Guntur
Garthapuri
City
Clockwise from Top Left: Guntur Medical College, General Hospital, Iskcon Temple, Guntur Municipal Corporation, Chuttugunta Centre, One-Town Centre, A park with pond in Gujjanagundla.
Clockwise from Top Left: Guntur Medical College, General Hospital, Iskcon Temple, Guntur Municipal Corporation, Chuttugunta Centre, One-Town Centre, A park with pond in Gujjanagundla.
Nickname: 
Land of Chillies
Interactive map
Guntur is located in Andhra Pradesh
Guntur
Guntur
Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
Coordinates: 16°18′03″N 80°26′34″E / 16.3008°N 80.4428°E / 16.3008; 80.4428
Country India
StateAndhra Pradesh
RegionCoastal Andhra
District
Incorporated (Municipality)1866
Incorporated (Corporation)1994
Government
 • TypeMunicipal Corporation
 • Body
 • MayorKavati Manohar Naidu (YSRCP)
Area
 • City198.7 km2 (76.7 sq mi)
 • Metro
350.32 km2 (135.26 sq mi)
Elevation
33 m (108 ft)
Population
 (2023)
 • City981,000[1]
 • Rank3rd (in Andhra Pradesh)
64th (in India)
 • Metro
1.5 million
Demonyms
  • Gunturian
  • Gunturodu
Literacy
Languages
 • OfficialTelugu
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
522001 , Complete Post Office List[2]
Telephone code+91-863
Vehicle registrationAP
Websitecdma.ap.gov.in/en/guntur


Guntur (pronunciationⓘ) is a city and the administrative headquarters of Guntur district in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Guntur is a central part of the state and [3]: 9 city is spread across 198.7 km square and is the third-largest city in the state. It is situated 64 kilometres (40 mi) to the west of the Bay of Bengal, on the Eastern Coastal Plains. The city is the heartland of the state, located in the centre of Andhra Pradesh and making it a central part connecting different regions. It serves as a major hub for exports chilli, cotton and tobacco and has the largest chili market yard in Asia. It is a major transportation, education ,medical and commercial hub for the state.[4][5]

Guntur City is a municipal corporation and also the headquarters of Guntur East and Guntur West mandals in Guntur revenue division.[6][7] The city region is a major part of Amaravati Metropolitan Region. As of 2011 census of India the city is the third most populous in the state with a population of 743,354.[3][8] It is classified as a Y-grade city as per the Seventh Central Pay Commission.[9] It is the 24th most densely populated city in the world and 11th in India.[10] Guntur is estimated to have current population of around 0.9 million.[11]

The city forms a part of the East Coast Economic Corridor, an important industrial corridor in the country.[12] It hosts many state offices and agencies, being part of the district capital and being in close proximity to the state capital Amaravati. The city is about 1100 miles south of the national capital New Delhi. Guntur is known for its chilli, cotton and tobacco exports and has the largest chilli market yard in Asia.[13] The city region is surrounded by many ancient temples and sites that include Kondavidu, Amararama, Caves, Pedakakani.

Etymology

The earliest reference to the present name of the city can be dated back to the period of Ammaraja–I (922-929 CE), the Vengi Eastern Chalukyan King. It also has its appearance in another two inscriptions dated 1147 AD and 1158 AD.[14] In Sanskrit, Guntur was referred to as Garthapuri. "Garthapuri" or "Guntlapuri" translates to "a place surrounded by water ponds".[15][16] The settlement might have been near a pond, a "gunta" in Telugu; hence, :gunta uru" translates to "pond village" in Telugu. Another source refers to "kunta" (a land measuring unit) which may have transformed to "kunta uru" and later to "Guntur".[17]

History

temple
inscriptions
Sivalayam at Old City and Inscriptions.

The earliest recorded reference of Guntur comes from the Ammaraja I (922–929 CE), the Vengi Chalukyan king.[18] The inscriptions stones in the Agastyeshwara temple in 'Naga Lipi' (an ancient script) dates back to about 1100 CE. It is located in Old Guntur and is considered one of the most famous temples in the city. It is said that Agastya built the temple in the last Treta Yuga around the swayambhu linga and hence it has this name. The 'Nagas' were said to have ruled the region at that time. R.Agraharam and Old Guntur areas are considered to be the older parts of the city.[19] The region has been historically known for Buddhism and the first Kalachakra ceremony performed by Gautama Buddha himself.[20] The place of Sitanagaram and the Guttikonda caves are referred in the ancient texts (Vedic puranas) going back to the Treta Yuga and Dvapara Yuga.[21] Old inscriptions of Satavahana period are found in Chebrolu area south of the city.[22]

