Worldwide laws regarding same-sex intercourse, unions and expression
| Same-sex intercourse illegal. Penalties: | |
Prison; death not enforced | |
Death under militias |
Prison, with arrests or detention |
Prison, not enforced1 |
|
| Same-sex intercourse legal. Recognition of unions: | |
Extraterritorial marriage2 | |
Limited foreign |
Optional certification |
None |
Restrictions of expression |
Rings indicate local or case-by-case application.
1No imprisonment in the past three years or moratorium on law.
2Marriage not available locally. Some jurisdictions may perform other types of partnerships.
1No imprisonment in the past three years or moratorium on law.
2Marriage not available locally. Some jurisdictions may perform other types of partnerships.
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LGBT rights at the United Nations
| | Neither | States which did not support either declaration |
| | Non-member states | States that are not voting members of the United Nations |
| | Oppose | States which supported an opposing declaration in 2008 and continued their opposition in 2011 |
| | Subsequent member | South Sudan, which was not a member of the United Nations in 2008 |
| | Support | States which supported the LGBT rights declaration in the General Assembly or on the Human Rights Council in 2008 or 2011 |
Rights affecting lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people vary greatly by country or jurisdiction—encompassing everything from the legal recognition of same-sex marriage to the death penalty for homosexuality.
Laws concerning gender identity-expression by country or territory
Legal identity change, surgery not required
Legal identity change, surgery required
No legal identity change
Unknown/Ambiguous
Notably, as of January 2024, 36 countries recognize same-sex marriage.[1][2] By contrast, not counting non-state actors and extrajudicial killings, only two countries are believed to impose the death penalty on consensual same-sex sexual acts: Iran and Afghanistan.[3] The death penalty is officially law, but generally not practiced, in Mauritania, Saudi Arabia, Somalia (in the autonomous state of Jubaland) and the United Arab Emirates. LGBT people also face extrajudicial killings in the Russian region of Chechnya. Sudan rescinded its unenforced death penalty for anal sex (hetero- or homosexual) in 2020. Fifteen countries have stoning on the books as a penalty for adultery, which (in light of the illegality of gay marriage in those countries) would by default include gay sex, but this is enforced by the legal authorities in Iran and Nigeria (in the northern third of the country).[4][5][6][7]
In 2011, the United Nations Human Rights Council passed its first resolution recognizing LGBT rights, following which the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights issued a report documenting violations of the rights of LGBT people, including hate crimes, criminalization of homosexual activity, and discrimination. Following the issuance of the report, the United Nations urged all countries which had not yet done so to enact laws protecting basic LGBT rights.[8][9] A 2022 study found that LGBT rights (as measured by ILGA-Europe's Rainbow Index) were correlated with less HIV/AIDS incidence among gay and bisexual men independently of risky sexual behavior.[10]
The 2023 Equaldex Equality Index ranks the Nordic countries, Uruguay, Canada, the Benelux countries, Spain, Andorra, and Malta among the best for LGBT rights. The index ranks Nigeria, Yemen, Brunei, Afghanistan, Somalia, Mauritania, Palestine, and Iran among the worst.[11] Asher & Lyric ranked Canada, Sweden, and the Netherlands as the three safest nations for LGBT people in its 2023 index.[12]
Scope of laws
Laws that affect LGBT people include, but are not limited to, the following:
- laws concerning the recognition of same-sex relationships, including same-sex marriage, civil unions, and domestic partnerships
- laws concerning LGBT parenting, including adoption by LGBT people
- anti-discrimination laws in employment, housing, education, public accommodations
- anti-bullying legislation to protect LGBT children at school
- hate crime laws imposing enhanced criminal penalties for prejudice-motivated violence against LGBT people
- bathroom bills affecting access to sex-segregated facilities by transgender people
- laws related to sexual orientation and military service
- laws concerning access to assisted reproductive technology
- sodomy laws that penalize consensual same-sex sexual activity. These may or may not target homosexuals, males or males and females, or leave some homosexual acts legal.
- adultery laws that same-sex couples are subject to
- age of consent laws that may impose higher ages for same-sex sexual activity
- laws regarding donation of blood, corneas, and other tissues by men who have sex with men
- laws concerning access to gender-affirming surgery and hormone replacement therapy
- legal recognition and accommodation of the affirmed gender.
History of LGBT-related laws
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| Lesbian ∙ Gay ∙ Bisexual ∙ Transgender |
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Ancient India
Ayoni or non-vaginal sex of all types is punishable in the Arthashastra. Homosexual acts are, however, treated as a smaller offence punishable by a fine, while unlawful heterosexual sex carries much harsher punishment. The Dharmsastras, especially the later ones, prescribe against non-vaginal sex like the Vashistha Dharmasutra. The Yājñavalkya Smṛti prescribes fines for such acts including those with other men. Manusmriti prescribes light punishments for such acts.[13][14] Vanita states that the verses about punishment for a sex between female and a maiden is due to its strong emphasis on a maiden's sexual purity.[15]
Ancient Israel
The ancient Law of Moses (the Torah) forbids men from lying with men (i.e., from having intercourse) in Leviticus 18 and gives a story of attempted homosexual rape in Genesis 19, in the story of Sodom and Gomorrah, after which the cities were soon destroyed with "brimstone and fire, from the Lord"[16][17] and the death penalty was prescribed to its inhabitants – and to Lot's wife, who was turned into a pillar of salt because she turned back to watch the cities' destruction.[18][19] In Deuteronomy 22:5, cross-dressing is condemned as "abominable".[20][21]
Assyria
In Assyrian society, sex crimes were punished identically whether they were homosexual or heterosexual.[22] An individual faced no punishment for penetrating someone of equal social class, a cult prostitute, or with someone whose gender roles were not considered solidly masculine.[22] Such sexual relations were even seen as good fortune, with an Akkadian tablet, the Šumma ālu, reading, "If a man copulates with his equal from the rear, he becomes the leader among his peers and brothers".[23][24] However, homosexual relationships with fellow soldiers, slaves, royal attendants, or those where a social better was submissive or penetrated, were treated as bad omens.[25][26]
Middle Assyrian Law Codes dating 1075 BC has a particularly harsh law for homosexuality in the military, which reads: "If a man have intercourse with his brother-in-arms, they shall turn him into a eunuch."[27][28][29] A similar law code reads, "If a seignior lay with his neighbor, when they have prosecuted him (and) convicted him, they shall lie with him (and) turn him into a eunuch". This law code condemns a situation that involves homosexual rape. Any Assyrian male could visit a prostitute or lie with another male, just as long as false rumors or forced sex were not involved with another male.[30]
Ancient Rome
In ancient Rome, the bodies of citizen youths were strictly off-limits, and the Lex Scantinia imposed penalties on those who committed a sex crime (stuprum) against a freeborn male minor.[31] Acceptable same-sex partners were males excluded from legal protections as citizens: slaves, male prostitutes, and the infames, entertainers or others who might be technically free but whose lifestyles set them outside the law.
