Britannia departs Cardiff for the last time.
History
United Kingdom
NameBritannia
OwnerThe Royal Yacht Britannia Trust[1]
Ordered5 February 1952
BuilderJohn Brown & Company
Yard number691
Laid down16 June 1952
Launched16 April 1953
Commissioned11 January 1954
Decommissioned11 December 1997
IdentificationIMO number: 8635306
StatusMuseum ship
General characteristics
Tonnage5,769 GT
Length412 ft (126 m)
Beam55 ft (17 m)
Height123 ft (37 m) to top of mainmast
Draught15 ft (4.6 m)
Propulsion2 Pametrada steam turbines, 12,000 hp (8,900 kW)
Speed21.5 knots (39.8 km/h; 24.7 mph)
Range2,400 nautical miles (4,400 km)
Capacity250 guests
Crew
  • 21 officers
  • 250 Royal Yachtsmen

Her Majesty's Yacht Britannia is the former royal yacht of the British monarchy. She was in their service from 1954 until 1997. She was the 83rd such vessel since King Charles II acceded to the throne in 1660, and is the second royal yacht to bear the name, the first being the racing cutter built for the Prince of Wales in 1893. During her 43-year career, the yacht travelled more than a million nautical miles around the world to more than 600 ports in 135 countries.[2] Now retired from royal service, Britannia is permanently berthed at Ocean Terminal, Leith in Edinburgh, Scotland, where it is a visitor attraction with over 300,000 visits each year.[3]

Construction

HMY Britannia was built at the shipyard of John Brown & Co. Ltd in Clydebank, Dunbartonshire. She was launched by Queen Elizabeth II on 16 April 1953, and commissioned on 11 January 1954. The ship was designed with three masts: a 133-foot (41 m) foremast, a 139-foot (42 m) mainmast, and a 118-foot (36 m) mizzenmast. The top aerial on the foremast and the top 20 feet (6.1 m) of the mainmast were hinged to allow the ship to pass under bridges.

Britannia was designed to be converted into a hospital ship in time of war,[4] although this capability was never used. In the event of nuclear war, it was intended for the Queen and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, to take refuge aboard Britannia off the north-west coast of Scotland.[5]

Crew

Royal Yacht Britannia Crest

Royal Navy officers were appointed for up to two years. The crew were volunteers from the general service of the Royal Navy. After 365 days' service, they could be admitted to the Permanent Royal Yacht Service as Royal Yachtsmen and serve until they chose to leave the service or were dismissed for medical or disciplinary reasons. As a result, some served for 20 years or more. The crew also included a detachment of Royal Marines.[6] A contingent of Royal Marines Band members embarked whenever Britannia was on duty away from home port.[7]

History

Britannia sailed on her maiden voyage from Portsmouth to Grand Harbour, Malta, departing on 14 April and arriving on 22 April 1954. She carried Prince Charles and Princess Anne to Malta in order for them to meet the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh at the end of the royal couple's Commonwealth tour. The Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh embarked on Britannia for the first time in Tobruk on 1 May 1954.[8]

HMY Britannia on the Welland Canal in Canada, en route to Chicago in 1959, as part of the celebration for the opening of the Saint Lawrence Seaway
Britannia at the Spithead Fleet Review for the Silver Jubilee, 1977

On 20 July 1959, Britannia sailed the newly opened Saint Lawrence Seaway en route to Chicago, where she docked, making the Queen the first British monarch to visit the city. U.S. president Dwight D. Eisenhower was aboard Britannia for part of this cruise; Presidents Gerald Ford, Ronald Reagan, and Bill Clinton were welcomed aboard in later years. Anne and Mark Phillips took their honeymoon cruise aboard the ship in 1973; Charles would do the same with Diana in 1981. The ship evacuated over 1,000 refugees from the civil war in Aden in 1986.[9] The vessel sailed to Canada in 1991 and made a port of call in Toronto and Kingston, Ontario.

HMY Britannia, when on royal duties, was escorted by a Royal Navy warship. The yacht was a regular sight at Cowes Week in early August and, usually, for the remainder of the month, was home to the Queen and her family for an annual cruise around the islands off the west coast of Scotland (known as the "Western Isles Tour").

During her career as Royal Yacht, Britannia conveyed the Queen, other members of the Royal Family and various dignitaries on 696 foreign visits and 272 visits in British waters. In this time, Britannia steamed 1,087,623 nautical miles (2,014,278 km).[10]

Decommissioning

London, 1997

In 1994, the Conservative government announced the yacht's retirement:

The yacht last underwent a major refit in 1987. A further refit at an estimated cost of some £17 million would be necessary in 1996–97 but would only prolong her life for a further five years. In view of her age, even after the refit she would be difficult to maintain and expensive to run. It has therefore been decided to decommission "Britannia" in 1997. The Government will now consider the question of whether to replace "Britannia".

