. International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering & Research, 2 (4), 357-361.
  27. ↑ {{Cotoc, A. (2017). Language and Identity in Cyberspace: A multidisciplinary Approach. Presa Universitara Clujeana, Cluj, Romania. Czaplicki, K. (2016). Identification in Cyberspace. Geographic Information Systems Conference and Exhibition “GIS ODYSSEY 2016”, pp. 85-89. }}
  28. 1 2 Guelmami, Z. and Nicolle, F. (2018). Reflections on Digital Identity in The Ontological Cyberspace. 16th International Conference e-Society. Lisbon, Portugal. International Association for Development of the Information Society, pp. 376-379.
  29. ↑ Nakamura, L. (2000). Race In/For Cyberspace: Identity Tourism and Racial Passing on the Internet. Archived 2013-09-18 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on October 30, 2007.
  30. 1 2 Keller, J. (2019). “Oh, She’s a Tumblr Feminist”: Exploring the Platform Vernacular of Girls’ Social Media Feminisms. Social Media + Society, 5(3), pp. 1-11.
  31. ↑ Prucha, N. (2016). IS and the Jihadist Information Highway – Projecting Influence and Religious Identity via Telegram. Perspectives on Terrorism, 10(6), 48-58.
  32. ↑ Flew, T. and Humphreys, S. (2005). "Games: Technology, Industry, Culture." New Media: An Introduction, Oxford University Press, South Melbourne 101–114.
  33. ↑ Nakamura, Lisa. "Race In/For Cyberspace: Identity Tourism and Racial Passing on the Interne" (PDF).
  34. ↑ Wozniak, T., Stangl, B., Schegg, R. et al. The return on tourism organizations’ social media investments: preliminary evidence from Belgium, France, and Switzerland. Inf Technol Tourism 17, 75–100 (2017)
  35. 1 2 Cavada, Dario; Elahi, Mehdi; Massimo, David; Maule, Stefano; Not, Elena; Ricci, Francesco; Venturini, Adriano (2017-12-23), "Tangible Tourism with the Internet of Things", Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2018, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 349–361, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-72923-7_27, ISBN 978-3-319-72922-0, retrieved 2020-10-09
  36. ↑ Czaplicki, K. (2016). Identification in Cyberspace. Geographic Information Systems Conference and Exhibition “GIS ODYSSEY 2016”, pp. 85-89.
  37. ↑ Rainer, G. I. (2020). Identity Reshaping and Manipulation In Cyberspace. Anthropological Researches and Studies.
  38. ↑ Ruangkanjanases, A., Hsu, S.-L., Wu, Y. J., Chen, S.-C., & Chang, J.-Y. (2020). What Drives Continuance Intention towards Social Media? Social Influence and Identity Perspectives. Sustainability, 12(17), 7081. MDPI AG.
  39. ↑ Wozniak, T., Stangl, B., Schegg, R. et al. The return on tourism organizations’ social media investments: preliminary evidence from Belgium, France, and Switzerland. Inf Technol Tourism 17, 75–100 (2017).
  40. ↑ Yang, C., Holden, S.M. & Carter, M.D.K. Social Media Social Comparison of Ability (but not Opinion) Predicts Lower Identity Clarity: Identity Processing Style as a Mediator. J Youth Adolescence 47, 2114–2128 (2018).
  41. 1 2 Howard, Madeline (2020-07-20). "Digital Blackface Is Basically The Modern Version Of A Minstrel Show". Women's Health. Retrieved 2021-04-18.
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