Prince Edward
Duke of Edinburgh (more)
Prince Edward at age 58
Edward in 2022
Born (1964-03-10) 10 March 1964
Buckingham Palace, London, England
Spouse
​
(m. 1999)​
Issue
Names
Edward Antony Richard Louis[lower-alpha 1]
HouseWindsor
FatherPrince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
MotherElizabeth II
EducationJesus College, Cambridge (BA)
Signature

Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh, KG, GCVO, CD, ADC (Edward Antony Richard Louis; born 10 March 1964[2]) is a member of the British royal family. He is the youngest child of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and the youngest sibling of King Charles III. He was born 3rd in the line of succession to the British throne and is now 14th.

Born at Buckingham Palace during the reign of his mother, Edward studied at Heatherdown School and completed his A-Levels at Gordonstoun before spending part of his gap year teaching at Wanganui Collegiate School in New Zealand.[3] He then went up to read history at Jesus College, Cambridge, graduating in 1986 with a Bachelor of Arts degree from Cambridge University. After a brief stint in the Royal Marines, he worked as a theatre production assistant at the Really Useful Theatre Company before assisting in television production. He later formed his own company, Ardent Productions.

Edward stepped down from the company in 2002 to begin full-time duties as a working member of the royal family, and undertook engagements on behalf of his mother. He holds patronage with over 70 charities and organisations, including the National Youth Theatre, the Sport and Recreation Alliance and the British Paralympic Association.[4] His charity work focuses on the arts, athletics, and the development of the Duke of Edinburgh's Award, which centres around fitness, wellbeing and community service.

Edward was created Earl of Wessex prior to marrying Sophie Rhys-Jones in 1999. They have two children: Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor and James Mountbatten-Windsor, Earl of Wessex. Edward's mother conferred him the additional title of Earl of Forfar in 2019. On Edward's 59th birthday in 2023, his brother Charles III granted him the title Duke of Edinburgh as a life peerage, a dukedom previously held by their father, who died in 2021, then briefly by Charles himself.

Early life and education

Princes Andrew and Edward with their parents, Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, at the opening of the 1978 Commonwealth Games in Edmonton, Canada

Prince Edward was born at 8:20 p.m. on 10 March 1964 at Buckingham Palace, London,[5] as the third son and the fourth and youngest child of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. He is the most recent child to be born to a reigning British monarch. His birth was the only one witnessed by his father.[6] He was baptised on 2 May 1964 in the private chapel at Windsor Castle.[7]

As with his three older siblings, Charles, Anne, and Andrew, a governess was appointed to look after Edward and was responsible for his early education at Buckingham Palace before he attended Collingham College, Kensington (then known as Gibbs School). In September 1972, he joined Heatherdown School, near Ascot in Berkshire. Later, as his father and elder brothers had done before him, he moved to Gordonstoun in northern Scotland, where he was appointed head boy in his last term. Edward obtained a C-grade in English and two D-grades in history and politics at A-level,[8][9] and after leaving school spent a gap year abroad, working as a house tutor and junior master for two terms at the Wanganui Collegiate School in New Zealand.[10][11]

Upon his return to the United Kingdom, Edward studied at Jesus College, Cambridge, where he read history. His admission to the university despite poor A-Level results caused some comment.[12] Edward graduated in 1986 with a Bachelor of Arts degree (Lower Second Hons).[13]

Post-university

Royal Marines

After graduating in 1986, Edward joined the Royal Marines, who had reportedly sponsored his tuition at Cambridge on condition of future service.[14] He had signed up to join the Royal Marines in September 1983.[15] In January 1987, he dropped out of the commando course having completed one-third of the 12-month training. Media reported that Prince Philip, who was the Captain General Royal Marines, was displeased,[16] but Prince Edward later said that his father had not put undue pressure on him to change his mind.[12] Others stated that Philip was the most sympathetic family member toward his son's decision.[17] Buckingham Palace said that Prince Edward's decision came after "much consideration" and that he was leaving with great regret "but has concluded that he does not wish to make the service his long-term career".[18]

Theatre and television

After leaving military service, Edward opted to pursue a career in entertainment. He commissioned the 1986 musical Cricket from Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice, for his mother's 60th birthday celebration, which led to a job offer at Lloyd Webber's Really Useful Theatre Company, where he worked as a production assistant on musicals such as The Phantom of the Opera, Starlight Express, and Cats.[19] While there he met actress Ruthie Henshall, whom he dated for three years.

