Hexie (Harmony)
CRH380A at Shanghai Expo 2010
In service28 January 2007 – Present
ManufacturerBombardier Transportation
Kawasaki Heavy Industries
Alstom
Siemens
CRRC
OperatorsChina Railway Corporation
Specifications
Train length200.84 m (658 ft 11 in) or more
Maximum speed380 km/h (236 mph)
Power supplyOverhead catenary
Electric system(s)25 kV 50 Hz AC
Current collector(s)Pantograph
Hexie
Simplified Chinese和谐号
Traditional Chinese和諧號
Literal meaningHarmony

Hexie (Chinese: 和谐号; pinyin: Héxié hào; lit. 'Harmony'), also known as the CRH series EMU, is an umbrella term for the multiple unit high-speed and higher-speed trains operated by China Railway under the China Railway High-speed brand. All series of Hexie are based on foreign-developed technology and later manufactured locally in China through technology transfer licenses, with the ultimate goal of China acquiring the know-how and capability to produce high-speed rail trains.

The Harmony series does not belong to any single platform, instead encompassing all high-speed trains in China with roots in foreign technology, specifically CRH1, CRH2, CRH3 and CRH5. Although later variants of Hexie such as CRH380A were designed by Chinese companies, they are still classified as CRH due to incorporation of foreign technology.

History

In 2007, China's Ministry of Railways drafted a plan for China's future high-speed network. Bombardier Transportation, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Alstom and later Siemens joined the high-speed train manufacturing project that later became known as Harmony. Forming joint-ventures with Chinese company CNR and CSR, these four foreign companies signed agreements with China to manufacture high-speed trains for China as well as provide assistance for Chinese companies to manufacture train cars locally in the future.

While the initial train sets from each Hexie series were manufactured overseas, subsequent sets are manufactured locally through technology transfer, a key requirement for China. The signalling, track and support structures, control software, and station design are developed domestically with foreign elements as well. Although the first domestically produced trains were initially delivered in complete knock-down form, eventually manufacturing as a whole became predominantly Chinese.[1]

China currently holds many patents related to the internal components of these trains, re-designed in China to allow the trains to run at higher speeds than the foreign designs allowed. However, these patents are only valid within China, and as such hold no international power. This weakness on the intellectual property of Hexie trains became an obstruction for China to export its high-speed rail related products, leading to the development of a completely redesigned train brand, Fuxing, which is based on indigenous technologies.[1][2][3]

While most Hexie series trains are designed for China Railway, a variant of the CRH380A has been modified for operation by MTR Corporation of Hong Kong, who will operate these trains under the brand Vibrant Express specifically for the Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link.

Variants

Engineer's compartment on the CRH3

The Harmony brand has different electric multiple unit trainsets, the designs for which are imported from other nations and designated CRH-1 through CRH-5 and CRH380A(L), CRH380B(L), and CRH380C(L). CRH trainsets are intended to provide fast and convenient travel between cities. Some of the trainsets are manufactured locally through technology transfer, a key requirement for China. The signalling, track and support structures, control software, and station design are developed domestically with foreign elements as well, so the system as a whole is predominantly Chinese.[1] China currently holds many new patents related to the internal components of these trains, re-designed in China to allow the trains to run at higher speeds than the foreign designs allowed. However, these patents are only valid within China, and as such hold no international power.[1][2][3]

The trainsets are as follows:

  • CRH1 produced by Bombardier Transportation's joint venture Sifang Power (Qingdao) Transportation (BST), CRH1A, and CRH1B, nicknamed "Metro" or "Bread", derived from Bombardier's Regina; CRH1E, nicknamed "Lizard", is Bombardier's ZEFIRO 250 design.
    • CRH1A: sets consists of 8 cars; maximum operating speed of 250 km/h (155 mph)
    • CRH1B: a modified 16-car version; maximum operating speed of 250 km/h (155 mph)
    • CRH1E: a 16-car high-speed sleeper version; maximum operating speed of 250 km/h (155 mph)
  • CRH2: nicknamed "Hairtail", derived from E2 Series 1000 Shinkansen.
    • CRH2A: In 2006, China unveiled CRH2, a modified version of the Japanese Shinkansen E2-1000 series. An order for 60 8-car sets had been placed in 2004, with the first few built in Japan, the rest produced by Sifang Locomotive and Rolling Stock in China.[4]
    • CRH2B: a modified 16-car version of CRH2; maximum operating speed of 250 km/h (155 mph)
    • CRH2C (Stage one): a modified version of CRH2 with a maximum operating speed up to 300 km/h (186 mph) as a result of replacing two intermediate trailer cars with motored cars
    • CRH2C (Stage two): a modified version of CRH2C (stage one) has a maximum operating speed up to 350 km/h (217 mph) by using more powerful motors
    • CRH2E: a modified 16-car version of CRH2 with sleeping cars
  • CRH3: nickname "Rabbit", derived from Siemens ICE3 (class 403); 8-car sets; maximum operating speed of 350 km/h (217 mph).
  • CRH5A: derived from Alstom Pendolino ETR600; 8-car sets; maximum operating speed of 250 km/h (155 mph).[5]
  • CRH6: designed by CSR Puzhen and CSR Sifang, will be manufactured by CSR Jiangmen. It is designed to have two versions: one with a top operating speed of 220 km/h (137 mph); the other with a top operating speed of 160 km/h (99 mph). They will be used on 200 km/h (124 mph) or 250 km/h (155 mph) Inter-city High Speed Rail lines; planned to enter service by 2011.
  • CRH380A; Maximum operating speed of 380 km/h (236 mph). Developed by CSR and manufactured by Sifang Locomotive and Rolling Stock; entered service in 2010.
  • CRH380B: upgraded version of CRH3; maximum operating speed of 380 km/h (236 mph), manufactured by Tangshan Railway Vehicle and CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles; entered service in 2011.
  • CRH380CL: designed and manufactured by CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles. Maximum operating speed of 380 km/h; planned to enter service in 2012.
  • CRH380D: also named Zefiro 380; maximum operating speed of 380 km/h (236 mph), manufactured by Bombardier Sifang (Qingdao) Transportation Ltd.; planned to enter service in 2012.

CRH1A, B,E, CRH2A, B,E, and CRH5A are designed for a maximum operating speed (MOR) of 200 km/h (124 mph) and can reach up to 250 km/h (155 mph). CRH3C and CRH2C designs have an MOR of 310 km/h (193 mph), and can reach up to 350 km/h (217 mph), with a top testing speed more than 380 km/h (236 mph). However, in practical terms, issues such as maintenance costs, comfort, and safety make the maximum speed of more than 380 km/h (236 mph) impractical and remain limiting factors.