— Viscount Cranborne, House of Lords Hansard: Written Answers 23 June 1994

In January 1997, the government committed itself to replacing the Royal Yacht if reelected.[11] The timing of the announcement, close to a general election, was controversial; The Guardian Weekly called it "part of a populist appeal to wavering Tory voters in the run-up to the general election" and reported that the Queen was "furious" that the Royal Family was "dragged into the centre of the election campaign, just as it is fighting to restore its public image."[12] Sir Edward Heath publicly objected to the government's handling of the issue, stating "The Conservative Party above all must be an honourable party. And I don't believe the actions that have been taken are honourable ones and should never have been taken in this way."[13]

The government argued that the cost was justified by its role in foreign policy and promoting British interests abroad, particularly through conferences held by British Invisibles, formerly the Committee on Invisible Exports. It was estimated by the Overseas Trade Board that events held on board the yacht helped raise £3 billion for HM Treasury between 1991 and 1995 alone.[14][15]

The Labour opposition announced it would not commit the use of public funds for a replacement vessel for at least the first two years of any new Labour government.[16] After its election victory in May 1997, the new government considered multiple options for the future of a royal yacht, but concluded in October of that year that Britannia would not be replaced:

We made clear that we would not spend public money on a Royal Yacht and I am keeping that promise. We in the Ministry of Defence have to justify every penny of the taxpayers' money that we spend and in this case I could not do so, particularly – as the Queen has made clear – since a Yacht is not needed for Royal travel. We considered in detail all private finance options, but these would only have been viable with a substantial annual subsidy from public funds.

— George Robertson, Defence Secretary, [17]

The Royal Yacht's final foreign mission was to convey the last Governor of Hong Kong, Chris Patten, and the Prince of Wales back from Hong Kong after its handover to the People's Republic of China on 1 July 1997. Britannia was decommissioned on 11 December 1997. The Queen, normally undemonstrative in public, was reported to have shed a tear at the decommissioning ceremony that was attended by most of the senior members of the Royal Family.[18]

Visitor attraction

Listed as part of the National Historic Fleet, Britannia is a visitor attraction moored in the historic Port of Leith in Edinburgh, Scotland, and is cared for by the Royal Yacht Britannia Trust, a registered charity.[19] There was some controversy over the siting of the ship, with some arguing that she would be better moored on the River Clyde, where she was built, than in Edinburgh, with which the yacht had few links. Her positioning in Leith coincided with a redevelopment of the harbour area and the advent of Scottish devolution.

Entrance to the yacht is via the Ocean Terminal development, and over 300,000 people visit the Royal Yacht Britannia every year. She is one of the UK's top evening events venues. On 18 May 2006, the Swiss-born Hollywood actress and first Bond girl, Ursula Andress, celebrated her 70th birthday on board. On 29 July 2011, a drinks reception was held on board Britannia for Queen Elizabeth's granddaughter Zara Phillips and her then fiancé, Mike Tindall, to celebrate their forthcoming wedding.[20]

An early Land Rover in much-restored shape is displayed in the on-board garage and a retired Rolls-Royce Phantom V state car is parked on the wharf below the ship. The tour of the five decks open to the public includes the Queen's bedroom, which can be viewed behind a glass wall, and the state dining and drawing rooms, which hosted grand receptions for kings and queens, presidents and prime ministers throughout the world. The clocks on board are stopped at 3:01, the time that the Queen last disembarked.[21] The royal deck tea room was added in 2009.

The 1936 racing yacht Bloodhound, once owned by the Queen and Prince Philip, is now berthed alongside Britannia. Bloodhound was one of the most successful ocean-racing yachts ever built and was the yacht on which King Charles III and the Princess Royal learned to sail. The Royal Yacht Britannia Trust bought Bloodhound in early 2010 and she is the centrepiece of an exhibition focusing on the Royal Family's passion for sailing. Visitors can view Bloodhound from a specially built pontoon when the racing yacht is in port. During July and August, she is berthed in Oban marina and is available for private charter, as she sails around the islands once visited by the Royal Family during their annual fortnight holiday in the Western Isles of Scotland. During this period, Royal Yachtsmen (Yotties) from Britannia's original crew sail the yacht for the Britannia Trust.