Edward's first foray into television production was the programme The Grand Knockout Tournament, informally known as It's a Royal Knockout, on 15 June 1987, in which four teams sponsored by him, the Princess Royal and the Duke and Duchess of York competed for charity. The programme was criticised by the media and the public, and it was later reported that the Queen was not in favour of the event, with her courtiers having advised against it.[20] The programme raised over £1,500,000 for its selected charities.[21]

Ardent Productions

In 1993, Edward founded the television production company Ardent Productions.[22] Ardent was involved in the production of a number of documentaries and dramas,[23] but Edward was accused in the media of using his royal connections for financial gain,[24] and the company was referred to by some industry insiders as "a sad joke" due to a perceived lack of professionalism in its operations. Andy Beckett, writing in The Guardian, opined that "to watch Ardent's few dozen hours of broadcast output is to enter a strange kingdom where every man in Britain still wears a tie, where pieces to camera are done in cricket jumpers, where people clasp their hands behind their backs like guardsmen. Commercial breaks are filled with army recruiting advertisements".[22]

Ardent's productions were better received in the United States[25] and a documentary Edward made about his great uncle, Edward VIII (the late Duke of Windsor) in 1996, sold well worldwide.[23][26] Nonetheless, the company reported losses every year it operated, with the exception of one when Edward did not draw a salary.[22] An Ardent two-man film crew later allegedly invaded the privacy of Edward's nephew, Prince William, in September 2001, when he was studying at the University of St Andrews, which went against industry guidelines regarding the privacy of members of the royal family;[27] William's father (Edward's elder brother Charles) was reportedly angered by the incident.[28] In March 2002, Edward announced that he would step down as production director and joint managing director of Ardent[22] to concentrate on his public duties and to support the Queen during her Golden Jubilee year. Ardent Productions was voluntarily dissolved in June 2009, with assets reduced to just £40.[29]

Marriage and children

Edward and Sophie in Stockholm, Sweden (2013)

Edward met Sophie Rhys-Jones for the first time in 1987 when he was dating her friend.[30] They met again at a promotion shoot for the Prince Edward Summer Challenge to raise money for charity in 1993, and the two began their relationship soon afterwards.[6][31] In December 1993 and amid growing speculation about whether they were planning to marry, Edward wrote a letter to newspaper editors, in which he denied any wedding plans and asked the media to respect their privacy.[32] Edward proposed to Sophie on holiday in the Bahamas in December 1998 and their engagement was announced on 6 January 1999.[6][33] Edward proposed to Sophie with an Asprey and Garrard engagement ring worth an estimated £105,000: a two-carat oval diamond flanked by two heart-shaped gemstones set in 18-carat white gold.[34]

Their wedding took place on 19 June 1999 in St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle. This was a departure from the weddings of his elder brothers, which were large, formal events at Westminster Abbey or St Paul's Cathedral, and had ended in divorce. On his wedding day, Prince Edward was created Earl of Wessex, with the subsidiary title of Viscount Severn (alluding to the Welsh roots of the Countess's family),[35][36] breaking from a tradition whereby sons of the sovereign were created royal dukes.

Sophie had an ectopic pregnancy in 2001.[37] Edward and Sophie have two children: Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor, born prematurely on 8 November 2003 due to a sudden placental abruption;[38] and James Mountbatten-Windsor (then Viscount Severn, now Earl of Wessex), born on 17 December 2007. Edward's children since 2023 are styled as the children of a duke, rather than as Prince/ss and Royal Highness.[2][39][40] The family's country seat is Bagshot Park; their office and official London residence is at Buckingham Palace.[41]

Activities

Edward visiting New Delhi as patron of the Commonwealth Games in 2010.