As India came under the invasions from the west in the last 800 years, Guntur region itself got affected and exploited for its resources by European/foreign colonies.[23][24] The French shifted their headquarters from Kondaveedu Fort to here in 1752, probably because of the ample availability of water due to the two large tanks. This settlement formed the nucleus of the modern city. The Nizams of Hyderabad and Hyder Ali also ruled the city until it came under British rule in 1788. French astronomer, Pierre Janssen observed the solar eclipse of 18 August 1868 and discovered helium, from Guntur in Madras State, British India.[25][26] It was made the headquarters of a district named after it that was abolished in 1859, only to be reconstituted in 1904. The city rapidly became a major market for agricultural produce from the surrounding countryside due to the opening of the railway link in 1890. The expansion continued post independence as well and was concentrated in what is now called "New Guntur", with many urban areas such as Brodipet, Arundelpet and suburban areas like Pattabhipuram, Chandramouli Nagar, Sita Rama nagar, Brindavan Gardens, etc.

In 2012, the city limits were expanded with the merger of surrounding ten villages, namely Nallapadu, Pedapalakaluru, Ankireddipalem, Adavitakkellapadu, Gorantla, Pothuru, Chowdavaram, Etukuru, Budampadu and Reddypalem.[27]

Geography

City is 40 miles north-west of shore.


Guntur is located at 16°17′N 80°26′E / 16.29°N 80.43°E / 16.29; 80.43.[28] It has an average elevation of 33 m (108 ft) and is situated on the plains. There are few hills in the surrounding suburban areas and Perecherla Reserve Forest on the north west. The city is around 64 km (40 mi) to the west of the Bay of Bengal on the east coast of India. The Krishna delta lies partly in the Guntur district. There are other smaller rivers and channels in the region such as Guntur Channel, Chandravanka, Naagileru, Guntur Branch Canal[29] etc.

As quoted in NASA's website "it is typical of the wider deltas along the southeast coast of India (known as the Coromandel Coast).[30] The braided stream channels, broad floodplain, and extensive sandbars suggest that this part of the Krishna River flows through relatively flat terrain and carries a substantial amount of sediment, especially during the monsoon season."

Climate

As per Köppen-Geiger climate classification system the climate in Guntur is tropical (Aw). The average temperature is warm to hot year-round. The summer season (especially during May and June) has the highest temperatures, but these are usually followed by monsoon rains. The winter season (from November to February) is the most enjoyable with a pleasant climate. Winter months are usually dry, with little to no rainfall. The wettest month is July. The average annual temperature is 28.5 °C (83.3 °F) and annual rainfall is about 905 millimetres (36 in). Rain storms and cyclones are common in the region during the rainy season, which starts with the monsoons in early June. Cyclones may occur any time of the year, but occur more commonly between May and November.

Climate data for Guntur City
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 29.8
(85.6)		 32.2
(90.0)		 34.7
(94.5)		 36.8
(98.2)		 39.3
(102.7)		 37.5
(99.5)		 33.3
(91.9)		 32.9
(91.2)		 32.8
(91.0)		 31.7
(89.1)		 30.3
(86.5)		 29.2
(84.6)		 33.4
(92.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 24.4
(75.9)		 26.2
(79.2)		 28.7
(83.7)		 31.4
(88.5)		 33.6
(92.5)		 32.6
(90.7)		 29.5
(85.1)		 29.2
(84.6)		 29.0
(84.2)		 28.0
(82.4)		 25.7
(78.3)		 24.1
(75.4)		 28.5
(83.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 19.0
(66.2)		 20.3
(68.5)		 22.8
(73.0)		 25.8
(78.4)		 28.0
(82.4)		 27.7
(81.9)		 25.7
(78.3)		 25.5
(77.9)		 25.3
(77.5)		 24.2
(75.6)		 21.1
(70.0)		 19.0
(66.2)		 23.7
(74.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 1
(0.0)		 4
(0.2)		 6
(0.2)		 14
(0.6)		 56
(2.2)		 115
(4.5)		 171
(6.7)		 161
(6.3)		 151
(5.9)		 159
(6.3)		 58
(2.3)		 10
(0.4)		 906
(35.6)
Source: Climate-Data.org (altitude: 26 m)[31]

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1981 367,699—    
1991 471,051+28.1%
2001 514,461+9.2%
2011 670,073+30.2%
Source: (1981–2011)[32]