Train type Car dimensions Total length Top speed Seating capacity Formation Power output
(under 25 kV)		 Entry into Service
CRH1
CRH1A–200 End cars length:26.95 m (88 ft 5 in)
Inter cars length:26.6 m (87 ft 3 in)
Width:3.328 m (10 ft 11.0 in)
Height:4,040 mm (13 ft 3 in)		 Calculated:213.5 m (700 ft 6 in)
Real:213.5 m (700 ft 6 in)		 Test: 278 km/h (173 mph)
Design: 255 km/h (158 mph)
Continuous operation:200 km/h (124 mph)
Current operation:210 km/h (130 mph)		 673: 144 first and 529 standard
612: 128 first and 484 standard		 5M3T 5.3 MW (7,107 hp) February 1, 2007
CRH1A–250 Test: 278 km/h (173 mph)
Design: 285 km/h (177 mph)
Continuous operation:250 km/h (155 mph)
Current operation:250 km/h (155 mph)		 597: 144 first and 453 standard
646: 128 first and 518 standard
635: 128 first and 507 standard
673: 144 first and 529 standard		 September ?, 2010
CRH1B Calculated:426.3 m (1,398 ft 7 in)
Real:426.3 m (1,398 ft 7 in)		 Test: 292 km/h (181 mph)
Design: 275 km/h (171 mph)
Continuous operation:250 km/h (155 mph)
Current operation:250 km/h (155 mph)		 1299: 208 first and 1091 standard 10M6T 11 MW (14,751 hp) May 1, 2009
CRH1B (1E head) End cars length:28.28 m (92 ft 9 in)
Inter cars length:26.6 m (87 ft 3 in)
Width:3.328 m (10 ft 11.0 in)
Height:4.04 m (13 ft 3 in)		 Calculated:428.96 m (1,407 ft 4 in)
Real:428.9 m (1,407 ft 2 in)		 1299: 208 first and 1091 standard
CRH1E Test: N/A
Design: 275 km/h (171 mph)
Continuous operation:250 km/h (160 mph)
Current operation:250 km/h (160 mph)		 618: 122 standard, 16 luxury sleepers and 480 soft sleepers
642: 122 standard and 520 soft sleepers		 November 4, 2009
CRH1A–A End cars length:26.995 m (88 ft 6.8 in)
Inter cars length:25.325 m (83 ft 1.0 in)
Width:3.358 m (11 ft 0.2 in)
Height:4.16 m (13 ft 8 in)		 Calculated:205.94 m (675 ft 8 in)
Real:207.9 m (682 ft 1 in)		 613: 48 first and 565 standard 5M3T 5.5 MW (7,400 hp) February 1, 2016
CRH1E–250 Calculated:408.54 m (1,340 ft 4 in)
Real:413.1 m (1,355 ft 4 in)		 642: 110 standard and 532 soft sleepers 10M6T 11 MW (15,000 hp) January 29, 2016
CRH380D End cars length:27.85 m (91 ft 4 in)
Inter cars length:26.6 m (87 ft 3 in)
Width:3.368 m (11 ft 0.6 in)
Height:4.16 m (13 ft 8 in)		 Calculated:215.3 m (706 ft 4 in)
Real:215.3 m (706 ft 4 in)		 Test: 420 km/h (260 mph)
Design: 422 km/h (262 mph)
Continuous operation:380 km/h (240 mph)
Current operation:350 km/h (220 mph)		 554: 10 sightseeing, 32 first and 512 standard
556: 10 business, 28 first and 518 standard		 4M4T 10 MW (13,000 hp) April 19, 2014
CRH2
CRH2G End cars length:25.7 m (84 ft 4 in)
Inter cars length:25 m (82 ft 0 in)
Width:3.33 m (10 ft 11 in)
Height:3.86 m (12 ft 8 in)		 Calculated:201.4 m (660 ft 9 in)
Real:201.4 m (660 ft 9 in)		 Test: N/A
Design: 275 km/h (171 mph)
Continuous operation:250 km/h (160 mph)
Current operation:250 km/h (160 mph)		 613: 48 first and 565 standard 4M4T 4.8 MW (6,400 hp) January 8, 2016
CRH2A (EC) End cars length:25.7 m (84 ft 4 in)
Inter cars length:25 m (82 ft 0 in)
Width: 3.38 m (11 ft 1 in)
Height:3.7 m (12 ft 2 in)		 Test: N/A
Design: 300 km/h (190 mph)
Continuous operation:250 km/h (155 mph)
Current operation:250 km/h (155 mph)		 November 6, 2013
CRH2A (Old) Test: 282 km/h (175 mph)
Design: 300 km/h (190 mph)
Continuous operation:250 km/h (160 mph)
Current operation:250 km/h (160 mph)		 610: 51 first and 559 standard January 28, 2007
CRH2C Stage 1 Test: 394.2 km/h (244.9 mph)
Design: 370 km/h (230 mph)
