LGBT rights in Asia
StatusLegal, with an equal age of consent, in 29 out of 50 states
Legal, with an equal age of consent, in 7 territories
Gender identityLegal in 23 out of 50 states
Legal in 1 territory
MilitaryAllowed in 9 out of 50 states
Allowed in 2 territories
Discrimination protectionsProtected in 14 out of 50 states
Protected in 4 territories
Family rights
Recognition of relationshipsRecognized in 5 out of 50 states
Recognized in 4 territories
RestrictionsSame-sex marriage constitutionally banned in 5 out of 50 states
AdoptionLegal in 2 out of 50 states

Laws governing lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights are complex in Asia, and acceptance of LGBT persons varies widely. Same-sex sexual activity is outlawed in at least twenty Asian countries. In Afghanistan, Brunei, Iran, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Yemen homosexual activity is punishable by death.[1][2] In addition, LGBT people also face extrajudicial executions from non-state actors such as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and Hamas in the Gaza Strip.[3][4] While egalitarian relationships have become more frequent in recent years, they remain rare.[2][5][6]

Historical discrimination towards homosexuality in much of the region include the ban on homosexual acts enforced by Genghis Khan banned in the Mongol Empire, which made homosexuality punishable by death.[7][8] The Fatawa-e-Alamgiri of the Mughal Empire (descended from the Mongol Empire) mandated a common set of punishments for homosexuality, which could include 50 lashes for a slave, 100 for a free infidel, or death by stoning for a Muslim,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15] whereas the Yuan Dynasty (descended from the Mongol Empire) implemented a crackdown on homosexuality in China that was continued by the Ming Dynasty.[16]

Many Asian countries have collectivist cultures, wherein aggression is generally accepted by society if it is used to protect the family honor. Homosexuality is generally considered to be dishonorable, so homophobic aggression in the name of protecting family honor is common.[17]

The only Asian states which recognise same-sex marriage are Nepal and Taiwan.[18][19] In 2019, a survey by The Economist found 45% of respondents in the Asia-Pacific believed that same-sex marriage is inevitable in the region, while 31% of respondents disagreed. Furthermore, three-quarters of those surveyed reported a more open climate for LGBT rights compared to three years ago. Of those reporting an improving climate for LGBT people, 38% cited a change in policies or laws. Meanwhile, 36% said coverage of LGBT issues in mainstream media was a major factor. The top reasons cited for diminishing openness was anti-LGBT advocacy by religious institutions.[20][21]

Laws regarding homosexuality in Asia
Same-sex sexual activity legal
  Marriage performed
  Other type of partnership
  Legal guardianships or unregistered cohabitation
  Limited foreign recognition (residency rights)
  No recognition of same-sex couples
  Restrictions on freedom of expression
Same-sex sexual activity illegal
  Prison but not enforced
  Prison
  Death penalty on books, but not enforced
  Enforced death penalty

Legislation by country or territory

Main article: LGBT rights by country or territory
This table:

North Asia

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws
Russia Russia Yes Fully legal since 1993[22][23]
No Illegal de facto in Chechnya, where homosexuals are abducted and sent to concentration camps based on their perceived sexual orientation.		 No No Constitutional ban since 2020[24] No Yes[25] No No Gender change has not been legal since 2023[26] No

Central Asia

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Yes Legal since 1998[23] No No No Yes Since 2022[27] No Yes[28]
Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan Yes Legal since 1998[23] No No Constitutional ban since 2016[29] No No Yes Requires sex reassignment surgery[30][28] No
Tajikistan Tajikistan Yes Legal since 1998[23] No No No No Yes Requires sex reassignment surgery[31][28] No
Turkmenistan Turkmenistan No Illegal for Males since 1927
Penalty: up to 2 years imprisonment.		 No No No No No No No
Uzbekistan Uzbekistan No Illegal for Males since 1926
Penalty: up to 3 years imprisonment.		 No No No No No No No

