Ho Chi Minh Thought (Vietnamese: Tư tưởng Hồ Chí Minh) is a political philosophy that builds upon Marxism–Leninism and the ideology of Vietnamese revolutionary Ho Chi Minh. It was developed and codified by the Communist Party of Vietnam and formalised in 1991.[1][2] The term is used to cover political theories and policies considered as representing a form of Marxism–Leninism that has been adapted to Vietnamese circumstances and history. The ideology includes views on the basic issues of the Vietnamese Revolution, specifically the development and application of Marxism–Leninism to the material conditions of Vietnam.[3][4][5]

Whilst the ideology is named after the Vietnamese revolutionary and President, it does not necessarily reflect the personal ideologies of Ho Chi Minh but rather the official ideology of the Communist Party of Vietnam.[6][7][8]

Origins

As with Mao Zedong Thought, the core of Ho Chi Minh Thought is the belief that the peasantry is the revolutionary vanguard in pre-industrial societies rather than the proletariat.[9]

Ho Chi Minh Thought is rooted in:[10]

  • Marxism-Leninism[11]
  • Traditional Vietnamese ideology and culture
  • Eastern cultural thought: Confucianism, Buddhism[12]
  • Western ideologies, specifically French and American political philosophy
  • Ho Chi Minh's personal morality

Influence of Confucianism

Ho Chi Minh, the son of Confucian scholar Nguyễn Sinh Sắc, studied Confucianism throughout his life and was a strong critic of Confucian ethics and ideals.[12] Despite this public criticism, scholars have argued that Confucianism remained part of both the personal ideology of Ho Chi Minh, and Ho Chi Minh Thought. In particular it was observed that Confucian morality and the principle of self-cultivation are a central part of the party's platform and the ideology of Ho Chi Minh Thought.[12] The Communist Party of Vietnam rejects this, arguing that this interpretation is a distortion of the historical record of both Ho Chi Minh and the Communist Party of Vietnam.[13]

Summarizing 30 years of studying Confucianism, Ho Chi Minh concluded:[14]

Học thuyết của Khổng Tử có ưu điểm của nó là sự tu dưỡng đạo đức cá nhân. Tôn giáo Giêsu có ưu điểm của nó là lòng nhân ái cao cả. Chủ nghĩa Mác có ưu điểm của nó là phương pháp làm việc biện chứng. Chủ nghĩa Tôn Dật Tiên có ưu điểm của nó, chính sách của nó phù hợp với điều kiện nước ta. Khổng Tử, Giêsu, Mác, Tôn Dật Tiên chẳng có những ưu điểm chung đó sao? Họ đều muốn mưu hạnh phúc cho mọi người, mưu phúc lợi cho xã hội. Nếu hôm nay họ còn sống trên cõi đời này, nếu họ hợp lại một chỗ, tôi tin rằng họ nhất định chung sống với nhau rất hoàn mỹ như những người bạn thân thiết. Tôi cố gắng làm người học trò nhỏ của các vị ấy.

The good side of Confucianism is the cultivation of personal ethics. The good side of Christianity is noble benevolence. The good side of Marxism is the dialectical method. The good side of Sun Yat-sen is that his thinking is suitable to the conditions in Vietnam. Do Confucius, Jesus, Marx and Sun Yat-sen not all have the same good side? They all sought the happiness for the people, and prosperity for the society. If today, they were still alive, if they were gathered in the same place, I believe they would certainly be living together in perfect harmony, as good friends. I strive to be their little student.

Ideology

The following is described as the core of the Ho Chi Minh Thought ideological system, as codified by the Communist Party of Vietnam: [15][16]

  • National liberation, class liberation, human liberation
  • National independence
  • National unity
  • People's ownership; building the true State of the people, by the people, for the people
  • National defense of all people, the building of the people's armed forces
  • Economic and cultural development, constantly improving the material and spiritual life of the people
  • Revolutionary ethics, diligence, thriftiness, integrity, righteousness, and impartiality
  • Take care of fostering revolutionary generations for the next life
  • Building a clean, strong Party, cadres and party members who are both leaders and loyal servants of the people

Central to Ho Chi Minh Thought is the importance of the Communist Party as the center of a national liberation movement.[8] Ho Chi Minh Thought argues that revolutionary violence and humanitarian peace are dialectically opposed to one another. However, the synthesis of their conflict would inevitably be the preservation of peace, independence, and national liberation.[10]

Ho Chi Minh Thought cites the following concerning the construction and characteristics of a socialist society and economy:[10]

  • Socialism is a society with a highly developed production force, associated with the progressive development of science — technology, and culture, rich people, and a strong country.[17]
  • Implementation of workers ownership of the means of production and implementing the principle of labour distribution.
  • A dictatorship of the proletariat based on the unity of industrial, agricultural, and intellectual workers under the leadership of the Communist Party.
  • A socialist society has a system of social relations that is healthy, fair, and equal, with no opposition between intellectual and manual labour, nor between urban and rural areas.