The Earl and Countess of Wessex established their foundation, the Wessex Youth Trust, in 1999, with a focus on helping, supporting and advancing registered charities which provide opportunities specifically for children and young people.[42] His patronages include: the British Paralympic Association,[43] the International Real Tennis Professionals Association,[44] the Commonwealth Games Federation,[45][46] BadmintonScotland,[47] the Tennis and Rackets Association,[48] City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra and Chorus,[49][50] London Mozart Players,[51] Haddo House Choral and Operatic Society,[52] Northern Ballet,[53][54] the Edinburgh International Festival,[55] the Royal Birmingham Conservatoire,[56] the Production Guild,[57] and the National Youth Theatre.[58]

The Earl of Wessex assumed many duties from his father, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, as Prince Philip reduced his commitments before retiring from royal duties. Prince Edward opened the 1990 Commonwealth Games in New Zealand and the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Malaysia and became vice-patron of Commonwealth Games Federation in 2006, picking up his father's ceremonial duties who had served as president.[59][60] He has also taken over his father's role in the Duke of Edinburgh's Award (DofE) scheme, attending Gold Award ceremonies around the world.[61]

In September 2007, the Earl visited Israel in his capacity as Chairman of the International Council of the Duke of Edinburgh's Award to attend a number of events organised by the Israel Youth Award program, an affiliate of the Duke of Edinburgh's Award.[62] Edward was himself a recipient of the Award's gold medal in 1986 for "a 60-mile, four-day trek from Blair Atholl to Tomintoul" that he had planned.[63] He has been a trustee of the DofE since 1988 and of the International Award since 2006. Edward later went on to become Chair of trustees of the Duke of Edinburgh's International Award in 2015,[64] and was named patron of the Duke of Edinburgh's Award in 2023.[65] He has promoted the charity's work on different occasions.[66][67][68][69] Edward is also a trustee of the International Award Association, which "encompasses the DofE UK and all its other 61 National Award Authorities across the globe".[70] He was also Chairman of the DofE's international council and in 1999 founded the International Special Projects Group "to provide a capital fund to broaden the reach of the Award".[71] In 2018, Edward, as patron of the Tennis and Rackets Association, played on all 50 real tennis courts around the world and raised over £2 million for the Duke of Edinburgh's Award scheme.[72]

Edward opening a youth centre at Yate, Gloucestershire, in 2011

In June 2011, Edward visited Baltimore to meet the students and staff of the Living Classrooms Foundation and encourage them to participate in the Duke of Edinburgh's Award's programme.[73] In December 2011, the Earl and Countess of Wessex visited troops in Afghanistan. On the same trip, the royal couple visited Bahrain, and received two gifts of jewels from the Bahraini royal family and Prime Minister. Given concern about human rights abuses in Bahrain, this gift attracted controversy, with calls for the jewels to be sold, and the proceeds used for the benefit of the Bahraini people.[74] In February and March 2012, the couple visited the Caribbean for the Queen's Diamond Jubilee. The itinerary consisted of Saint Lucia; Barbados, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Grenada; Trinidad and Tobago; Montserrat; Saint Kitts and Nevis; Anguilla; Antigua and Barbuda. Highlights included Independence Day celebrations in Saint Lucia,[75] addressing Senate and Assembly of Barbados jointly,[76] and a visit to sites affected by the volcanic eruptions in Montserrat.

In 2013, the couple visited South Africa.[77] The Queen appointed the Earl of Wessex as Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland for 2014.[78][79] In 2015, for his contributions to projects associated with badminton, Edward was awarded the President's Medal by the Badminton World Federation President Poul-Erik Høyer.[80] In May 2016, the Earl visited Ghana. Alongside President Mahama, he presented young people with the Head of State Awards for their participation in the Duke of Edinburgh's International Award Scheme.[81] In September 2016, Edward travelled to Chile as a part of the Duke of Edinburgh's Award's diamond anniversary, and visited projects by British and Commonwealth Fire and Rescue Company and Chilean-British Culture University, of which he is an honorary member and patron respectively.[82] The Earl and Countess of Wessex represented the Queen at the 50th Anniversary Celebrations of Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah's Accession to the Throne of Brunei in October 2017.[83] In February 2018, the Earl and Countess toured Sri Lanka, participating in the 70th Independence Day celebrations in Colombo.[84][85] In April 2018, the Earl visited Australia to attend the XXI Commonwealth Games and attend fundraising events for those participating in the Duke of Edinburgh Award challenges.[86][87]