Continuous operation:320 km/h (200 mph)
Current operation:300 km/h (190 mph)		 6M2T 7.2 MW (9,700 hp) August 1, 2008
CRH2C Stage 2 Test: N/A
Design:394 km/h (245 mph)
Continuous operation:350 km/h (217 mph)
Current operation:310 km/h (193 mph)		 8.76 MW (11,750 hp) February 6, 2010
CRH2B Calculated:401.4 m (1,316 ft 11 in)
Real:401.4 m (1,316 ft 11 in)		 Test: 275 km/h (171 mph)
Design:300 km/h (190 mph)
Continuous operation:250 km/h (155 mph)
Current operation:250 km/h (160 mph)		 1240: 155 first and 1075 standard 8M8T 9.6 MW (12,900 hp) August 1, 2008
CRH2E Test: N/A
Design:275 km/h (171 mph)
Continuous operation:250 km/h (155 mph)
Current operation:250 km/h (155 mph)		 630: 110 standard and 520 soft sleepers December 1, 2008
CRH2E–NG End cars length:25.7 m (84 ft 4 in)
Inter cars length:25 m (82 ft 0 in)
Width:3.33 m (10 ft 11 in)
Height:3.75 m (12 ft 4 in)		 642: 110 standard and 532 soft sleepers December 14, 2015
End cars length:26.825 m (88 ft 0.1 in)
Inter cars length:25.65 m (84 ft 2 in)
Width:3.33 m (10 ft 11 in)
Height:4,050 mm (13 ft 3 in)		 Calculated:412.75 m (1,354 ft 2 in)
Real:412.8 m (1,354 ft 4 in)		 Test: N/A
Design:280 km/h (174 mph)
Continuous operation:250 km/h (160 mph)
Current operation:250 km/h (160 mph)		 880: 880 soft sleepers July 1, 2017
CRH380A End cars length:26.5 m (86 ft 11 in)
Inter cars length:25 m (82 ft 0 in)
Width:3.38 m (11 ft 1 in)
Height:3.7 m (12 ft 2 in)		 Calculated:203 m (666 ft 0 in)
Real:203 m (666 ft 0 in)		 Test:416.6 km/h (258.9 mph)
Design:416.6 km/h (258.9 mph)
Continuous operation:380 km/h (240 mph)
Current operation:350 km/h (220 mph)		 480: 18 sightseeing, 89 first and 373 standard 6M2T 9.6 MW (12,900 hp) September 30, 2010
CRH380A (New) Test: N/A
Design: 420 km/h (260 mph)
Continuous operation:380 km/h (240 mph)
Current operation:350 km/h (220 mph)		 556: 10 business, 28 first and 518 standard January 16, 2014
CRH380AL Calculated:403 m (1,322 ft 2 in)
Real:403 m (1,322 ft 2 in)		 Test: 486.1 km/h (302.0 mph)
Design: 420 km/h (260 mph)
Continuous operation:380 km/h (240 mph)
Current operation:350 km/h (220 mph)		 1028: 28 business, 162 first and 838 standard
1061: 20 business, 118 first and 923 standard		 14M2T 20.44 MW (27,410 hp) June 30, 2011
CRH3
CRH3A End cars length:27.05 m (88 ft 9 in)
Inter cars length:25 m (82 ft 0 in)
Width:3.3 m (10 ft 10 in)
Height: 3.9 m (12 ft 10 in)		 Calculated:204.1 m (669 ft 7 in)
Real:209.75 m (688 ft 2 in)		 Test: N/A
Design: 420 km/h (260 mph)
Continuous operation:380 km/h (240 mph)
Current operation:310 km/h (190 mph)		 613: 48 first and 565 standard 4M4T Other sets: 5.12 MW (6,870 hp)
Set Nº. 5257: 7.2 MW (9,700 hp)		 October 4, 2017
CRH3C End cars length:25.86 m (84 ft 10 in)
Inter cars length:24.825 m (81 ft 5.4 in)
Width:3.265 m (10 ft 8.5 in)
Height:3,890 mm (12 ft 9 in)		 Calculated:200.67 m (658 ft 4 in)
Real:200.67 m (658 ft 4 in)		 Test: 394.3 km/h (245.0 mph)
Design:404 km/h (251 mph)
Continuous operation:350 km/h (217 mph)
Current operation:310 km/h (193 mph)		 546: 16 special, 40 first and 490 standard 4M4T 8.8 MW (11,800 hp) August 1, 2008
CRH380BG End cars length:25.86 m (84 ft 10 in)
Inter cars length:24.825 m (81 ft 5.4 in)
Width:3.257 m (10 ft 8.2 in)
Height:3,890 mm (12 ft 9 in)		 Test: N/A
Design: 420 km/h (260 mph)
Continuous operation:380 km/h (236 mph)
Current operation:350 km/h (217 mph)		 551: 16 sightseeing, 44 first and 491 standard
556: 10 sightseeing, 28 first and 518 standard		 4M4T 9.376 MW (12,573 hp) October 9, 2012