A male citizen who willingly performed oral sex or received anal sex was disparaged, but there is only limited evidence of legal penalties against these men.[32] In courtroom and political rhetoric, charges of effeminacy and passive sexual behaviors were directed particularly at "democratic" politicians (populares) such as Julius Caesar and Mark Antony.[33]
Roman law addressed the rape of a male citizen as early as the 2nd century BC when it was ruled that even a man who was "disreputable and questionable" had the same right as other citizens not to have his body subjected to forced sex.[34] A law probably dating to the dictatorship of Julius Caesar defined rape as forced sex against "boy, woman, or anyone"; the rapist was subject to execution, a rare penalty in Roman law.[35] A male classified as infamis, such as a prostitute or actor, could not as a matter of law be raped, nor could a slave, who was legally classified as property; the slave's owner, however, could prosecute the rapist for property damage.[36]
In the Roman army of the Republic, sex among fellow soldiers violated the decorum against intercourse with citizens and was subject to harsh penalties, including death,[37] as a violation of military discipline.[38] The Greek historian Polybius (2nd century BC) lists deserters, thieves, perjurers, and "those who in youth have abused their persons" as subject to the fustuarium, clubbing to death.[39] Ancient sources are most concerned with the effects of sexual harassment by officers, but the young soldier who brought an accusation against his superior needed to show that he had not willingly taken the passive role or prostituted himself.[40] Soldiers were free to have relations with their male slaves;[41] the use of a fellow citizen-soldier's body was prohibited, not homosexual behaviors per se.[42] By the late Republic and throughout the Imperial period, there is increasing evidence that men whose lifestyle marked them as "homosexual" in the modern sense served openly.[43]
Although Roman law did not recognize marriage between men, and in general Romans regarded marriage as a heterosexual union with the primary purpose of producing children, in the early Imperial period some male couples were celebrating traditional marriage rites. Juvenal remarks with disapproval that his friends often attended such ceremonies.[44] The emperor Nero had two marriages to men, once as the bride (with a freedman Pythagoras) and once as the groom. His consort Sporus appeared in public as Nero's wife wearing the regalia that was customary for the Roman empress.[45]
Apart from measures to protect the prerogatives of citizens, the prosecution of homosexuality as a general crime began in the 3rd century of the Christian era when male prostitution was banned by Philip the Arab. By the end of the 4th century, after the Roman Empire had come under Christian rule, passive homosexuality was punishable by burning.[46] "Death by sword" was the punishment for a "man coupling like a woman" under the Theodosian Code.[47] Under Justinian, all same-sex acts, passive or active, no matter who the partners are, were declared contrary to nature and punishable by death.[48]
British Empire
The United Kingdom introduced anti-homosexuality laws throughout its colonies, particularly in the 19th century when the British Empire was at its peak.[49] As of 2018, more than half of the 71 countries that criminalised homosexuality were former British colonies or protectorates.[50]
Netherlands
In 2001, the Netherlands was the first country in the world to legalize gay marriage.[51]
Global LGBT rights maps
Note that for simplicity the table below does not distinguish between 'legal' and 'lawful'. An action can only be legal or illegal where a specific law has been passed.
| Laws regarding same-sex sexuality by country or territory | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Worldwide laws regarding same-sex intercourse, unions and expression
Rings indicate local or case-by-case application.
1No imprisonment in the past three years or moratorium on law. 2Marriage not available locally. Some jurisdictions may perform other types of partnerships. | ||||||||||||||||||
| LGBT rights at the United Nations |
|---|
|
Support Countries which have signed a General Assembly declaration of LGBT rights or sponsored the Human Rights Council's 2011 resolution on LGBT rights (96 members) Oppose Countries which signed a 2008 statement opposing LGBT rights (initially 57 members, now 54 members after withdrawal of Fiji, Rwanda and Sierra Leone) Neither Countries which, as regards the UN, have expressed neither official support nor opposition to LGBT rights (44 members) |
| Homosexual "propaganda" and "morality" laws by country or territory |
|---|
 Homosexual "propaganda" and "morality" laws by country or territory
Countries or territories that do not have homosexual "propaganda" or "morality" laws
Unknown punishment
Imprisonment |
| Decriminalization of same-sex sexual intercourse by country or territory |
|---|
.svg.png.webp) 1791–1850
1850–1945
1946–1989
1990–present
Unknown date of legalization of same-sex intercourse
Same-sex sexual intercourse always legal
Still criminalized |
| Equalization of age of consent laws for same-sex couples by country or territory |
|---|
 1790–1829
1830–1839
1840–1859
1860–1869
1870–1879
1880–1889
1890–1929
1930–1939
1940–19491
1950–1959
1960–1969
1970–1979
1980–1989
1990–1999
2000–2009
2010–2019
2020–present
Unknown date for equal age of consent laws for opposite and same-sex couples
No consent laws/equal age of consent laws always equal for opposite and same-sex couples
Unequal age of consent laws for same-sex couples
Same-sex sexual intercourse illegal
1During World War II, Nazi Germany annexed or occupied territory, extending Germany's laws against same-sex sexual intercourse. Age of consent was previously equalized for same-sex couples in the following countries or territories before the war: Belluno (legal in 1890), Friuli Venezia Giulia (legal in 1890), Poland (decriminalized in 1932), and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol (legal in 1890). During World War II Germany did not consistently enforce anti-homosexual laws in all occupied countries.[53] All countries and territories listed that were annexed or established into reichskommissariats by Nazi Germany during World War II were restored as independent countries or reincorporated into their previous countries during or after the war and thus re-legalized equal age of consent laws for same-sex couples in those areas. |
| Legal status of same-sex marriage |
|---|
 Marriage open to same-sex couples (rings: individual cases)
Mixed jurisdiction: marriage recognized by the state but not by tribal government for residents who are members of the tribe
Legislation or binding domestic court ruling establishing same-sex marriage, but marriage is not yet provided for
Same-sex marriage recognized with full rights when performed in certain other jurisdictions
Civil unions or domestic partnerships
Limited legal recognition
Local certification without legal force
Limited recognition of marriage performed in certain other jurisdictions (residency rights for spouses)
Country subject to an international court ruling that recognizes same-sex marriage
Other countries where same-sex unions are not legally recognized |
| Legal status of adoption by same-sex couples by country or territory |
|---|
 Joint adoption allowed Second-parent adoption allowed No laws allowing adoption by same-sex couples and no same-sex marriage Same-sex marriage but adoption by married same-sex couples not allowed |
| LGBT service in national militaries by country or territory |
|---|
 All LGBT people can serve
GBT men can serve
LGB people can serve
GB men can serve
Ambiguous/unknown policy
LGBT people are banned from serving
No military |
| Employment discrimination laws by sexual orientation or gender identity by country or territory |
|---|