Edward visiting a youth theatre programme in Salisbury, Australia

Twenty years after its inception, the Wessex Youth Trust changed its name to the Earl and Countess of Wessex Charitable Trust, managed by the private office of the Earl and Countess of Wessex and Forfar. The trust will continue to develop sustainable relationships with a range of selected partner charities, and will expand its remit beyond supporting children and young people.[88]

In July 2019, the Earl and Countess visited Forfar on their first official visit to the royal burgh since the Queen granted Prince Edward the additional title Earl of Forfar in March 2019.[89] The Earl was presented with 'Earl of Forfar' tartan, which was designed by Forfar's Strathmore Woollen Company to celebrate their new titles.[90][91][92] In 2020, he took over the patronage of London Youth from his father who had held the position for 73 years.[93]

In February 2022, Edward was appointed President of the Royal Windsor Horse Show, a position previously held by his father Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.[94] In the following month, he visited Kenya to oversee the progress of the Duke of Edinburgh's International Award in the country.[95] In April 2022, the Earl and Countess of Wessex and Forfar toured Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Antigua and Barbuda to mark the Queen's Platinum Jubilee.[96] Their planned visit to Grenada was postponed after talks with the island's government and governor-general, and the couple expressed their hopes to visit the country on a later date.[97] In 2022 and in recognition of his role as patron of the Production Guild, the Earl of Wessex Award was created as part of the Guild's inaugural Talent Showcase to recognise UK film and TV organisations who have created "a successful way of inspiring local talent or skills, widening access or being more inclusive."[98][99] After he was created Duke of Edinburgh on his 59th birthday, Edward and Sophie visited Edinburgh to meet with members of the Ukrainian and Eastern European communities in the city, some of whom were displaced following the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[100] Edward became patron of the Duke of Edinburgh's Award upon being raised to the dukedom.[101]

In the media

In 2011, close associates of Jonathan Rees, a private investigator connected to the News International phone hacking scandal, stated that he had penetrated Edward and Sophie's bank accounts and sold details about them to the Sunday Mirror.[102]

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

Royal monogram of Prince Edward

Until his marriage, Edward was known as "His Royal Highness The Prince Edward". Royal commentators conjectured that former royal dukedoms such as Cambridge or Sussex might be granted to him. Instead, on 19 June 1999, he became "His Royal Highness The Earl of Wessex". He was the first prince since the Tudors to be created an earl (thus reserving future advancement to a dukedom).[103] The Sunday Telegraph reported that he was drawn to the earldom of Wessex after watching the 1998 film Shakespeare in Love, in which a minor character with that title was played by Colin Firth.[104] Edward was also granted the subsidiary title of Viscount Severn.[35] Buckingham Palace announced the intention that Edward would eventually be created Duke of Edinburgh, a title then held by his father, Prince Philip, once it had merged in the Crown upon the death of both his parents.[105]

On 10 March 2019, his 55th birthday, Edward was granted the additional title of Earl of Forfar for use in Scotland.[106][107][108] He was at times referred to as the "Earl of Wessex and Forfar", such as at the funeral of his father and the state funeral of his mother.[109][110][111][112]

On his 59th birthday, 10 March 2023, Edward was created Duke of Edinburgh, thus becoming "His Royal Highness The Duke of Edinburgh".[113][114] His ducal title is not hereditary, so will become extinct on his death.[115]

In 1994, the Independent Royalist Party of Estonia, aspiring to make Estonia a monarchy, sent a letter to Queen Elizabeth II requesting permission to crown Prince Edward as King of Estonia. The letter had called Edward a "young British prince much admired by Estonians", adding the party "would be most honoured if you would accept this rare request". Buckingham Palace declined the offer, saying that it was "a charming idea but a rather unlikely one".[116][117]

Honours

Edward at the Garter procession, 2006
Other Commonwealth countries

Military appointments

Honorary military and police appointments
Canada Canada
United Kingdom United Kingdom