West Asia

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws
Abkhazia Abkhazia
(Disputed territory)		 Yes Legal No No No No
Akrotiri and Dhekelia Akrotiri and Dhekelia
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)		 Yes Legal since 2000
+ UN decl. sign.[23]		 Yes Civil partnerships since 2005 Yes Legal since 2014 Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[32]
Armenia Armenia Yes Legal since 2003
+ UN decl. sign.[23]		 No No Constitutional ban since 2015[33][34] No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples. No [35] No No No
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Yes Legal since 2000[23] No No No No No No No
Bahrain Bahrain Yes Legal since 1976[23] No No No No No Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery.[36]
Cyprus Cyprus Yes Legal since 1998
+ UN decl. sign.[23]		 Yes Civil cohabitation since 2015[37] No No Yes[38] Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[39] Yes Forbids some discrimination based on gender identity.[40]
No Gender change is not legal.		 Yes/No
Egypt Egypt Yes/ No Ambiguous. Male de jure legal, but de facto illegal since 2000
Penalty: Up to 17 years imprisonment with or without hard labour and with or without fines under broadly-written morality laws.[23][41]		 No No No No No No No
Georgia (country) Georgia Yes Legal since 2000
+ UN decl. sign.[23]		 No No Constitutional ban passed but yet to take effect No Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[42] Yes Requires sterilization and sex reassignment surgery for change[43] No
Iran Iran No No Illegal
Penalty: 74 lashes for immature men and death penalty for mature men (Although there are documented cases of minors executed because of their sexual orientation)[44]. For women, 100 lashes for women of mature sound mind and if consenting. Death penalty offense after fourth conviction.[23]		 No No No No No Yes Legal gender recognition legal if accompanied by a medical intervention[45] No
Iraq Iraq Yes/ No Ambiguous. De jure legal since 1969, but de facto repressed[46] No No No No No No No
Israel Israel Yes Legal since 1963 (de facto), 1988 (de jure)[47]
+ UN decl. sign.[23][48]		 Yes Unregistered cohabitation since 1994. No/Yes Foreign same-sex marriages are recognized and recorded in the population registry No Permitted by law since 2008,[49] but in practice not possible in nearly every case[50] Yes Since 1993; Includes transgender people[51] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[52][53][54] Yes Almost full recognition of gender's ID without a surgery or medical intervention (Excluding changing gender and name in birth certificate) ;[55] equal employment opportunity law bars discrimination based on gender identity[56][57][58] Yes[59][60]
Jordan Jordan Yes Legal[23] No No No No Yes Allowed since 2014[61]
Kuwait Kuwait No Male illegal
Penalty: Fines or up to 6-year prison sentence.
Yes Female always legal[23][62]		 No No No No No No No
Lebanon Lebanon Yes / No Ambiguous. Illegal under Article 534 of the Penal Code. Some judges have ruled not to prosecute individuals based on the law, however, this has not been settled by the Supreme Court and thus homosexuality is still illegal.[63] However, a 2017 court ruling claims that it is legal, but the law against it is still in place.
Penalty: Up to 1 year imprisonment (rarely enforced).		 No No No No No Yes Legal gender change allowed, but sex reassignment surgery required[64] No
Northern Cyprus Northern Cyprus
(Disputed territory)		 Yes Legal since 2014[65][66][23] No No No No Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[65][66] Yes Legal, requires surgery for change[67]
Oman Oman No Illegal
Penalty: Fines and prison sentence up to 3 years (Only enforced when dealing with "public scandal").[23]		 No No No No No No Laws against forms of gender expression. No
State of Palestine Palestine
 West Bank:
Yes Legal[23]
Gaza:
No consensus No consensus on legal applicability of British 1936 Sexual offences provisions to homosexual conduct[68][69][70][71]		 West Bank:
No
Gaza:
No
 No No No No
Qatar Qatar No No Illegal
Penalty: Fines, up to 7 years imprisonment[23] Death penalty for Muslims.		 No No No No No No No
Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia No No Illegal
Penalty: Prison sentences of several months to life, fines, castration, torture or death can be sentenced on first conviction. A second conviction merits execution. Homosexuality itself, not just performed acts, can be considered illegal in Saudi Arabia.[23]		 No No No No No No Laws against forms of gender expression. No
South Ossetia South Ossetia
(Disputed territory)		 Yes Legal No No No No
Syria Syria No Illegal
Penalty: Up to 3 years imprisonment (Law de facto suspended)[72][23]		 No No No No No No No
Turkey Turkey Yes Legal since 1858[23] No No No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples. No No Yes Requires sterilisation and sex reassignment surgery for change[73] No
United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates No No Death, life in prison, floggings,[74] fines, deportation, chemical castration,[75][76] forced psychological treatments,[77] honor killings,[75] vigilante executions,[78][79] beatings,[80][81] forced anal examinations,[82] forced hormone injections,[83] and torture.[80][84] No No No No No No In September 2016, the Government passed Federal Decree No 4, a series of changes to reduce doctors' criminal liability. The new law allows doctors to perform medical intervention on intersex people so as to "correct" their sex, effectively removing either the male or female genitalia. Sex reassignment surgery remains illegal. [85][86][87] Laws used to criminalize gender expression. No
Yemen Yemen No No Illegal (codified in 1994)
Penalty: Unmarried men punished with 100 lashes of the whip or a maximum of one year of imprisonment, stoning for adultery is not enforced. Women punished up to three years of imprisonment; where the offense has been committed under duress, the punishment is up to seven years detention.[23]		 No No No No No No No