 Sexual orientation and gender identity: all employment Sexual orientation with anti–employment discrimination ordinance and gender identity solely in public employment Sexual orientation: all employment Gender identity: all employment Sexual orientation and gender identity: federal public employment and federal contractors Sexual orientation and gender identity: public employment Sexual orientation: public employment No national-level employment laws covering sexual orientation or gender identity |
| Anti-discrimination laws covering goods and services by sexual orientation and/or gender identity by country or territory |
|---|
 Countries and territories with LGBT anti-discrimination laws in goods and services Sexual orientation and gender identity covered Sexual orientation covered Gender identity covered No national or local level anti-discrimination laws covering sexual orientation and/or gender identity in goods and services |
| Constitutional discrimination laws by sexual orientation and/or gender identity by country or territory |
|---|
 Sexual orientation and gender identity covered Sexual orientation covered Gender identity covered No national or local level constitutional discrimination laws covering sexual orientation and/or gender identity |
| LGBT hate crime laws by country or territory |
|---|
 Sexual orientation and gender identity hate crime laws Sexual orientation hate crime laws No LGBT hate crime laws |
| Incitement to hatred based on sexual orientation and gender identity prohibited by country or territory |
|---|
 Incitement to hatred based on sexual orientation and gender identity prohibited Incitement to hatred based on sexual orientation prohibited No prohibition on incitement to hatred based on sexual orientation and gender identity |
| Legal status on conversion therapy for minors on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity by country or territory |
|---|
 Ban on conversion therapy on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity
De facto ban on conversion therapy
Case-by-case bans
Proposed ban on conversion therapy
No ban on conversion therapy |
| Immigration equality by country or territory |
|---|
 Recognition of same-sex couples in national immigration laws Unknown/ambiguous |
| Bans on same-sex unions by country or territory |
|---|
 No specific prohibition of same-sex marriages or unions Constitution bans same-sex marriage Constitution establishes Islamic law or bans violations of "Islamic morality" |
| Blood donation policies for men who have sex with men by country or territory |
|---|
 Blood donation policies for men who have sex with men
Men who have sex with men may donate blood; No deferral
Men who have sex with men may donate blood; Temporary deferral
Men who have sex with men may not donate blood; Permanent deferral
No Data |
| Blood donation policies for female sex partners of men who have sex with men by country or territory |
|---|
 Blood donation policies for female sex partners of men who have sex with men
Female sex partners of men who have sex with men may donate blood; No deferral
Female sex partners of men who have sex with men may donate blood; Temporary deferral
Female sex partners of men who have sex with men may not donate blood; Permanent deferral
No Data |
| Laws concerning gender identity-expression by country or territory |
|---|
|
Legal identity change, surgery not required Legal identity change, surgery required No legal identity change Unknown/Ambiguous |
| Legal recognition of non-binary genders and third gender |
|---|
 Nonbinary / third gender available as voluntary opt-in
Opt-in for intersex people only
Standard for third gender
Standard for intersex
Nonbinary / third gender not legally recognized / no data |
Timeline
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LGBT-related laws by country or territory
Africa
| List of countries or territories by LGBT rights in Africa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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This table:
Northern Africa
Western Africa
Central Africa
Eastern Africa
Indian Ocean states
Southern Africa
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Americas
| List of countries or territories by LGBT rights in the Americas | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Tables:
North America
Central America
Caribbean
South America
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Asia
| List of countries or territories by LGBT rights in Asia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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This table:
North Asia
Central Asia
West Asia
South Asia
East Asia
Southeast Asia
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Europe
| List of countries or territories by LGBT rights in Europe | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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European Union
Central Europe
Eastern Europe
Northern Europe
Southern Europe
Western Europe
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Oceania
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See also
- Capital punishment for cannabis trafficking
- Capital punishment for drug trafficking
- Capital punishment for juveniles in the United States
- Capital punishment for non-violent offenses
- Human rights
- Legal status of transgender people
- Legality of conversion therapy
- LGBT people in prison
- Minority rights
- Societal attitudes toward homosexuality
Notes
- ↑ Legal nationwide, except in the province of Aceh
- ↑ De facto illegal in Chechnya
- ↑ De facto illegal
- ↑ A country in this list is to be presumed to have equalized the age of consent at the same time as it decriminalized homosexual acts, unless otherwise noted
- ↑ In Taiwan, gender change is not explicitly stated in any law; instead it is permitted by an executive order published by the Ministry of the Interior, which dictates that sex reassignment surgeries are required before gender change. In 2021 a judgement by the Taipei High Administrative Court[431] ruled that the executive order above was unconstitutional and therefore the defendant (district household registration office) must allow the plaintiff to change their gender. The judgement was finalized since the defendant did not appeal. However, since rulings in Taiwan are generally not precedential, said judgement only applies to the plaintiff and does not bind other cases nor the executive branch.
- ↑ In January 2019, a lower administrative court in Warsaw ruled that the language in Article 18 of the Constitution does not explicitly ban same-sex marriage.[506]
References
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- ↑ "Same-Sex Marriage Around the World". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
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- ↑ Hazzad, Ardo (2 July 2022). "Nigerian Islamic court orders death by stoning for men convicted of homosexuality". Reuters. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
- ↑ Milton, Josh (5 July 2022). "Three men sentenced to death by stoning for being gay". PinkNews. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
- ↑ Mendos, Lucas Ramón (2019). State-Sponsored Homophobia 2019 (PDF) (13th ed.). Geneva: ILGA. p. 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
- ↑ Dick, Samantha (4 April 2019). "Brunei not the only place LGBTQI can be killed for who they love". The New Daily. Archived from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
- ↑ Dougherty, Jill (17 June 2011). "U.N. council passes gay rights resolution". CNN. Archived from the original on 30 September 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
- ↑ "UN issues first report on human rights of gay and lesbian people". United Nations. 15 December 2011. Archived from the original on 7 January 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
- ↑ Stojanovski, Kristefer; King, Elizabeth J.; Amico, K. Rivet; Eisenberg, Marisa C.; Geronimus, Arline T.; Baros, Sladjana; Schmidt, Axel J. (2022). "Stigmatizing Policies Interact with Mental Health and Sexual Behaviours to Structurally Induce HIV Diagnoses Among European Men Who Have Sex with Men". AIDS and Behavior. 26 (10): 3400–3410. doi:10.1007/s10461-022-03683-9. PMC 9556380. PMID 35434774. S2CID 248220063.