We must develop the state-owned economic sector to create the material basis for socialism and promote socialist reform.[18]

— Ho Chi Minh

Ho Chi Minh Thought emphasizes a gradual transition to socialism.[19][17] Similar to Socialism with Chinese Characteristics, it places emphasis on the role of the development of the productive forces. According to Ho Chi Minh, when entering the period of transition to socialism, the Vietnamese economy was a largely outdated agricultural economy that had not yet undergone capitalist development. In particular, he paid special attention to the fundamental contradiction of the transition period, which is the conflict between the country's high development needs and the socio-economic situation of the working class.[17] Ho Chi Minh Thought also stresses learning from the experiences of other socialist countries in building socialism and making use of international aid and cooperation.[20]

Although Ho Chí Minh believed that Vietnam had entered the stage of transition to socialism in 1954, he also thought that Vietnam was still "a democratic regime in which people are the masters" and not a socialist state.[21] According to him, to reach the socialist stage of development, the development of the state sector was of utmost importance, as its absence would lead to failure.[21]

This discussion over the transition to socialism continued in the 21st century. The platform of the 11th National Congress held in January 2011 stated: "This is a profound and thorough revolutionary process and a complicated struggle between the old and the new for qualitative changes in all aspects of social life. It is essential to undergo a long period of transition with several steps of development and several mixed social and economic structures".[22]

A propaganda poster promoting the study of Ho Chi Minh's morals

According to Nguyễn Phú Trọng, who became the party's General Secretary in 2011, socialist factors of development compete with non-socialist factors, which includes the features of capitalism, during the transition to socialism. Nguyễn said: "Along with positive aspects, there will always be negative aspects and challenges that need to be considered wisely and dealt with timely and effectively. It is a difficult struggle that requires spirit, fresh vision, and creativity. The path to socialism is a process of constantly consolidating and strengthening socialist factors to make them more dominant and irreversible. Success will depend on correct policies, political spirit, leadership capacity, and the fighting strength of the Party".[23]

Morality

A particular aspect of Ho Chi Minh thought is the emphasis on personal morality and ethics.[24] The personal values of Ho Chi Minh are regularly upheld by the Party, and party members are taught to exemplify Ho Chi Minh's personal values: practicing the standard of industriousness, thrift, integrity, uprightness, public-spiritedness and selflessness in serving the country and the people.[25][26] Central to Ho Chi Minh morality is living a modest lifestyle, free from material worries, whilst devoting oneself to the collective good and the advancement of socialism and self-determination.[27][26] Ho Chi Minh wrote about morality throughout his life, and often criticized individualism, such as in his short essay Raise up Revolutionary Ethics, Eliminate Individuals.[27] The personal values of Ho Chi Minh are a mandatory part of the school curriculum throughout Vietnam.[28]

Development

At the Seventh National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, held in Hanoi in 1991, it was determined that Marxism–Leninism and Ho Chi Minh Thought were the basis of the ideology of the Party.[8] Since this congress, it has been taught in all universities as a compulsory subject for students of all disciplines.[29] The first instance of Ho Chi Minh Thought as a subject of formal training and critical discussion was at Hanoi University in 1997.[30]