As of 1981 census, Guntur had a population of 367,699 with a growth rate of 36.19. As of 2011 census, the city had a population of 670,073.[32] which constitute 371,727 males and 371,612 females —a sex ratio of 1004 females per 1000 males, higher than the national average of 940 females per 1000 males.[3][33] The 2018 estimate of the city population is estimated to be around 8.5 lakh.[34]

Language and religion

Telugu is the widely spoken language with a total of 545,928 native speakers, followed by 109,574 Urdu speakers. A significant minority speak Hindi, Odia and Tamil.[35] The religious population constitute 522,030 Hindus (77.91%), 120,974 Muslims (18.05%), 21,787 Christians (3.25%), 2,312 Jains (0.35%) and 2,605 (0.82%) not stating any religion.[36] One of the purportedly lost tribes of Israel called Bene Ephraim, has its presence in Guntur, with a Jewish synagogue as well.[37]

Governance

The Collectorate complex of Guntur

Civic administration and politics

Guntur municipality is one of the oldest municipalities with more than 150 years of history.[38] It was constituted with 25,000 population in 1866 and later got upgraded to third grade municipality in 1891, first grade in 1917, special grade in 1952 and then to selection grade in 1960. In 1994, it was finally made as municipal corporation and the first ever municipal election was conducted in 1995.[39] In the year 2012, the city limits were expanded by merging ten surrounding villages into the Guntur Municipal Corporation.[40] There are a total 57 revenue wards in the corporation.[32] The present municipal commissioner is Shri Nishant Kumar IAS.[41] During the financial year 2018–19, the corporation had a budget of ₹1,004 crore (equivalent to ₹13 billion or US$170 million in 2023).[42] Recently the corporation topped the charts in property tax collections in the state.[43]

In the Indian general elections, Guntur Lok Sabha constituency is one among the 25 constituencies in the state to represent the Lok Sabha.[44] While, Guntur East and Guntur West are the two assembly constituencies from 175 assembly segments, representing the state assembly.

State offices

As part of the Andhra Pradesh Capital Region, the city hosts many state offices and agencies such as Andhra Pradesh Forest Department, Agricultural Marketing Department etc.[45] The state's crime investigative agency (Crime Investigation Dept.) is known as CID. Its regional office is located within the city and its headquarters located in the Guntur Urban district in Mangalari.[46]

Law and order

City Court

Guntur Urban and Rural police offices oversee the law and order for the city and the rural areas surrounding it.[47] The Guntur Urban Police is under consideration to be upgraded as Guntur Police Commissionerate.[48] The NCC Group Guntur is the National Cadet Corps of the Armed forces. It is located at Syamalanagar.[49][47] The city also hosts one of the Indian Army recruitment and training centres.[50] The city has a new Regional Passport Centre to cater the citizens of the district and state.[51]

The High Court was in Guntur after the separation from the erstwhile Madras State,[52] which was later moved to Hyderabad after the formation of Andhra Pradesh.[53][54] After the bifurcation of the state a new High Court is set up in the capital region of the district.[55] The AP State Judicial Preview offices are located at Nagarampalem.[56]

Human resources

Healthcare

A trauma care centre in Guntur

The Government General Hospital (GGH) provides free healthcare to people across the district.[57] There are other healthcare facilities like Sankara Eye Hospital that serve people in and around the city. Also there are urban health care centres, couple of hundred private hospitals in the city.[58] The infrastructure for the government hospital is being improved to support increased population of the region.[59]

Public Safety

As part of the traffic and safety issues Guntur Urban and local police are implementing various measures with latest available technologies. Threat detection, traffic violations etc. are being monitored with effective surveillance and central monitoring control systems. Implementation of high resolution cameras are done various important traffic junctions. The businesses and restaurants are encouraged by the city police to increase the security and surveillance within their premises as well.[60][61]

Utility services

Guntur Channel is the main source of drinking water for the city residents, which draws water from Krishna river through channels and tributaries.[62] Extension of this channel is being planned to cover more areas around the city in the capital region.[63] Summer storage tank at Sangam Jagarlamudi, Vengalayapalem reservoir are the other sources of water to the city.[64] The Andhra Pradesh Southern Power Distribution Company Limited (APSPDCL) is responsible for power supply to the registered service connections through various sub-stations.[65] Guntur is one among the thirty-one cities in the state to be a part of water supply and sewerage services mission known as Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT).[66] As per the 2018 Swachh Survekshan rankings, the city was ranked 129th in the country, with a score of 2460.18.[67] The corporation received the open defecation free city certificate as part of Swachh Bharat Mission.[68]