- ↑ Staff (1 January 2023). "LGBT Equality Index: The Most LGBT-Friendly Countries in the World". Equaldex. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
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- ↑ Ali, Daud (2012). "Censured sexual acts and early medieval society in India". In Reyes, Raquel A. G.; Clarence-Smith, William G. (eds.). Sexual Diversity in Asia, c. 600–1950. Routledge. pp. 50–51. ISBN 978-0415600590. LCCN 2011049072. Archived from the original on 14 June 2020. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
- ↑ Same-Sex Love in India Archived 4 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine, edited by Ruth Vanita
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- ↑ Fields, Weston W. (1997). Sodom and Gomorrah: History and Motif in Biblical Narrative. A&C Black. ISBN 978-0567062611. Archived from the original on 17 February 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- ↑ Loader, J. A. (1990). A Tale of Two Cities: Sodom and Gomorrah in the Old Testament, Early Jewish and Early Christian Traditions. Peeters Publishers. ISBN 9789024253333. LCCN 91207650. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- ↑ STRAUSS, Gerhard Friedrich Abraham; SLEE, Jane Mary (1837). On Restitution; Lot and his Wife; The Rich Man; Christian Composure; [sermons] by ... F. S. ... translated from the German, by Miss Slee. Archived from the original on 1 April 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- ↑ R. W (1607). Lot's Wife. A sermon at Paule's Crosse [on Luke xvii. 32. By R. W., i.e. R. Wilkinson.]. Archived from the original on 1 April 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- ↑ Upson-Saia, Kristi; Daniel-Hughes, Carly; Batten, Alicia J., eds. (2016) [2014]. "Cross-dressing, Masculinity, and the Social Body in Late Antiquity". Dressing Judeans and Christians in Antiquity. Routledge. p. 39. ISBN 978-1317147978. LCCN 2014000554. Archived from the original on 1 April 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- ↑ Bullough, Vern L.; Bullough, Bonnie (1993). "Introduction". Cross Dressing, Sex, and Gender. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. x. ISBN 9780812214314. LCCN 92032030. Archived from the original on 1 April 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
- 1 2 Homoeroticism in the Biblical World: A Historical Perspective, by Martti Nissinen, Fortress Press, 2004, p. 24–28 Archived 14 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Greenberg, David F. (15 August 1990). The Construction of Homosexuality. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226306285. Archived from the original on 28 June 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
- ↑ "Homosexuality in the Ancient Near East, beyond Egypt by Bruce Gerig in the Ancient Near East, beyond Egypt". epistle.us. Archived from the original on 2 October 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
- ↑ Pritchard, p. 181.
- ↑ Gay Rights Or Wrongs: A Christian's Guide to Homosexual Issues and Ministry, by Mike Mazzalonga, 1996, p.11
- ↑ Halsall, Paul. "The Code of the Assura". Internet History Sourcebooks Project. Fordham University. Archived from the original on 11 September 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
- ↑ The Nature of Homosexuality, Erik Holland, page 334, 2004
- ↑ Wilhelm, Amara Das (18 May 2010). Tritiya-Prakriti: People of the Third Sex. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 9781453503164. Archived from the original on 17 February 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
- ↑ G. R. Driver and J. C. Miles, The Assyrian Laws (Oxford, Clarendon Press [1935]), 71.
- ↑ Plutarch, Moralia 288a; Thomas Habinek, "The Invention of Sexuality in the World-City of Rome," in The Roman Cultural Revolution (Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 39; Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," pp. 545–546. Scholars disagree as to whether the Lex Scantinia imposed the death penalty or a hefty fine.
- ↑ Williams, Roman Homosexuality, pp. 214–215; Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," passim.
- ↑ Catharine Edwards, The Politics of Immorality in Ancient Rome (Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 63–64.
- ↑ As recorded in a fragment of the speech De Re Floria by Cato the Elder (frg. 57 Jordan = Aulus Gellius 9.12.7), noted and discussed by Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 561.
- ↑ Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," pp. 562–563. See also Digest 48.5.35 [34] on legal definitions of rape that included boys.
- ↑ Under the Lex Aquilia. See McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality, and the Law in Ancient Rome, p. 314.
- ↑ McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome, p. 40.
- ↑ Sara Elise Phang, Roman Military Service: Ideologies of Discipline in the Late Republic and Early Principate (Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 93.
- ↑ Polybius, Histories 6.37.9 (translated as bastinado).
- ↑ Phang, The Marriage of Roman Soldiers, pp. 280–285.
- ↑ Phang, The Marriage of Roman Soldiers, p. 3.
- ↑ Williams, Roman Homosexuality, p. 112 et passim.
- ↑ Phang, The Marriage of Roman Soldiers, pp. 285–292. Archived 5 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Juvenal, Satire 2; Williams, Roman Homosexuality, p. 28.
- ↑ Suetonius Life of Nero 28–29; Williams, Roman Homosexuality, p. 279ff.
- ↑ Michael Groneberg, "Reasons for Homophobia: Three Types of Explanation," in Combatting Homophobia: Experiences and Analyses Pertinent to Education (LIT Verlag, 2011), p. 193.
- ↑ Codex Theodosianus 9.7.3 (4 December 342), introduced by the sons of Constantine in 342.
- ↑ Groneberg, "Reasons for Homophobia," p. 193.
- ↑ Kirby, Michael (2013). "The sodomy offence: England's least lovely criminal law export?" (PDF). Human Rights, Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in the Commonwealth: Struggles for Decriminalisation and Change. London: School of Advanced Study, University of London. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑ Ben Westcott (12 September 2018). "The homophobic legacy of the British Empire". CNN. Archived from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑ Homosexuality and the Law: A Dictionary. Abc-Clio. 2001. ISBN 9781576072677.
- ↑ In the Russian law "for the Purpose of Protecting Children from Information Advocating for a Denial of Traditional Family Values", foreigners may be arrested and detained for up to 15 days then deported, or fined up to 5,000 rubles and deported.