CRH380BL Calculated:399.27 m (1,309 ft 11 in)
Real:399.27 m (1,309 ft 11 in)		 Test: 487.3 km/h (302.8 mph)
Design: 487 km/h (303 mph)
Continuous operation:380 km/h (240 mph)
Current operation:350 km/h (217 mph)		 1005: 28 business, 186 first and 791 standard
1015: 26 business, 118 first and 871 standard		 8M8T 18.752 MW (25,147 hp) January 13, 2011
CRH380B End cars length:26.475 m (86 ft 10.3 in)
Inter cars length:25 m (82 ft 0 in)
Width:3.257 m (10 ft 8.2 in)
Height:3,890 mm (12 ft 9 in)		 Calculated:202.95 m (665 ft 10 in)
Real:202.95 m (665 ft 10 in)		 Test: N/A
Design: 446 km/h (277 mph)
Continuous operation:380 km/h (240 mph)
Current operation:350 km/h (220 mph)		 556: 10 business, 28 first and 518 standard 4M4T 9.376 MW (12,573 hp) January 16, 2014
CRH380CL End cars length:26.525 m (87 ft 0.3 in)
Inter cars length:24.825 m (81 ft 5.4 in)
Width:3.257 m (10 ft 8.2 in)
Height:3,890 mm (12 ft 9 in)		 Calculated:400.6 m (1,314 ft 4 in)
Real:400.27 m (1,313 ft 3 in)		 Test: N/A
Design:420 km/h (261 mph)
Continuous operation:380 km/h (236 mph)
Current operation:350 km/h (217 mph)		 1029: 28 business, 130 first and 871 standard
1015: 26 business, 118 first and 871 standard		 8M8T 19.2 MW (25,700 hp) April 3, 2013
CRH5
CRH5A End cars length:27.6 m (90 ft 7 in)
Inter cars length:25 m (82 ft 0 in)
Width:3.2 m (10 ft 6 in)
Height:4.27 m (14 ft 0 in)		 Calculated:205.2 m (673 ft 3 in)
Real:211.5 m (693 ft 11 in)		 Test: N/A
Design: 275 km/h (171 mph)
Continuous operation:250 km/h (160 mph)
Current operation:250 km/h (160 mph)		 622: 60 first and 562 standard
586: 112 first and 474 standard		 5M3T Other sets: 5.5 MW (7,400 hp)
Set Nº. 5191: 7.2 MW (9,700 hp)		 April 18, 2007
CRH5G (Old) Test: N/A
Design:275 km/h (171 mph) / 300 km/h (186 mph)
Continuous operation:250 km/h (160 mph)
Current operation:250 km/h (160 mph)		 613: 48 first and 565 second class December 26, 2014
CRH5G (New) End cars length:26.85 m (88 ft 1 in)
Inter cars length:26 m (85 ft 4 in)
Width:3.3 m (10 ft 10 in)
Height:4.1 m (13 ft 5 in)		 Calculated:209.7 m (688 ft 0 in)
Real:211.5 m (693 ft 11 in)
CRH5E Calculated:417.7 m (1,370 ft 5 in)
Real:418.7 m (1,373 ft 8 in)		 Test: N/A
Design: 275 km/h (171 mph)
Continuous operation:250 km/h (160 mph)
Current operation:250 km/h (160 mph)		 642: 110 standard and 532 soft sleepers
880: 880 soft sleepers		 10M6T 11 MW (15,000 hp) Under testing
CRH6
CRH6A End cars length:25.7 m (84 ft 4 in)
Inter cars length:25 m (82 ft 0 in)
Width:3.3 m (10 ft 10 in)
Height:3,860 mm (12 ft 8 in)		 Calculated:201.4 m (660 ft 9 in)
Real:201.4 m (660 ft 9 in)		 Test: 220 km/h (140 mph)
Design: 250 km/h (160 mph)
Continuous operation:200 km/h (120 mph)
Current operation:200 km/h (120 mph)		 1488: 557 standard and 931 standings
1488: 477 standard and 1011 standings
613: 48 first and 565 standard		 4M4T 5.52 MW (7,400 hp) February 12, 2014
CRH6A–A Calculated:101.4 m (332 ft 8 in)
Real:101.4 m (332 ft 8 in)		 688: 252 standard and 436 standings 2M2T 2.76 MW (3,701 hp) Under testing
CRH6F Calculated:201.4 m (660 ft 9 in)
Real:201.4 m (660 ft 9 in)		 Test: 176 km/h (109 mph)
Design: 200 km/h (124 mph)
Continuous operation:160 km/h (99 mph)
Current operation:160 km/h (99 mph)		 1988: ... standard and ... standings 4M4T 5.152 MW (6,909 hp) July 11, 2015
CRH6F–A Calculated:101.4 m (332 ft 8 in)
Real:101.4 m (332 ft 8 in)		 875: ... standard and ... standings 2M2T 2.576 MW (3,454 hp) March 26, 2018