Domestic researchers and Ho Chi Minh's comrades have written many works on Ho Chi Minh Thought such as: Understanding some issues in Ho Chi Minh's thought (1982) by Le Mau Han; Ho Chi Minh Thought Research (1993) by the Ho Chi Minh Institute's authors; The world has changed but Ho Chi Minh thought (1991), Ho Chi Minh thought (1993), Ho Chi Minh thought process of formation and development (1993), Ho Chi Minh thought and the way Vietnamese revolution (1997) by Vo Nguyen Giap; Basic perceptions about Ho Chi Minh thought (1998) of Pham Van Dong; The formation of Ho Chi Minh ideology (1997) by Tran Van Giau; From traditional thinking to Ho Chi Minh thought (1998) by Hoang Tung.[31]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Tuong, Vu (January 2012). "The persistence of Single-Party Dictatorships: The Case of Vietnam" (PDF). SEARC Working Paper Series. Southeast Asia Research Centre, City University of Hong Kong. p. 14.
  2. ↑ "The Organization of the Practice of the Ho Chi Minh Movement and the Learning of its Moral Codes". Vietnam Communist Party. Archived from the original on 20 March 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
  3. ↑ Communist Party of Vietnam, (in Vietnamese), Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam xác định lấy Chủ nghĩa Mác-Lênin và tư tưởng Hồ Chí Minh là kim chỉ nam cho mọi hành động và thắng lợi của cách mạng Việt Nam. [The Communist Party of Vietnam determines that Marxism-Leninism and Ho Chi Minh's thought are the guideline for all actions and victories of the Vietnamese revolution.] {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  4. ↑ "Điều lệ Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam, thông qua ngày 19 tháng 01 năm 2011" [Charter of the Communist Party of Vietnam, adopted on January 19, 2011] (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on 25 January 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
  5. ↑ "Chủ nghĩa Mác – Lênin và tư tưởng Hồ Chí Minh là kim chỉ nam cho mọi hành động và thắng lợi của cách mạng Việt Nam, Trần Viết Dương, Trường Chính trị tỉnh Vĩnh Phúc". Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
  6. ↑ "Ho Chi Minh Thought". Encyclopedia of Modern Political Thought. 2013. doi:10.4135/9781452234168.n150. ISBN 9780872899100.
  7. ↑ Gillespie, John Stanley (2006). Transplanting Commercial Law Reform: Developing a 'Rule of Law' in Vietnam. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 9780754647041.
  8. 1 2 3 Thayer, Carlyle A. (8 June 2010). "Political Legitimacy in Vietnam: Challenge and Response". Politics & Policy. 38 (3): 423–444. doi:10.1111/j.1747-1346.2010.00242.x.
  9. ↑ Hồ Chí Minh Toàn tập [The complete Ho Chi Minh] (in Vietnamese). Vol. 3 tập 3. Nhà xuất bản Chính trị Quốc gia. p. 3.
  10. 1 2 3 Curriculum of Ho Chi Minh ideology (Second ed.). Nhà xuất bản Chính trị Quốc gia. 2006. pp. 48, 29, 50.
  11. ↑ "Undeniable values of Ho Chi Minh Thought". hcma.vn. 18 May 2017. Archived from the original on 17 June 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  12. 1 2 3 Son, Bui Ngoc (2013). "The Confucian Foundations of Hổ Chí Minh's Vision of Government / 胡志明政治思想中的儒學基礎". Journal of Oriental Studies. 46 (1): 35–59. JSTOR 43498666.
  13. ↑ Hoa, Nguyen Sy. "A bold distortion of Ho Chi Minh's thought". Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics. Archived from the original on 16 June 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  14. ↑ Yến, Cao Phi (2 September 2009). "Phải biết chắt lọc cái hay, cái tốt quanh ta" [The need to know how to filter the good, the good that is around us]. Trang tin Điện tử Đảng bộ Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh (in Vietnamese). Ho Chi Minh City: Ho Chi Minh City Municipal Party Committee. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
  15. ↑ Văn kiện Đại hội đại biểu toàn quốc lần thứ IX, Nhà xuất bản. Document of the 9th National Congress, Publishing House. National politics, Hanoi, 2001, p. 83.
  16. ↑ Giáo trình tư tưởng Hồ Chí Minh. Nhà xuất bản chính trị quốc gia. Tái bản lần thứ hai, 2006, trang 22
  17. 1 2 3 "Undeniable values of Ho Chi Minh Thought". Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics. Communist Party of Vietnam. Archived from the original on 17 June 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  18. ↑ Hồ Chí Minh Toàn tập, Tập 9, Nhà xuất bản Chính trị Quốc gia, Hà Nội, 2001, trang 598
  19. ↑ "The pathway in the transition to socialism in Vietnam".
  20. ↑ Ho Chi Minh: Complete, National Political Publishing House, Hanoi, 2000, volume 7, p. 249, quoted " The Soviet Union is advancing towards communism. China and Eastern European countries are fast quickly implementing socialism, The countries you lead us to experience and support us We have the determination: determination to study, determination to resist, determination to work, determination to overcome. all difficulties, we will definitely win. "
  21. 1 2 Khanh, Le Quoc (28 December 2010). "A philosophy perspective on people's democratic regime from Ho Chi Minh's ideology". Tạp chí Cộng Sản. Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
  22. ↑ Trong Phuc, Nguyen (4 November 2011). "Party's awareness on socialism in Viet Nam from the Platform of 1930 to the Platform on national construction in the period of transition to socialism (revised and supplemented in 2011)". Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
  23. ↑ Nguyễn, Phú Trọng (7 November 2012). "Socialism and the path to Socialism-Vietnam's Perspective". Tạp chí Cộng Sản. Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam. Archived from the original on 26 May 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
  24. ↑ "Vietnamese uphold Ho Chi Minh's thought, morality, and lifestyle". People's Army Newspaper.
  25. ↑ "PSF promoting studying and following President Ho Chi Minh's ideology, morality and style". Public Security Force.
  26. 1 2 "Ho Chi Minh – A shining moral example". National Defence Journal. Archived from the original on 16 June 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  27. 1 2 Malarney, Shaun Kingsley (2002). Culture, Ritual and Revolution in Vietnam. University of Hawaii Press. p. 56. ISBN 0824826604. ho chi minh morality.
  28. ↑ Hoa, Lai (19 May 2017). "Home / Current Affairs Fundamental values of Ho Chi Minh's ideology, morality and lifestyle". Voice of Vietnam.
  29. ↑ Phan, Tai Huu (6 August 2019). "Experiences of Integrating Presentation Skills and Teamwork Skills in Teaching the Ho Chi Minh Thought Subject at Tra Vinh University". Scientific Journal of Tra Vinh University. 1 (2): 194–202. doi:10.35382/18594816.1.2.2019.171.
  30. ↑ Cương lĩnh xây dựng đất nước trong thời kì quá độ lên Chủ nghĩa Xã hội, Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam.
  31. ↑ Thư mục chuyên đề: Nghiên cứu tổng quát về Hồ Chí Minh, Bảo Tàng Hồ Chí Minh - Chi Nhánh Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh
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