- ↑ Council of Europe publication Queer in Europe during the second World War Archived 31 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine p. 13, passim
- ↑ Carroll, Aengus; Mendos, Lucas Ramón (May 2017). "State Sponsored Homophobia 2017: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition" (PDF). ILGA.
- ↑ "Algeria". Human Dignity Trust. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
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- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 "State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition" (PDF). International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. 17 May 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
- ↑ Galán, José Ignacio Pichardo. "Same-sex couples in Spain. Historical, contextual and symbolic factors" (PDF). Institut national d'études démographiques. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
- 1 2 3 "Spain approves liberal gay marriage law". St. Petersburg Times. 1 July 2005. Archived from the original on 28 December 2007. Retrieved 8 January 2007.
- 1 2 3 "Spain Intercountry Adoption Information". U. S. Department of State — Bureau of Consular Affairs. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ↑ "Ley 14/2006, de 26 de mayo, sobre técnicas de reproducción humana asistida". Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). 27 May 2006. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
- 1 2 "Rainbow Europe: legal situation for lesbian, gay and bisexual people in Europe" (PDF). ILGA-Europe. May 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2014.
- 1 2 3 "Ley 3/2007, de 15 de marzo, reguladora de la rectificación registral de la mención relativa al sexo de las personas". Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). 16 March 2007.
- ↑ "Reglamento regulador del Registro de Uniones de Hecho, de 11 de septiembre de 1998". Ciudad Autónoma de Ceuta (in Spanish). 11 September 1998.
- ↑ "Egypt (Law)". ILGA. Archived from the original on 11 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ↑ "Libyan 'Gay' Men Face Torture, Death By Militia: Report (GRAPHIC)". HuffPost. 26 November 2012.
- ↑ Fhelboom, Reda (22 June 2015). "Less than human". Development and Cooperation.
- ↑ "Lei n.ᵒ 7/2001" (PDF). Diário da República Eletrónico (in Portuguese). 11 May 2001. Article 1, no. 1.
- ↑ "AR altera lei das uniões de facto".
- ↑ Law no. 9/2010, from 30th May.
- ↑ "Lei 17/2016 de 20 de junho".
- ↑ "Lei que alarga a procriação medicamente assistida publicada em Diário da República". tvi24. 20 June 2016.
- ↑ "Todas as mulheres com acesso à PMA a 1 de Agosto". PÚBLICO.
- ↑ "MEPs welcome new gender change law in Portugal; concerned about Lithuania - The European Parliament Intergroup on LGBTI Rights". www.lgbt-ep.eu.
- ↑ "REGLAMENTO REGULADOR DEL REGISTRO DE PAREJAS DE HECHO DE LA CIUDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MELILLA" [REGULATORY REGULATION OF THE REGISTER OF COUPLES IN FACT OF THE CIUDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MELILLA] (PDF) (in Spanish). 1 February 2008. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "ILGA-Europe". ilga-europe.org.
- ↑ "Morocco (Law)". ilga.org. ILGA. Archived from the original on 24 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ↑ Encyclopedia of Lesbian and Gay Histories and Cultures: An Encyclopedia. Gay histories and cultures. Vol. 2. Taylor & Francis. 8 November 2017. ISBN 9780815333548 – via Google Books.
- ↑ "La junta de protección a la infancia de Barcelona: Aproximación histórica y guía de su archivo" (PDF). Retrieved 20 January 2011.
- ↑ "Reforms In Sudan Result In Removal Of Death Penalty And Flogging For Same-Sex Relations". curvemag.com. 16 July 2020.
- ↑ "Tunisia (Law)". ilga.org. ILGA. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ↑ "Tunisian presidential committee recommends decriminalizing homosexuality". NBC News. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
- ↑ "Benin (Law)". ilga.org. ILGA. Archived from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ↑ "The Gambia passes bill imposing life sentences for some homosexual acts | World news". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "Where is it illegal to be gay? - BBC News". Bbc.com. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
- ↑ "Gambia outlaws cross-dressing". news.com.au. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
- ↑ Darkwa, Jacqueline. "Ghana's anti-LGBTIQ bill: Activists are preparing to fight". openDemocracy. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
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- ↑ "LGBT Rights in Liberia - Equaldex". www.equaldex.com.
- ↑
- ↑ Hoppe, Sascha (8 March 2023). "Spartacus Gay Travel Index 2023". Spartacus Gay Travel Blog. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ↑ "LGBT Rights in Mauritania - Equaldex". www.equaldex.com.
- ↑ Hoppe, Sascha (8 March 2023). "Spartacus Gay Travel Index 2023". Spartacus Gay Travel Blog. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ↑ "Nigeria (Law)". ilga.org. ILGA. Archived from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ↑ "Marriage (Ascension) Ordinance, 2016" (PDF).
- ↑ Jackman, Josh (20 December 2017). "This tiny island just passed same-sex marriage". PinkNews.
- ↑ "LGBT Rights in Senegal". Equaldex.
- ↑ Salerno, Rob. "2022 in worldwide LGBT rights progress – Part 6: Global Trends". Erasing 76 Crimes. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
- ↑ "Cameroonian LGBTI activist found tortured to death in home". glaad.org. 17 July 2013.
- ↑ "Décret n° 160218 du 30 mars 2016 portant promulgation de la Constitution de la République centrafricaine" (PDF). ilo.org.
- ↑ Hoppe, Sascha (8 March 2023). "Spartacus Gay Travel Index 2023". Spartacus Gay Travel Blog. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ↑ "Code Pénal du 8 mai 2017" (PDF). droit-afrique.com.
- ↑ Hoppe, Sascha (8 March 2023). "Spartacus Gay Travel Index 2023". Spartacus Gay Travel Blog. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ↑ Hoppe, Sascha (8 March 2023). "Spartacus Gay Travel Index 2023". Spartacus Gay Travel Blog. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ↑ Hoppe, Sascha (8 March 2023). "Spartacus Gay Travel Index 2023". Spartacus Gay Travel Blog. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ↑ "Gabon lawmakers vote to decriminalise homosexuality". Reuters. Reuters. 24 June 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
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- ↑ Hoppe, Sascha (8 March 2023). "Spartacus Gay Travel Index 2023". Spartacus Gay Travel Blog. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
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- ↑ 2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154345.html
- ↑ "Why it is good that Ethiopians are debating homosexuality?". genderit.org. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
- ↑ Salerno, Rob (4 January 2024). "2023 World Same-Sex Marriage and LGBT Rights Progress – Part 6: Global Trends".