Economy

Main market

The city is headquarters to Agricultural Marketing Department.[45] The Tobacco Board, The Spices Board also has their headquarters located in the city.[69] Agriculture Market Committee Market Yard, the largest chilly yard of Asia,crossed sales ₹10,000 crore (US$1.3 billion) during recent trading season 2023.[70][13] The spiciest Guntur chillies are exported to foreign countries and the city stands second in terms of trade, next to Mexico.[71] Commercial activities are concentrated mostly on outlets such as, cinema halls, malls, jewelry, fertilisers.[71] There are also several spinning mills on the outskirts of the city.[72]

Culture

The city residents are referred as Gunturians.[73] Traditional drama and theatrical events also have their presence in the city.[74] There are many festivals for literature, poetry, kavi-sammelan in the city. Guntur has many auditoriums such as Venkateswara Vignana Mandiram, Annamaiah Kalavedika etc. to conduct these cultural events. New auditoriums like Kala-pranganam are coming up in Guntur.[75] The city observes many festivals such as Rama Navami,[76] Hanuman Jayanthi,[77] Maha Shivaratri,[78] Vinayaka Chavithi,[79] Vijaya Dasami,[80] Deepawali,[81] Holi,[82] Ugadi,[83] Eid,[84] Krishnastami,[85] Christmas,[86] Karthika Pournami.[87][88]

Cuisine

The South Indian breakfast varieties such as Idli, Dosa, Puri, Vada etc., are preferred mostly.[89] The Red chilli biryani is one of the native dish from the area.[90] Guntur Sannam, a chilli variety was registered as one of the geographical indication from Andhra Pradesh under the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999.[91]

The city has many hotels, restaurants for dine in many areas. Also there are lot of street food vendors in every corner of the city.[92] Guntur has many places for lodging and boarding including 5 star hotels.[93] Gongura Pachadi is one of the famous and authentic pickle originated from the City of Guntur.[94]

Cityscape

A residential area
Archaeological Museum

The major commercial and residential areas in the city include the Arundelpet, Lakshmipuram and Brodipet. Koretapadu, Navabharath Nagar, Pattabhipuram, Syamala Nagar and Vidya Nagar etc., are some of the other areas in the city.[95] Autonagar, Gorantla, Pedapalakaluru, Nallapadu, Budampadu, Chowdavaram etc. are some of the other areas of the city.[96]

The city has many parks, museums, temples, nature conservation sites, forts, resorts and caves. The Jinnah Tower is one of the iconic structure on Mahatma Gandhi Road, one of the important centres of the city.[97] There are seventeen parks in the city with some of them maintained by the municipal corporation.[98] Larger city parks like Nagara-Vanam are being developed on the outskirts of the city.[99] There are many places to visit nearby the city such as Uppalapadu Bird Sanctuary, Kondaveedu Fort etc. There are many festivals and events in the region such as beach festivals, hill festivals attract the city residents during various festival seasons. The closest beach to the city region is Surya Lanka.[100][101][102][103]

Environment

Manasa Sarovar park

The pollution levels in Guntur city are at a moderate levels when compared with other major cities of the Country.[104] There are many efforts being made to increase the awareness and keep the city cleaner.[105] The hundred day clean drive, is a recent drive being taken place to keep the city region clean.[106] Plastic waste to fuel conversion plant is set up in the city. Currently the fuel from the plant is being used for vehicles run by the city municipal corporation.[107][108]

As part of the waste management, GMC is using electric vehicles for the collection of garbage from the dwellers. Also government is encouraging the residents and local transportations to use electric vehicles for better air quality in the city.[109][110] e-auto rickshaws are introduced in the city to reduce air and sound pollution. Many electric charging stations are being set up across the city for this purpose.[111] Efforts are being made to reduce plastic usage in the city and bring back the traditional, environment friendly materials. The corporation is encouraging the use of biodegradable materials like jute, paper, cloth and giving incentives with subsidized rates for such usage.[112]

With rapid increase in population and urbanization, Guntur is in dire need of sustainable and strategic planning by the state as well as central governments. The UN agency in a recent study has recommended to the city government to implement larger parks, increase in green space, real need for the introduction of mass transit with metro train and electric bus systems, proper planning of the city expansion etc.[113] There are few nature conservations near the city that are being protected and developed by local government and private agencies such as ITC by planting more trees. These places include hills of Kondaveedu, Uppalapadu, Perechera forest reserve etc. There has been increased interest and awareness to these places by the residents for such things like trekking.[114]