Chinese CRH trainsets order timetable

Date Factory Speed Level Type Quantity
(set)		 Quantity
(car)		 Amount
2004-10-10[6] Alstom 250 km/h CRH5A 3 24 620 million EUR
CNR Changchun 57 456
2004-10-12[7] BST (Bombardier & CSR) 250 km/h CRH1A 20 160 US$350 million
2004-10-20[8] Kawasaki 250 km/h CRH2A 3 24 9,300 million RMB
CSR Sifang 57 456
2005-05-30[9] BST 250 km/h CRH1A 20 160 US$350 million
2005-06[8] CSR Sifang 300 km/h CRH2C Stage one 30 240 8,200 million RMB
350 km/h CRH2C Stage two 30 240
2005-11-20[10] Siemens 350 km/h CRH3C 3 24 13,000 million RMB
CNR Tangshan 57 456
2007-10-31[11] BST 250 km/h CRH1B 20 320 1,000 million EUR
CRH1E 20 320
2007-11[12] CSR Sifang 250 km/h CRH2B 10 160 1,200 million RMB
2007-11[8] CSR Sifang 250 km/h CRH2E 6 96 900 million RMB
2008-12-06[8] CSR Sifang 250 km/h CRH2E 14 224 2,100 million RMB
2009-09-23[13] CNR Changchun 250 km/h CRH5A 30 240 4,800 million RMB
2009-03-16[14] CNR Tangshan 380 km/h CRH380BL 70 1,120 39,200 million RMB
CNR Changchun 30 480
2009-09-28[15] CSR Sifang 380 km/h CRH380A 40 320 45,000 million RMB
CRH380AL 100 1,600
2009-09-28[15]
Modified 2012-09-05[16]		 BST 380 km/h CRH380D 70 560 27,400 million RMB
250 km/h CRH1A 46 368
250 km/h Zefiro 250NG 60 480
2009-09-28[17] CNR Changchun 380 km/h CRH380B 40 320 23,520 million RMB
CRH380BL 15 240
CRH380CL 25 400
2009-09-28[18] CNR Tangshan 350 km/h CRH3C[19] 20 160 3,920 million RMB
2009-12-30[20] CSR Puzhen 220 km/h CRH6 24 192 2,346 million RMB
2010-07-16[21] BST 250 km/h CRH1A 40 320 5,200 million RMB
2010-09-14[22] CSR Sifang 250 km/h CRH2A 40 320 3,400 million RMB
2010-10-13[23] CNR Changchun 250 km/h CRH5A 20 160 2,700 million RMB
2011-04-26 CNR Changchun 250 km/h CRH5A 30 240 3,870 million RMB
Total 1050 10,240

Chinese CRH trainsets delivery timetable

Based on data published by Sinolink Securities;[24][25] some small changes were made according to the most recent news.