- ↑ "Laws of Kenya ; The Constitution of Kenya" (PDF). Kenyaembassy.com. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
- ↑ Salerno, Rob (4 January 2024). "2023 World Same-Sex Marriage and LGBT Rights Progress – Part 4: Africa and Oceania".
- ↑ "OutRight Action International: Kenya".
- ↑ "'Don't come back, they'll kill you for being gay'". BBC NEWS. 2020.
- ↑ "2013 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT" (PDF). Country Reports on Human Rights Practices. 2013. p. 33.
- ↑ "Tanzania: Mixed Messages on Anti-Gay Persecution". hrw.org. 6 November 2018.
- ↑ Gettleman, Jeffrey (8 November 2017). "David Kato, Gay Rights Activist, Is Killed in Uganda" – via www.nytimes.com.
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- ↑ "LGBT Rights in Comoros - Equaldex". www.equaldex.com.
- ↑ LGBT Rights in Comoros
- ↑ Hoppe, Sascha (8 March 2023). "Spartacus Gay Travel Index 2023". Spartacus Gay Travel Blog. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ↑ "Mauritius Supreme Court rules law targeting LGBT people is unconstitutional". Human Dignity Trust. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
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- ↑ "Employment & labour law in Angola". Lexology. 15 September 2015.
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- ↑ Fox, Kara. "Botswana scraps gay sex laws in big victory for LGBTQ rights in Africa". CNN.
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- ↑ "Malawi suspends anti-gay laws as MPs debate repeal | World news". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
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- ↑ Itai, Daniel (23 July 2023). "Malawi Constitutional Court considers LGBTQ, intersex rights cases". Washington Blade.
- ↑ "Mozambique Gay Rights Group Wants Explicit Constitutional Protections | Care2 Causes". Care2.com. 3 March 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
- ↑ "Homosexuality Decriminalised in Mozambique". Kuchu Times. 1 June 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
- ↑ Marketing, Intouch Interactive. "Sodomy law's days numbered - Geingos - Local News - Namibian Sun". www.namibiansun.com.
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- ↑ "Namibia". Lgbtnet.dk. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
- ↑ "Namibia court bans anti-gay discrimination in child citizenship case". Retrieved 21 October 2021.
- ↑ "Transgender Rights in Namibia" (PDF).
- ↑ Hoppe, Sascha (8 March 2023). "Spartacus Gay Travel Index 2023". Spartacus Gay Travel Blog. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ↑ https://coupleofmen.com/30516-spartacus-gay-travel-index-2023/
- ↑ Constitution of Zimbabwe Amendment, (No. 20) Act. 2013
- ↑ Simpson, Lisa (28 February 2018). "House: Three more months of same-sex marriage". The Royal Gazette. Archived from the original on 28 February 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
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- ↑ Johnson, Ayo (15 June 2013). "MPs approve historic Human Rights Act changes". The Royal Gazette. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
- ↑ "Criminal Code (R.S., 1985, c. C-46), Section 159, Subsection (1)". Department of Justice Canada. 21 May 2010.
- ↑ Anonymous (27 November 2017). "Law Reform (2000) Act".
- ↑ "An Act instituting civil unions and establishing new rules of filiation" (PDF).
- ↑ "Alberta: Adult Interdependent Relationships". Legal Resource Center of Alberta. 2006. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ↑ Justice, Manitoba. "Manitoba Laws". web2.gov.mb.ca.
- ↑ "LOI CONCERNANT CERTAINES CONDITIONS DE FOND DU MARIAGE CIVIL" (PDF).
- ↑ Status differs in provinces and territories:
- Mary C. Hurley (31 May 2007). "Sexual Orientation and Legal Rights". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
- Jennifer A. Cooper (31 December 2001). "Opinion on Common-Law Relationships". Government of Manitoba. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
- "Gay couple leaps 'walls' to adopt son". Edmonton Journal. 19 February 2007.
- "Legal Information for Same Sex Couples" (PDF). Legal Information for Same Sex Couples. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
- "Yukon Adoption: Important Adoption Issues". Adoptiveparents.ca. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
- ↑ "Canadian Armed Forces". The Canadian Lesbian & Gay Archives. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
- 1 2 Sweijs, Tim. "LGBT Military Personnel: a Strategic Vision for Inclusion". hcss.nl. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
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This amendment to the penal code entailed a de jure decriminalization of sodomy since, in 1963, the Israeli Supreme Court had already issued a de facto decriminalization, ruling that the anti-sodomy law (which dated back to the British Mandate of Palestine; Mandatory Criminal Ordinance of 1936) could not be prosecuted (Yosef Ben-Ami vs. The Attorney General of Israel, 224/63).
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The second major stress on soldiers is their highly restricted social life. During their initial ten years of service they are not permitted to marry, which means that they are supposed to postpone sexual activity until their late twenties.
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- ↑ Perspective: what has the EU done for LGBT rights?, Café Babel, 17 May 2010
- ↑ What is the current legal situation in the EU?, ILGA Europe
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- ↑ "Entschließungsantrag betreffend der Aufhebung des Adoptionsverbots für Homosexuelle" (PDF). parlament.gv.at.
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- ↑ Sweijs, Tim. "LGBT Military Personnel: a Strategic Vision for Inclusion". hcss.nl. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
- ↑ Hoppe, Sascha (8 March 2023). "Spartacus Gay Travel Index 2023". Spartacus Gay Travel Blog. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
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- ↑ "Portál veřejné správy". portal.gov.cz.
- ↑ I registrovaní homosexuálové mohou adoptovat děti, rozhodl Ústavní soud. (in Czech) idnes.cz. Mladá fronta DNES. Published on 16 June 2016.
- ↑ Sweijs, Tim. "LGBT Military Personnel: a Strategic Vision for Inclusion". hcss.nl. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
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- ↑ Hoppe, Sascha (8 March 2023). "Spartacus Gay Travel Index 2023". Spartacus Gay Travel Blog. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
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- ↑ "glbtq >> social sciences >> Berlin" (PDF). glbtq.com.
- ↑ "LPartG – nichtamtliches Inhaltsverzeichnis". www.gesetze-im-internet.de.
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- 1 2 Connolly, Kate (30 June 2017) German Parliament votes to legalise same-sex marriage in The Guardian.Retrieved 30 June 2017
- ↑ Sweijs, Tim. "LGBT Military Personnel: a Strategic Vision for Inclusion". hcss.nl. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
- ↑ "Antidiskriminierungsstelle – Publikationen – AGG in englischer Sprache". antidiskriminierungsstelle.de.
- ↑ "TSG – nichtamtliches Inhaltsverzeichnis". www.gesetze-im-internet.de.