South Asia

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws
Afghanistan Afghanistan No No Illegal
Penalty: Death penalty[88]		 No No No No No No No
Bangladesh Bangladesh No Illegal since 1862
Penalty: 10 years to life imprisonment (Occasionally enforced).[23][89]		 No No No No No Yes A third gender option (hijra) besides male and female is available[90] No
Bhutan Bhutan Yes Legal since 2021[91] No No No No No No
British Indian Ocean Territory British Indian Ocean Territory
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)		 Yes Legal since 2001
+ UN decl. sign.[23]		 Yes Civil partnerships since 2005 Yes Legal since 2014 Yes UK responsible for defense
India India Yes Legal since 2018[92] Yes Unregistered cohabitation and live-In relationships recognized since 2022 [93] No No No Yes/ No Discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity prohibited by court decision. No nationwide law.[94][95][96] Yes A third gender option (hijra) besides male and female is available; transgender people have a constitutional right to change gender, only after medical/surgical intervention[97][96] Yes
Maldives Maldives No Illegal (codified in 2014)
Penalty: Up to 8 years imprisonment, house arrest, lashings and fines. (unenforced)[98] LGBTQ welcomed in tourist islands [99]		 No No No No No No No
Nepal Nepal Yes Legal since 2007
+ UN decl. sign.[23]		 Yes (Since 2023) Yes (Since 2023) No Proposed Yes Since 2007 Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination Yes/No Change to third gender "O" legal since 2007, unable to change to male or female[100] Yes
Pakistan Pakistan No Illegal since 1862
Penalty: 2 years to life sentence (Occasionally enforced).[23][101]		 No No No No Yes Transphobia illegal

No Homophobia/biphobia is not illegal

 Yes Right to change gender; transgender and intersex citizens have legal protections from all discrimination and harassment[102] No
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka No Illegal since 1885
Penalty: Up to 10 years imprisonment with fines.[23] (Ruled unenforcable by the Supreme Court) Legalization proposed		 No No No No No Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender after sex reassignment surgery or medical intervention[103] No

East Asia

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of relationships Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws
China China Yes Legal since 1997[23] No/Yes "Legal guardianship" since 2017 No No Yes/No (Open displays prohibited) No Yes/No Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery. However, it is difficult to change the gender information of educational attainments and academic degrees for lack of legal procedures, even after sex reassignment surgery[104], which has caused discrimination against well-educated trans women[105]. No
Hong Kong Hong Kong Yes Legal since 1991[23] No/Yes Same-sex marriages registered overseas for government benefits and taxation, and limited recognition of local cohabiting partners No No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[106] The central government of China is responsible for the defense of Hong Kong.[107] Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination (government discrimination only) Yes Surgery not required since 2023 in accordance to a court ruling[108]
Japan Japan Yes Legal since 1882
+ UN decl. sign.[23]		 No * Symbolic recognition in some jurisdictions. No Proposed[109] No Yes The Japan Self-Defense Forces allow gay people to enlist.[110] Yes/No No nationwide protections, but some cities ban some anti-gay discrimination[23] Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery No
Macau Macau Yes Legal since 1996 No No No The central government of China is responsible for the defence of Macau. Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination
Mongolia Mongolia Yes Legal since 1993
+ UN decl. sign.[23]		 No No Constitutional ban since 1992 No Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender but only after sex reassignment surgery Yes/No
North Korea North Korea Yes / No Ambiguous, punishable through Articles 193 and 262 regarding obscenity and decency laws.
Penalty: Unknown		 No No No No 10-year celibacy required for all soldiers.[111] Open displays of LGBT attitudes are prohibited. No No No
South Korea South Korea Yes Legal
+ UN decl. sign.[23]		 No No Proposed[112] No No Yes/No Protection from discrimination varies by jurisdiction in some areas, including Seoul Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender but usually requires sex reassignment surgery
Taiwan Taiwan Yes Legal[113] [114] Legal since 2019[115][116][117] Yes Stepchild adoption since 2019
Yes Joint adoption legal since 2023[118]		 Yes Yes Constitutionally bans all anti-gay discrimination from government[119]; several laws banning anti-gay discrimination regarding education and employment.[120][121] Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery.[lower-alpha 1] Yes