From 2019, the MV Fingal has been permanently berthed near to the Britannia at the Albert Dock Basin.  The Fingal is a former Northern Lighthouse Board ship converted into a boutique hotel owned by the Royal Yacht Britannia Trust.[22]

Proposals for successor

Proposals for the construction of a new royal yacht, perhaps financed through a loan or by the royal family's own funds, have made little headway. In December 2019 it was reported that the late Sir Donald Gosling donated £50 million in his will to pay for it.[23]

In May 2021, it was reported that Prime Minister Boris Johnson would announce the construction of a new royal yacht, named after Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, "within weeks".[24] On 29 May, Johnson announced that the "new national flagship" – a ship rather than a luxury yacht – would enter service within the next four years and cost up to £200 million.[25][26] The following day it was reported that government plans to name the ship after the Duke of Edinburgh were not well-received amongst royal sources, and these plans had subsequently been "abandoned".[27] By 2022 plans had progressed to two favoured design teams.[28] It was reported in October 2022 that Chancellor Jeremy Hunt was planning to scrap plans for a new yacht as part of a package of spending cuts.[29]

Commanding officers

See also

References

  1. ↑ "The Royal Yacht Britannia – The Trust". Retrieved 7 March 2014.
  2. ↑ Bellamy, Martin (2022). "Editorial". The Mariner's Mirror. Society for Nautical Research. 108 (4): 387.
  3. ↑ "The Royal Yacht Britannia Official Website | Best UK Attraction".
  4. ↑ "1953: Queen launches Royal Yacht Britannia". On This Day. BBC. 16 April 1953. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
  5. ↑ Simon Johnson (12 July 2010). "Floating bunker plan to help Queen escape nuclear attack". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.
  6. ↑ "Dedicated Crew". www.royalyachtbritannia.co.uk. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
  7. ↑ Tuohy, William (6 February 1993). "BRITAIN : Finances May Sink the Royal Yacht : The Britannia was used just 31 days in 1991 at a cost of $18 million". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
  8. ↑ Richard Johnstone-Bryden (2003). The Royal Yacht Britannia: The Official History. Conway Maritime. pp. 30–33. ISBN 978-0-85177-937-9.
  9. ↑ Aden: British Evacuation Hansard HL Deb 21 January 1986 vol 470 cc131-4.
  10. ↑ Johnstone-Bryden, p. 298.
  11. ↑ Evans, Michael; Landale, James (23 January 1997). "Taxpayers to fund Pounds 60m replacement for Britannia". The Times. London.
  12. ↑ "Royal family dragged into yacht row". Guardian Weekly. London. 2 February 1997.
  13. ↑ Parker, Andrew (28 January 1997). "Public against paying for new Royal yacht". The Scotsman. Edinburgh.
  14. ↑ Hooper, Craig (22 April 2021). "The Grey Zone Case For Building New Royal And Presidential Yachts". Forbes.
  15. ↑ "Great British Ambassador". The Royal Yacht Britannia Trust. Archived from the original on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
  16. ↑ Brown, Colin (28 January 1997). "Poll shows that yacht plan is a vote loser". The Independent. London. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  17. ↑ "BBC News | Special Report | Britannia says goodbye to nation".
  18. ↑ "Pay for your own yacht, PM tells Queen". The Age. 17 January 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
  19. ↑ "Royal Yacht Britannia Trust, Registered Charity no. SC028070". Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator.
  20. ↑ Heppell, Scott (30 July 2011). "UK watches year's second, low key, royal wedding". Yahoo! News. Retrieved 30 July 2011.
  21. ↑ Hubbard, Lauren (30 September 2018). "The Story Behind the Royal Family's Yacht, Britannia". Town & Country. New York, NY: Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
  22. ↑ "About The Ship | Luxury Floating Hotel Fingal Edinburgh". www.fingal.co.uk.
  23. ↑ Malvern, Jack (12 December 2019). "Sir Donald Gosling will leaves £50 million to pay for new royal yacht". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  24. ↑ "New royal yacht named after Prince Philip to be 'commissioned within weeks', costing as much as £200m". Sky News. 2 May 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
  25. ↑ "UK to build £200m national flagship to promote British industry abroad". Sky News. 29 May 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  26. ↑ "Plans for new national flagship to promote 'best of British'". BBC News. 30 May 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  27. ↑ Nikkhah, Roya; Wheeler, Caroline (30 May 2021). "Palace sinks plan to name £200m royal yacht after Philip". The Times. Archived from the original on 22 July 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  28. ↑ Hope, Christopher (29 May 2022). "Modern and heritage designs battle it out to build HMY Britannia's £250m replacement". The Telegraph. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  29. ↑ Nelson, Nigel (22 October 2022). "Chancellor Jeremy Hunt plans to scrap Boris Johnson's 'vanity' £250m national flagship". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  30. ↑ Johnstone-Bryden, Richard (2003). The Royal Yacht Britannia: The official history. London: Conway Maritime Press. p. 297. ISBN 0-85177-937-9.

Sources

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