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- ↑ Kft, Wolters Kluwer Hungary. "2009. évi XXIX. törvény a bejegyzett élettársi kapcsolatról, az ezzel összefüggő, valamint az élettársi viszony igazolásának megkönnyítéséhez szükséges egyes törvények módosításáról – Hatályos Jogszabályok Gyűjteménye". net.jogtar.hu.
- ↑ "Folyamatban levő törvényjavaslatok – Országgyűlés". www.parlament.hu.
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- ↑ Hoppe, Sascha (8 March 2023). "Spartacus Gay Travel Index 2023". Spartacus Gay Travel Blog. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
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- ↑ "Gesetz über die eingetragene Partnerschaft gleichgeschlechtlicher Paare (Partnerschaftsgesetz; PartG)" (PDF). gesetze.li (in German).
- ↑ "Landtagsprotokoll vom 2. Nov 2022 - Motion zur Öffnung der Ehe für alle der Abgeordneten Dagmar Bühler-Nigsch, Albert Frick, Sebastian Gassner, Manuela Haldner-Schierscher, Norma Heidegger, Franziska Hoop, Johannes Kaiser, Georg Kaufmann, Wendelin Lampert, Daniel Oehry, Bettina Petzold-Mähr, Sascha Quaderer, Patrick Risch, Daniel Seger und Karin Zech-Hoop vom 21. September 2022". landtag.li (in German). 2 November 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
- ↑ "Art. 25 gekippt: Etappensieg für gleichgeschlechtliche Paare". Volksblatt (in German). 6 May 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
- ↑ "Art. 25 des Partnerschaftsgesetzes in Kraft - Ab heute dürfen auch homosexuelle Paare ein Stiefkind adoptieren)". vaterland.li (in German). 1 June 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
- ↑ Hoppe, Sascha (8 March 2023). "Spartacus Gay Travel Index 2023". Spartacus Gay Travel Blog. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
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- ↑ "The Constitution of the Republic of Poland". Sejm RP. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
Marriage, being a union of a man and a woman, as well as the family, motherhood and parenthood, shall be placed under the protection and care of the Republic of Poland.
- ↑ Judgment of the Supreme Court of 7 July 2004, II KK 176/04,
W dotychczasowym orzecznictwie Sądu Najwyższego, wypracowanym i ugruntowanym zarówno w okresie obowiązywania poprzedniego, jak i obecnego Kodeksu postępowania karnego, a także w doktrynie (por. wypowiedzi W. Woltera, A. Zolla, A. Wąska), pojęcie "wspólne pożycie" odnoszone jest wyłącznie do konkubinatu, a w szczególności do związku osób o różnej płci, odpowiadającego od strony faktycznej stosunkowi małżeństwa (którym w myśl art. 18 Konstytucji jest wyłącznie związek osób różnej płci). Tego rodzaju interpretację Sąd Najwyższy, orzekający w niniejszej sprawie, w pełni podziela i nie znajduje podstaw do uznania za przekonywujące tych wypowiedzi pojawiających się w piśmiennictwie, w których podejmowane są próby kwestionowania takiej interpretacji omawianego pojęcia i sprowadzania go wyłącznie do konkubinatu (M. Płachta, K. Łojewski, A.M. Liberkowski). Rozumiejąc bowiem dążenia do rozszerzającej interpretacji pojęcia "wspólne pożycie", użytego w art. 115 § 11 k.k., należy jednak wskazać na całkowity brak w tym względzie dostatecznie precyzyjnych kryteriów.
- ↑ "Judgment of the Constitutional Tribunal of 11 May 2005, K 18/04".
Polska Konstytucja określa bowiem małżeństwo jako związek wyłącznie kobiety i mężczyzny. A contrario nie dopuszcza więc związków jednopłciowych. [...] Małżeństwo (jako związek kobiety i mężczyzny) uzyskało w prawie krajowym RP odrębny status konstytucyjny zdeterminowany postanowieniami art. 18 Konstytucji. Zmiana tego statusu byłaby możliwa jedynie przy zachowaniu rygorów trybu zmiany Konstytucji, określonych w art. 235 tego aktu.
- ↑ "Judgment of the Constitutional Tribunal of 9 November 2010, SK 10/08".
W doktrynie prawa konstytucyjnego wskazuje się nadto, że jedyny element normatywny, dający się odkodować z art. 18 Konstytucji, to ustalenie zasady heteroseksualności małżeństwa.
- ↑ "Judgment of the Supreme Administrative Court of Poland of 25 October 2016, II GSK 866/15".
Ustawa o świadczeniach zdrowotnych finansowanych ze środków publicznych nie wyjaśnia, co prawda, kto jest małżonkiem. Pojęcie to zostało jednak dostatecznie i jasno określone we wspomnianym art. 18 Konstytucji RP, w którym jest mowa o małżeństwie jako o związku kobiety i mężczyzny. W piśmiennictwie podkreśla się, że art. 18 Konstytucji ustala zasadę heteroseksualności małżeństwa, będącą nie tyle zasadą ustroju, co normą prawną, która zakazuje ustawodawcy zwykłemu nadawania charakteru małżeństwa związkom pomiędzy osobami jednej płci (vide: L. Garlicki Komentarz do art. 18 Konstytucji, s. 2-3 [w:] Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Komentarz, Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, Warszawa 2003). Jest wobec tego oczywiste, że małżeństwem w świetle Konstytucji i co za tym idzie – w świetle polskiego prawa, może być i jest wyłącznie związek heteroseksualny, a więc w związku małżeńskim małżonkami nie mogą być osoby tej samej płci.
- ↑ "Judgment of the Supreme Administrative Court of Poland of 28 February 2018, II OSK 1112/16".
art. 18 Konstytucji RP, który definiuje małżeństwo jako związek kobiety i mężczyzny, a tym samym wynika z niego zasada nakazująca jako małżeństwo traktować w Polsce jedynie związek heteroseksualny.
- ↑
- Gallo D; Paladini L; Pustorino P, eds. (2014). Same-Sex Couples before National, Supranational and International Jurisdictions. Berlin: Springer. p. 215. ISBN 978-3-642-35434-2.
the drafters of the 1997 Polish Constitution included a legal definition of a marriage as the union of a woman and a man in the text of the constitution in order to ensure that the introduction of same-sex marriage would not be passed without a constitutional amendment.
- Marek Safjan; Leszek Bosek, eds. (2016). Konstytucja RP. Tom I. Komentarz do art. 1-86. Warszawa: C.H. Beck Wydawnictwo Polska. ISBN 9788325573652.