Transportation

NTR Bus Station
Guntur Junction railway station
National Highway-16 near Guntur

The local transport preferred by the commuters include, privately operated auto rickshaws, cabs, mini-buses etc., and government run APSRTC buses in specified routes.[115][116][117] Every day, close to one lakh people travel by different modes of transport.[118] Auto rickshaws operating on a sharing basis are the cheapest form of transport for the students and the working population.[119]

NTR bus station handles more than 2000 buses every day, which arrive from different districts of the state.[120] A new mini bus station built in the premises of NTR bus station is being used to run buses towards Vijayawada to ease the congestion in main bus station.[120] GMC is developing e-Bus Bay centres in the city for the convenience of commuters.[121]

The Rail Vikas Bhavan at Pattabhipuram in the city is the headquarters of Guntur railway division.[122][123] Guntur Junction, Nallapadu and New Guntur railway stations of the city provide rail transport.[124] While, Namburu, Perecherla and Pedakakani Halt railway stations serve as satellite stations to the city commuters.[125] The Guntur railway station operates MEMU and local trains for the commuting population, including thousands of university students.[126]

There had been a proposal to build a no frills airport for the city.[127] The airport located at Gannavaram currently serves some of the air travel needs for the city commuters.[128]

The city has a total road length of 893.00 km (554.88 mi).[129] The Mahatma Gandhi Inner Ring Road is an arterial road with a stretch of 6.34 km (3.94 mi), that encircles the city with its start and end points on NH 16.[130][131] The other arterial city roads include, the Grand Trunk Road, JKC College Road, Lakshmipuram Road, Pattabhipuram Road and Palakaluru Road etc.[132][133] The city is connected to major destinations by National highways, State highways and district roads.[134] National Highway 16 passes on the eastern side of the city, which is also a part of Asian Highway 45 and Golden Quadrilateral.[135] The National Highway NH167A and State Highway 2 connect the city with Macherla and Hyderabad.[136] National Highway NH544D connects Guntur city with Anantapur and towards Bengaluru by NH44. A new Expressway is proposed connecting the city to Rayalaseema region with faster access. State Highway 48 connects the city with seashore and beaches through Bapatla and Chirala.[137][138] The Guntur–Amaravati,[139] Guntur– Nandivelugu, Guntur-Tenali.[140] and Guntur-Parchoor roads[141][142] are the district roads connecting their respective destinations.

Education and research

Guntur Agricultural University campus

The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the School Education Department of the state.[143][144] As per the school information report for the academic year 2015–16, the city limits (including the merged villages) have more than one lakh students enrolled in over 400 schools.[145][146] The Central Board of Secondary Education, Secondary School Certificate or the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education are the different types of syllabi followed by different schools. The medium of instruction followed by schools are Telugu, English and Urdu.[147][148] The public library system is supported by the government with the central library located at Arundalpet.[149]

Government colleges and institutions include, Guntur Medical College,[150] Government Junior College for Girls.[151] There exists one residential college under APRJC, ten private aided, two co-operative and many private unaided colleges.[151] Hindu College, A.C College are some of the older institutes in the city. JKC College, RVR & JC College of Engineering, Tellakula Jalayya Polisetty Somasundaram College (TJPS College), Government College for Women and St. Joseph's College of Education for Women are the autonomous colleges approved under Universities Grant Commission scheme.[152] The AIIMS in Mangalagiri is a central medical institute near the city region. The Agricultural University at Lam village is administered from Gorantla area of the city.[153] The Acharya Nagarjuna University, a state university located at Namburu, affiliates many colleges and institutes of the city. Research centres related to different fields such as, Regional AGMARK laboratory,[154] regional station of Central Tobacco Research Institute of Indian Council of Agricultural Research are also present.[155] The city hosts many national, state level conferences and expos on many topics like economy, agriculture, technology etc.[156][157][158][159] The first Agri Infotech expo for the state is being held at the university campus at Guntur to make use of the latest technologies and adhering to traditional organic farming practices.[160]

Information Technology centres are setup in and around the city institutes to facilitate IT company employees with 'IT Work from Town Centres'. The centres are equipped with better network speed, uninterrupted power supply.[161]