Type 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Future
(plan)		 Total
CRH1A 8 18 12 2 20 20 106 80
CRH2A 19 41 15 25 100
CRH5A 27 29 4 30 20 30 140
CRH1B 4 9 7 20
CRH1E 3 8 9 20
CRH2B 10 10
CRH2E 6 14 20
CRH2C 10 20 30 60
CRH3C 7 36 37 80
CRH380A 40 40
CRH380AL 6 94 100
CRH380B 20 201 40
CRH380BL 11 49 551 115
CRH380CL 251 25
CRH380D 702 70
CRH380DL 02 0
CRH6 24 24
Total 27 86 78 88 204 237 330 1050
Cumulative 27 113 191 279 483 744 1050 1050
  • ^1 All CRH380B and CRH380C units to be delivered before 2012.
  • ^2 All CRH380D units to be delivered before 2014.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Shirouzu, Norihiko (2010-11-17). "Train Makers Rail Against China's High-Speed Designs". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2012-12-26.
  2. 1 2 Wines, Michael; Bradsher, Keith (2011-02-17). "China Rail Chief's Firing Hints at Trouble". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-12-27. Many multinational companies also resent China for tweaking foreign designs and building the equipment itself rather than importing it.
  3. 1 2 Johnson, Ian (2011-06-13). "High-Speed Trains in China to Run Slower, Ministry Says". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-12-27. In the past few months, some foreign companies that sold China its high-speed technology said the trains were not designed to operate at 215 miles per hour. The ministry said that Chinese engineers had improved on the foreign technology and that the trains were safe at the higher speeds.
  4. ↑ "High speed trainsets take shape". Railway Gazette International. 2005-08-01.
  5. ↑ "China's high speed fleet expands steadily". Railway Gazette International. 2007-08-01. Archived from the original on 2011-06-16. Retrieved 2018-03-23.
  6. ↑ 法中企业握手互利共赢. news.xinhuanet.com (in Chinese). 2004-10-25. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012.
  7. ↑ "2004年10月12日，BSP与铁道部及广州铁路（集团）签订了20列（160辆）EMU动车组". www.bsp.cn (in Chinese). January 12, 2006. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011.
  8. 1 2 3 4 "CRH2型动车组详细资料及分类". news.chineserailways.com (in Chinese). December 14, 2009. Archived from the original on August 23, 2011.
  9. ↑ 庞巴迪：又获铁道部动车组大订单. info.traffic.hc360.com (in Chinese). 2005-06-10. Archived from the original on 2016-06-26. Retrieved 2018-03-23.
  10. ↑ 西门子专家进驻唐山机车车辆厂. hebei.moform.gov.cn (in Chinese). August 15, 2006. Archived from the original on August 17, 2011.
  11. ↑ "BSP公司在北京签订40列EMU动车组订单". www.bsp.cn (in Chinese). November 2, 2007. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011.
  12. ↑ www.docin.com 招商证券-中国南车-601766-动车交付高峰来临，业绩逐季增.. (in Chinese).
  13. ↑ "公司与北京铁路局签订了30列CRH5型动车组采购合同". www.cccar.com.cnom (in Chinese). Archived from the original on July 17, 2011.
  14. ↑ 唐车公司拿到京沪高铁动车组大订单 总金额392亿. info.china.alibaba.com (in Chinese). 2009-03-17.
  15. 1 2 中国南车：中标巨额合同 增厚公司业绩. www.guosen.com.cn (in Chinese). 2009-09-30.
  16. ↑ "Zefiro 250NG included in revised high speed train contract".
  17. ↑ 长客签下235亿订单. jlrbszb.chinajilin.com.cn (in Chinese). 2009-09-28. Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2018-03-23.
  18. ↑ www.docin.com 招商证券-中国北车-601299-动车组第三批高毛利率订单将陆续交付 (in Chinese).
  19. ↑ "关于CRH3和380B的提问". bbs.ourail.com (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2011-08-12. Retrieved 2018-03-23.
  20. ↑ 中国南车获国内首个城际列车项目订单 总值23.46亿人民币 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2017-08-21. Retrieved 2018-03-23.
  21. ↑ "Bombardier Sifang Awarded Fourth Contract for 40 Additional CRH1 High-Speed Trains in China". cn.bombardier.com. 2010-07-16. Archived from the original on 2011-08-13. Retrieved 2018-03-23.
  22. ↑ 中国南车：再中标动车组订单、未来高增长确定::全景证券频道. www.p5w.net (in Chinese). 2010-09-30.
  23. ↑ "news.xinmin.cn/rollnews/2010/10/13/7194620.html". news.xinmin.cn (in Chinese). 2010-10-13.
  24. ↑ 中国南车研究报告：国金证券-中国南车-601766-通往春天的铁路设备龙头. docin.com (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2018-03-23.
  25. ↑ 国金证券-中国北车-601299-动车交付单价已触底，毛利率回升可期. docin.com (in Chinese).
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