Civic appointments

Academic appointments

Honorary degrees

Arms

Coat of arms of the Duke of Edinburgh
Notes
The Duke's personal coat of arms is that of the royal arms with a label for difference
Adopted
1983
Coronet
That of a son of the Sovereign
Crest
The Coronet of a son of the Sovereign Proper, thereon a Lion statant gardant Or crowned of the Same charged with a Label as in the Arms.
Escutcheon
Quarterly, 1st and 4th, Gules three Lions passant guardant in pale Or armed and langed Azure; 2nd, Or a Lion rampant Gules armed and langued Azure within a Double Tressure flory counterflory of the Second; 3rd, Azure a Harp Or stringed Argent; over all a Label Argent, charged on the centre point with a Tudor Rose.
Supporters
Dexter, a Lion rampant gardant Or imperially crowned Proper; Sinister, a Unicorn Argent, armed, crined and unguled Or, gorged with a Coronet Or composed of Crosses pattées and Fleurs de lis a Chain affixed thereto passing between the forelegs and reflexed over the back also Or.
Orders
The Garter circlet;
motto: Honi soit qui mal y pense (Shame be to him who thinks evil of it).
Other elements
As Master of the Gardeners' and Fuellers' Companies, Prince Edward could impale his livery company arms (dexter) with his personal arms (sinister).
Banner
The Royal Standard of the United Kingdom labelled for difference as in his Arms.
The Royal Standard in Scotland labelled for difference as in his Arms.
The Royal Arms of Canada defaced with a blue Roundel surrounded by a Wreath of Gold Maple Leaves within which is a depiction of an "E" surmounted by a Royal Coronet, and above the Roundel is a white Label of three points, the centre one charged with a Tudor Rose.[141][142]
Symbolism
As with the Royal Arms of the United Kingdom, the first and fourth quarterings are the arms of England, the second of Scotland and the third of Ireland.

Ancestry

Filmography

Television
YearTitleRole
1996Edward on Edwardhost, associate producer
1996Castle Ghosts of Scotlandexecutive producer
1996Castle Ghosts of Irelandexecutive producer
1997Network Firstproducer (1 episode)
1998Crown and Countryhost, executive producer
1999Stars Over Mississippiexecutive producer
2000When Cameras Cross the Lineexecutive producer
2000Once Upon a Christmas producer
2001Tales from the Towerexecutive producer
2001Varian's Warexecutive producer
2001Twice Upon a Christmasexecutive producer
2003Out of the Ashesexecutive producer
2015Whatever Happened to the Windsors?narrator

See also

Notes

    1. ↑ Edward does not usually use a family name but when one is needed, it is Mountbatten-Windsor.[1] The middle name Louis is pronounced /ˈluːi/.