Southeast Asia

LGBT rights in Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of relationships Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws
Aceh Aceh (autonomous territory of Indonesia) No Illegal
Penalty: 100 strokes of the cane or 8 years in prison[123]		 No No No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples No The central government of Indonesia is responsible for the defense of Aceh. Yes Follows the law of the central Indonesian government. Yes Follows the law of the central Indonesian government. No
Brunei Brunei No No Illegal since 1908
Penalty: Death by stoning (in abeyance), 1 year imprisonment and 100 lashes for men. Caning and 10 years prison for women.[124]		 No No No No No No Laws prohibit forms of gender expression. No
Cambodia Cambodia Yes Legal[23] No/Yes Partnerships recognized in certain cities No There has been at least one recorded case of a legally registered and recognized same-sex marriage; constitutional ban since 1993 No/Yes Officially banned, but numerous same-sex adoptions have taken place No No[125] No
East Timor East Timor Yes Legal since 1975
+ UN decl. sign.[23]		 No No No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples Yes Bans some anti gay discrimination, Hate crime protections since 2009.[126]
Indonesia Indonesia Yes Legal (except in Aceh)[23][127] No No No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples No Not explicitly prohibited by Law (de jure), Illegal (de facto) Yes Limited protection following legal process by the authorities.[128] Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery. No
Laos Laos Yes Legal[23] No No No No
Malaysia Malaysia No Illegal since 1871
Penalty: fines, prison sentence (2–20 years), or whippings.[23][129]		 No No No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples No No No Generally impossible to change gender. However, a 2016 court ruling recognizes gender changes as fundamental constitutional rights[130] Forms of gender expression are criminalized. No
Myanmar Myanmar No Illegal since 1886
Penalty: Up to 20 years in prison (Not enforced).[23]		 No No No No No No No
Philippines Philippines Yes Legal
+ UN decl. sign.[131][23][132][133]		 No (Pending) [131] No (Pending) [134] No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[135][134] Yes Since 2009 Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination in certain cities and provinces,[136] including the City of Manila,[137]Cebu City,[138] Quezon City,[139] and Davao City;[140]
 No (Pending)
Singapore Singapore Yes Fully legal since 2022 No No Ambiguous, a gay Singaporean man with a male partner in 2018 won an appeal in court to adopt a child that he fathered through a surrogate.[141] Yes Yes Protections against anti-gay discrimination, harassment and violence[142] Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery No
Thailand Thailand Yes Legal since 1956
+ UN decl. sign.[23]		 [143] [143] No[144] Yes Since 2005 [145] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination No[146]

Yes Anti-discrimination protections for gender expression.[129]

 Yes
Vietnam Vietnam Yes Legal[23]
+ UN decl. sign.[23]		 No No No LGBT individuals may adopt, not same-sex couples[147] Yes Irrespective of one's sexual orientation Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination Yes Gender changes recognized and officially practised since 2017[148][149] Yes

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ In Taiwan, gender change is not explicitly stated in any law; instead it is permitted by an executive order published by the Ministry of the Interior, which dictates that sex reassignment surgeries are required before gender change. In 2021 a judgement by the Taipei High Administrative Court[122] ruled that the executive order above was unconstitutional and therefore the defendant (district household registration office) must allow the plaintiff to change their gender. The judgement was finalized since the defendant did not appeal. However, since rulings in Taiwan are generally not precedential, said judgement only applies to the plaintiff and does not bind other cases nor the executive branch.

References

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