Z przeprowadzonej powyżej analizy prac nad Konstytucją RP wynika jednoznacznie, że zamieszczenie w art. 18 Konstytucji RP zwrotu definicyjnego "związek kobiety i mężczyzny" stanowiło reakcję na fakt pojawienia się w państwach obcych regulacji poddającej związki osób tej samej płci regulacji zbliżonej lub zbieżnej z instytucją małżeństwa. Uzupełniony tym zwrotem przepis konstytucyjny "miał pełnić rolę instrumentu zapobiegającego wprowadzeniu takiej regulacji do prawa polskiego" (A. Mączyński, Konstytucyjne podstawy prawa rodzinnego, s. 772). Innego motywu jego wprowadzenia do Konstytucji RP nie da się wskazać (szeroko w tym zakresie B. Banaszkiewicz, "Małżeństwo jako związek kobiety i mężczyzny", s. 640 i n.; zob. też Z. Strus, Znaczenie artykułu 18 Konstytucji, s. 236 i n.). Jak zauważa A. Mączyński istotą tej regulacji było normatywne przesądzenie nie tylko o niemożliwości unormowania w prawie polskim "małżeństw pomiędzy osobami tej samej płci", lecz również innych związków, które mimo tego, że nie zostałyby określone jako małżeństwo miałyby spełniać funkcje do niego podobną (A. Mączyński, Konstytucyjne podstawy prawa rodzinnego, s. 772; tenże, Konstytucyjne i międzynarodowe uwarunkowania, s. 91; podobnie L. Garlicki, Artykuł 18, w: Garlicki, Konstytucja, t. 3, uw. 4, s. 2, który zauważa, że w tym zakresie art. 18 nabiera "charakteru normy prawnej").
- Scherpe JM, ed. (2016). European Family Law Volume III: Family Law in a European Perspective Family. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-78536-304-7.
Constitutional bans on same-sex marriage are now applicable in ten European countries: Article 32, Belarus Constitution; Article 46 Bulgarian Constitution; Article L Hungarian Constitution, Article 110, Latvian Constitution; Article 38.3 Lithuanian Constitution; Article 48 Moldovan Constitution; Article 71 Montenegrin Constitution; Article 18 Polish Constitution; Article 62 Serbian Constitution; and Article 51 Ukrainian Constitution.
- Stewart J, Lloyd KC (2016). "Marriage Equality in Europe". Family Advocate. 38 (4): 37–40.
Article 18 of the Polish Constitution limits the institution of marriage to opposite-sex couples.
- Gallo D; Paladini L; Pustorino P, eds. (2014). Same-Sex Couples before National, Supranational and International Jurisdictions. Berlin: Springer. p. 215. ISBN 978-3-642-35434-2.
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- ↑ Rongiyati, Sulasi (November 2015). "Surat Edaran Kapolri Tentang Ujaran Kebencian: Menjaga Kebebasan Berpendapat Dan Harmonisasi Kemajemukan" (PDF). Info Singkat. 7 (21): 1–4. ISSN 2088-2351.
- ↑ "NEW CALEDONIA CATCHES UP TO FRANCE". Star Observer. 9 June 2009.
- ↑ Verheyen, Vincent. "Sexual orientation [LGBTQ+] and the draft of the new Solomon Islands Constitution". Retrieved 3 March 2016.
- ↑ "Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review regarding the protection of the rights of LGBTI persons in Vanuatu" (PDF). Kaleidoscope Human Rights Foundation and the VPride Foundation. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
- 1 2 3 4 "In 60 days, gays will be allowed to serve openly in the military". CNN. 23 July 2011.
- 1 2 3 4 "Beginning today, transgender individuals can join the US military". ABC News. 1 January 2018.
- ↑ "cfsm.fm" (PDF). www.cfsm.fm.
- ↑ "GENDER EQUALITY ACT, 2019" (PDF). Retrieved 10 January 2021.
- ↑ "Nauru decriminalises homosexuality". 27 May 2016.
- ↑ "Crimes Act 2016". ronlaw.gov.nr.
- ↑ "CHAPTER 90-40 MARIANAS VISITORS AUTHORITY PERSONNEL REGULATIONS" (PDF).
- ↑ "TITLE 10 CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION" (PDF).
- ↑ "Palau decriminalises sex between men".
- ↑ "Sodomy Laws American Samoa". Sodomylaws.org. 28 March 2004. Archived from the original on 19 February 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
- ↑ Sagapolutele, Fili. "American Samoa is lone US territory questioning gay marriage validity; no licenses sought". USNews. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
- ↑ "American Samoa". National Center for Transgender Equality.
- ↑ "Employment Relations Act 2012" (PDF). intaff.whupi.com. 2012.
- ↑ "LEY-20830 21-ABR-2015 MINISTERIO SECRETARIA GENERAL DE GOBIERNO - Ley Chile - Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional". 21 April 2015.
- ↑ (in Spanish) Claudio Ortiz Lazo. "Reflexiones en torno a la homosexualidad y fuerzas armadas". Revista Fuerzas Armadas y Sociedad. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
- ↑ Chile, C. N. N. "Histórico: Ejército admite por primera vez en sus filas a un hombre trans". CNN Chile (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 February 2021.
- ↑ "Chile Congress passes anti-discrimination law". Jurist.org. 5 April 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
- ↑ "Chilean President Signs Transgender Rights Law". On Top Magazine.
- ↑ "Criminal Law Code" (PDF). Niue Legislation 2019 Volume 1. p. 542.
- ↑ "Pitcairn Island: Same Sex Marriage and Civil Partnership Ordinance 2015".
- ↑ "Laws - PITCAIRN". gaylawnet.com.
- ↑ "The Pitcairn Constitution Order 2010" (PDF). pitcairn.pn.
- ↑ "Labour and Employment Relations Act 2013" (PDF). parliament.gov.ws.
- ↑ "Crimes, Procedure and Evidence Rules 2003". PacLii. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to LGBT rights by country or territory.
- International Lesbian and Gay Association
- Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual: Law at Curlie
- Amnesty International USA: LGBT legal status around the world – interactive map
- Pride Legal – information by country
- Human Rights Watch on LGBT Rights
- International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission resource links – for researching legal information
- International Commission of Jurists, Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Justice – A Comparative Law Casebook
- United Nations Human Rights Council, Discriminatory laws and practices and acts of violence against individuals based on their sexual orientation and gender identity, an annual report
- United Nations, Living Free and Equal: What States Are Doing to Tackle Violence and Discrimination against Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex People, November 2016
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