    References

    1. ↑ "The Royal Family name". Official website of the British monarchy. Archived from the original on 15 February 2009. Retrieved 3 February 2009.
    2. 1 2 "TRH The Earl and Countess of Wessex". Official website of the British monarchy. Buckingham Palace. Archived from the original on 8 March 2008. Retrieved 19 March 2008.
    3. ↑ "Prince Edward in Whanganui – Private education". Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
    4. ↑ "The Earl of Wessex". The Royal Family. 13 November 2015. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
    5. ↑ "No. 43268". The London Gazette. 11 March 1964. p. 2255.
    6. 1 2 3 Hall Meares, Hadley (15 July 2021). "How Prince Edward and Sophie Evolved From P.R. Blunders to Become Key Frontline Royals". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
    7. ↑ "Prince Edward Christened in Windsor Castle Rite". The New York Times. Associated Press. 2 May 1964. Archived from the original on 17 December 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
    8. ↑ "The family qualifications". The Daily Telegraph. London. 16 October 2006. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022.
    9. ↑ "How well did the Royal Family perform in their GCSEs and A-Levels?". Tatler. 18 August 2022. Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
    10. ↑ "Wanganui Collegiate School [Summary]". Heritage New Zealand. Archived from the original on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
    11. ↑ Butterworth, Hugh Montagu; Cooksey, Jon (2011). Blood and Iron: Letters from the Western Front. Casement. p. 218. ISBN 9781848844919. Archived from the original on 23 March 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
    12. 1 2 "The prince with a difference". BBC News. 11 June 1999. Archived from the original on 27 February 2004. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
    13. ↑ Waston, Jeremy (3 December 2010). "William enjoys a degree of success". The Scotsman. Archived from the original on 3 December 2010. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
    14. ↑ "Commando Life Losing Appeal for Prince?". The New York Times. 12 January 1987. Archived from the original on 31 August 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
    15. ↑ Lederer, Edith M. (12 January 1987). "Prince Breaks Royal Tradition by Resigning from Marines". AP News. Archived from the original on 18 July 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
    16. ↑ "Edward Goes His Own Way". People. 26 January 1987. Archived from the original on 11 January 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
    17. ↑ Seward, Ingrid (2017). "Chapter 9: Watching the Family Grow". My Husband and I: The Inside Story of 70 Years of the Royal Marriage. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1471159589.
    18. ↑ Ezard, John (13 May 2016). "Edward leaves the Marines with honourable mention". Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
    19. ↑ "Prince Edward Joins the Theater at 'Lowest Rung'". LA Times. 19 January 1988. Archived from the original on 9 June 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
    20. ↑ Ben Pimlott "Polishing Their Image" Archived 10 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine, extract from The Queen, HarperCollins (1996) reprinted on the PBS Frontline webpage
    21. ↑ Roseman, Daniel (21 April 1996). "Was this the day when royalty lost the plot?". The Independent. Archived from the original on 18 July 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
    22. 1 2 3 4 Beckett, Andy (5 March 2002). "It's a royal cock-up". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 14 December 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
    23. 1 2 Ardent Productions Filmography Archived 28 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, BFI Film & TV Database
    24. ↑ Karlin, Susan (26 September 1998). "Edward Windsor: Truly a Prince Among Producers". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 15 September 2011. Retrieved 9 November 2010.
    25. ↑ "Edward: No intention to offend". BBC News. 2 September 1999. Archived from the original on 1 March 2003. Retrieved 9 November 2010.
    26. ↑ Summerskill, Ben (29 October 2000). "Losses double at Prince's TV firm". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
    27. ↑ "Edward's turbulent media career". BBC News. 27 September 2001. Archived from the original on 18 June 2003. Retrieved 9 November 2010.
    28. ↑ Alderson, Andrew (30 September 2001). "Prince Edward to apologise to Queen and agrees to stop making royal films". The Sunday Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022.
    29. ↑ "Prince Edward's Ardent Productions left with assets of just £40". 12 September 2012. Archived from the original on 12 September 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2020.
    30. ↑ "Sophie: Life in the spotlight". BBC News. 2 April 2001. Archived from the original on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
    31. ↑ "History – Prince Edward's wedding (pictures, video, facts & news)". BBC. Archived from the original on 20 January 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
    32. ↑ "Prince Edward asks British editors to respect his privacy". UPI. 21 December 1993. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
    33. ↑ "Prince Edward announces his engagement". BBC. 24 November 2009. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
    34. ↑ "Crown jewels: The fabulous rings which sealed the love of Europe's royal couples". HELLO! magazine. UK. Archived from the original on 23 March 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
    35. 1 2 "No. 55536". The London Gazette. 28 June 1999. p. 7011.
    36. ↑ "Wessex titles for Edward and Sophie". BBC News. 19 June 1999. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2011.
    37. ↑ "Baby joy for Sophie and Edward". BBC News. 6 May 2003. Archived from the original on 5 May 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
    38. ↑ "Royal baby born prematurely". BBC News. 8 November 2003. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
    39. ↑ Whitaker's Almanack 2010, page 46 'Peers of the Blood Royal'