Media

As per the 58th annual report of Press India 2013–14, the major Telugu daily publications from Guntur are Andhra Jyothi, Eenadu, Andhra Prabha, Sakshi, Suryaa, Telugu Jatiya Dinapatrika Vaartha. The English publications are, Deccan Chronicle, News Boom, The Fourth Voice, Views Observer.[162]

Sports

Parade ground

Sporting infrastructure of the city include several venues for many sports such as, Brahmananda Reddy stadium for Tennis, Badminton, Volleyball, Athletics, Gymnastics, Swimming;[163][164][165] NTR Municipal Indoor stadium for Table Tennis and Volleyball;[166][167] and also other sports such as Boxing.[168] It becomes the first state to get blue athletic track in India[169]

The city has hosted sporting events such as, All India Senior Tennis Association,[170] All India Sub Junior Ranking Badminton Tournament,[171] All India Invitation Volleyball Tournament,[167] Ganta Sanjeeva Reddy Memorial Trophy,[172] Inter-district Master Aquatic Championship[173] etc. The city was also a host for Khelo India programme for junior level national sports.[174] City hosts mini marathons and walks such as 10K-Walk in and around the city region.[175]

International sports personalities from the city include: cricketer Ambati Rayudu;[176] badminton player Srikanth Kidambi, who won the Super Series title in China[177] and also finished as a quarter finalist at the 2016 Summer Olympics.[178]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Guntur population likely to cross 10 lakh mark soon". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  2. ↑ Guntur Post Office and Pin Code List
  3. 1 2 3 Staff Reporter. "Guntur city population is 743,354 as per 2011 Census". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
  4. ↑ "Guntur Commercial Hub". FICCI. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  5. ↑ "Guntur Educational Hub". The Hans India. Archived from the original on 5 April 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  6. ↑ India, The Hans (31 March 2018). "Guntur urban divided into east, East mandals". thehansindia.com. Guntur. Archived from the original on 5 April 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
  7. ↑ "Guntur District Mandals" (PDF). Census of India. pp. 83, 110. Retrieved 19 January 2015. It is also a good education based city... It has quality educational institutions also
  8. ↑ "AP Capital Region Development Authority comes into being". The Hindu. Hyderabad. 31 December 2014. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  9. ↑ "Classification of Cities for the purpose of HRA with effect from 1 April 2015 — CENTRAL GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES NEWS". 7thpaycommissionnews.in. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
  10. ↑ "Guntur population density". 21 November 2021.
  11. ↑ "Guntur population estimate". World Population Review. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
  12. ↑ "Industrial Corridor". 27 November 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
  13. 1 2 "Chillies lose sting, exports & Guntur markets only hope – The Economic Times". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
  14. ↑ "Guntur History". National Informatics Centre. Archived from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
  15. ↑ "District Profile". Guntur Municipal Corporation. Archived from the original on 14 May 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
  16. ↑ "Evolution of Guntur Division" (PDF). South Central Railway. p. 3. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  17. ↑ Pullaiah, T. (2000). Flora of Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Regency Publications. p. 2. ISBN 9788187498162. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
  18. ↑ "Kambala races to be held from Jan. 30". The Hindu. 27 January 2021. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
  19. ↑ "Temple inscriptions R.Agraharam". New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
  20. ↑ "Kālacakra history". kalacakra.org. Archived from the original on 11 February 2021.
  21. ↑ ":::- WELCOME TO GUNTUR DISTRICT OFFICIAL WEBSITE -". Archived from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
  22. ↑ "Ancient Inscriptions". The Hindu. 30 December 2019. Archived from the original on 5 April 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
  23. ↑ "Dazzling diamond". Amaravati Voice. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
  24. ↑ "Guntur district during British" (PDF). New Indian Express. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
  25. ↑ Leggett, Hadley (18 August 2009), Aug. 18, 1868: Helium Discovered During Total Solar Eclipse, wired.com, retrieved 18 March 2010
  26. ↑ "Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences", C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 67: 836–41, 1868
  27. ↑ "Merger of villages in Guntur city" (PDF). Guntur Municipal Corporation. Municipal Administration & Urban Development Department. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  28. ↑ "Falling Rain Genomics-Guntur". Falling Rain Genomics Inc.
  29. ↑ "Guntur irrigation". Government of India. Archived from the original on 16 July 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2006.
  30. ↑ "KRISHNA R/DELTA, COAST". Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  31. ↑ "Climate: Guntur – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
  32. 1 2 3 "Statistical Information of ULBs and UDAs" (PDF). Directorate of Town and Country Planning. Government of Andhra Pradesh. 27 February 2019. p. 3. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
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