    40. ↑ "The Royal Family > Members of the Royal Family > HRH The Earl of Wessex > Marriage and Family". Buckingham Palace. Archived from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 26 October 2008.
    41. ↑ "Royal Residences: Buckingham Palace". royal.uk. 12 November 2015. Archived from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
    42. ↑ "The Wessex Youth Trust". wessexyouthtrust.org.uk. Archived from the original on 22 January 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
    43. ↑ "Earl and Countess of Wessex toast athletes' success at Paralympic Ball". Hello!. 6 September 2012. Archived from the original on 27 May 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
    44. ↑ "The 2018 Real Tennis Challenge Formal Dinner". Hobart Real Tennis Club. Archived from the original on 26 February 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
    45. ↑ "HRH Prince Edward to attend inaugural Commonwealth Sports Summit". Common Wealth Games Canada. 8 September 2016. Archived from the original on 27 May 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
    46. ↑ "The Battle for Britain: May vs Sturgeon, in pictures". The Daily Telegraph. 13 March 2017. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
    47. ↑ "Royal honour for school sports stars". East Renfrewshire Council. 2 December 2013. Archived from the original on 18 August 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
    48. ↑ Zug, James (October 2009). "For a Real Tennis Match, Look to Prince Edward". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on 13 July 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
    49. ↑ "Royal Birmingham Conservatoire's opening concert a right Royal sell out". Birmingham City University. 13 March 2018. Archived from the original on 27 May 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
    50. ↑ "Mirga meets our Royal patron". City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra. 16 June 2017. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
    51. ↑ Barr, Rachel (21 March 2014). "Prince Edward visits Croydon for London Mozart Players' anniversary concert". South West Londoner. Archived from the original on 22 June 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
    52. ↑ "Our History". Haddo House Choral & Operatic Society. Archived from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
    53. ↑ "Royal Connections". Northern Ballet. Archived from the original on 27 May 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
    54. ↑ "A Prince of England meets the Queen of the Nile". Northern Ballet. 30 September 2011. Archived from the original on 27 May 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
    55. ↑ "Prince takes up the baton as festival patron". The Times. 12 July 2017. Archived from the original on 27 May 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
    56. ↑ "Earl of Wessex attends concert with Julian Lloyd Webber at Birmingham Conservatoire • The Crown Chronicles". 12 March 2018. Archived from the original on 18 August 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
    57. ↑ Yossman, K.J. (22 March 2022). "Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex Becomes First Ever Royal patron of U.K.'s Production Guild". Variety. Archived from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
    58. ↑ Davies-Evitt, Dora (1 March 2022). "Prince Edward joins Bridgerton's Duke of Hastings on the dance floor at theatre fundraiser". Tatler. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
    59. ↑ "Commonwealth Games Federation – Heads". thecgf.com. Archived from the original on 16 April 2017. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
    60. ↑ Barker, Philip. "The Queen and the Commonwealth Games". CGF. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
    61. ↑ "The Duke of Edinburgh's Award". Royal family. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
    62. ↑ Lefkovits, Etgar (4 September 2007). "Prince Edward to arrive today; 1st royal visit in decade". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 26 May 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
    63. ↑ "The Duke of Edinburgh presenting Prince Edward with his Gold Award 1986". Royal Collection Trust. Archived from the original on 27 May 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
    64. ↑ "HRH The Duke of Edinburgh". The Duke of Edinburgh's International Award. 4 May 2017. Archived from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
    65. ↑ Jefford, Will; Royce, Rachel (14 March 2023). "Duke of Edinburgh: Prince Edward in first visit as award patron". BBC News. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
    66. ↑ Barry, Sion (29 September 2016). "The Earl of Wessex on why the Duke of Edinburgh's Award scheme is good for business". Wales Online. Archived from the original on 27 May 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
    67. ↑ "Prince Edward speaks at Duke of Edinburgh's International Award ceremony". CBC News. 22 June 2016. Archived from the original on 9 September 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
    68. ↑ Schelzig, Erik (23 May 2013). "Prince Edward visits Tennessee to promote Duke of Edinburgh's Award". The Daily Times. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
    69. ↑ "The Duke of Edinburgh's Award Diamond Anniversary royally celebrated in Hackney". Hackney Council. 11 November 2016. Archived from the original on 27 May 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
    70. ↑ "The Duke of Edinburgh Award International Association". Bright Future Trust. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
    71. ↑ "The Earl and Countess of Wessex to Visit Jamaica [March 2014]". Jamaica Information Service. 2014. Archived from the original on 27 April 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
    72. ↑ "Farewell HRH Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh". Tennis and Rackets Association. 9 April 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
    73. ↑ Green, Erica (21 June 2011). "Prince Edward presents city's youth a royal challenge". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
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