Gemmula
shells of Gemmula gemmulina
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Subclass: Caenogastropoda
Order: Neogastropoda
Superfamily: Conoidea
Family: Turridae
Genus: Gemmula
Weinkauff, 1875[1]
Type species
Pleurotoma gemmata
Hinds, 1843
Species

See text

Synonyms[2]
  • Eugemmula Iredale, 1931
  • Gemmula (Gemmula) Weinkauf, 1875
  • Pleurotoma (Gemmula) Weinkauff, 1875 (original rank)
  • Turris (Gemmula) Weinkauf, 1875

Gemmula, common name the gem turrids, is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.[2]

These snails have been recorded as fossils from the Paleocene to the Quaternary (from 66.043 to 0.012 Ma). Fossils have been found all over the world.[3]

This genus is still regarded as paraphyletic and should be revised.[4] A high number of undescribed species are estimated to belong to Gemmula. Since independent “Gemmula-like” lineages are distributed all over the turrid tree, a revision of Gemmula would entail again a complete revision of the family Turridae.[5]

Fossil shell of Gemmula rotata from Pliocene

They are venomous with disulfide-rich polypeptides in their venom ducts.[6] These bioactive peptides are likely to become a resource for novel pharmacologically active compounds [7]

Habitat and feeding habits

The snails in this genus occur mostly in deeper tropical waters at depths between 50 and 500m. Because of these deep habitats, little is known about their feeding habits.

Taxonomy

The Gemmula clade is more closely related to the clades Xenuroturris, Turris and Lophiotoma than to the other clades in the former subfamily Turrinae.

Description

The fusiform shell resembles Drillia, but with a thin and simple outer lip without an anterior sulcus, and the inner lip usually simple, hardly callous. The protoconch is polygyrate and axially costate. There are three or four embryonal whorls, the two upper ones smooth, upright, the others longitudinally ribbed. The sculpture is most emphasized in a spiral direction, often with a prominent beaded keel at or in front of the anal fasciole.The rather long siphonal canal is narrow and tapering, sometimes curved. The sinus is straight, more or less narrow and long, terminating in a nodulous peripheral keel that is gemmate throughout. Type species : Pleurotoma gemmata Hinds, 1843 [8][9]

The bead-row of the fasciole readily distinguishes this genus from related forms. Between the smooth protoconch and the adult whorls two or three whorls intervene with descrepant sculpture of fine arcuate longitudinal riblets.[10]

As expected from venomous species, these species have a toxoglosson radula (formula 1 + 0 +1 + 0 + 1) with a central tooth that characterizes this genus.[11]

Species

The genus Gemmula is the largest genus in the former subfamily Turrinae. Species within the genus Gemmula include:

Species brought into synonymy

References

  1. ↑ Weinkauff (1875). Jahrb. dtsch. malak. Ges. 2: 285.
  2. 1 2 Gemmula Weinkauff, 1875. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 3 October 2010.
  3. ↑ Paleobiology Database
  4. ↑ Puillandre N, Modica MV, Zhang Y, Sirovich L, Boisselier MC, Cruaud C, Holford M, Samadi S. 2012. Large-scale species delimitation method for hyperdiverse groups. Molecular Ecology 21: 2671–2691
  5. ↑
  6. ↑ Heralde III, Francisco M.; Julita Imperial; Pradip K. Bandyopadhyay; Baldomero M. Olivera; Gisela P. Concepcion; Ameurfina D. Santo (April 2008). "A rapidly diverging superfamily of peptide toxins in venomous Gemmula species". Toxicon. 51 (5): 890–897. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.12.022. PMC 2582027. PMID 18272193.
  7. ↑ Baldomero M. Olivera, David R. Hillyard and Maren Watkins, A new species of Gemmula, Weinkauff 1875; Evidence of two clades of Philippine species in the genus Gemmula, Philippine Science letters, vol. 1 (1)
  8. ↑ W.H. Dall (1908) Reports on the Mollusca and Brachiopoda, Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. vol. 43
  9. ↑ G.W. Tryon (1884) Manual of Conchology, structural and systematic, with illustrations of the species, vol. VI; Philadelphia, Academy of Natural Sciences Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  10. ↑ Hedley, C. 1922. A revision of the Australian Turridae. Records of the Australian Museum 13(6): 213-359, pls 42-56 Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  11. ↑ Francisco M. Heralde III et al., The Indo-Pacific Gemmula species in the subfamily Turrinae: Aspects of field distribution, molecular phylogeny, radular anatomy and feeding ecology, Philippine Science Letters, vol. 3 (1), 2010
  12. ↑ Gemmula alwyni Kilburn, 2005. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  13. ↑ Gemmula amabilis. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  14. ↑ Gemmula ambara Olivera et al., 2008. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  15. ↑ Gemmula championi Kilburn, 1983. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  16. ↑ Gemmula closterion Sysoev, 1997. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  17. ↑ Gemmula concinna (Dunker, 1871). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  18. ↑ Gemmula congener (Smith E. A., 1894). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  19. ↑ Gemmula cosmoi (Sykes, 1930). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  20. ↑ Gemmula damperierana Powell, 1964. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  21. ↑ Gemmula diomedea Powell, 1964. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  22. ↑ Gemmula ducalis (Thiele, 1925). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  23. ↑ Gemmula fenestrata Kosuge, 1990. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  24. ↑ Gemmula flata Baoquan Li & Xinzheng Li, 2008. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  25. ↑ Gemmula gemmulina (Martens, 1902). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  26. ↑ Gemmula gilchristi (Sowerby III, 1902). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  27. ↑ Gemmula graeffei (Weinkauff, 1875). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  28. ↑ Gemmula grandigyrata Baoquan Li & Xinzheng Li, 2008. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  29. ↑ Gemmula granosus (Helbling, 1779). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  30. ↑ Gemmula hastula (Reeve, 1843). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  31. ↑ Gemmula hawleyi (Iredale, 1931). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  32. ↑ Gemmula hindsiana Berry, 1958. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  33. ↑ Gemmula husamaru (Nomura, 1940). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  34. ↑ Gemmula interpolata Powell, 1967. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  35. ↑ Gemmula kieneri (Doumet, 1840). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  36. ↑ Gemmula lisajoni Olivera, 1999. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  37. ↑ Gemmula lordhoweensis Kantor & Sysoev, 1991. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  38. ↑ Gemmula lululimi Olivera, 1999. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  39. ↑ Gemmula monilifera (Pease, 1860). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  40. ↑ Gemmula murrayi Powell, 1964. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  41. ↑ Gemmula mystica Simone, 2005. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  42. ↑ Gemmula pseudogranosa (Nomura, 1940). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  43. ↑ Gemmula pseudomonilifera Powell, 1967. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  44. ↑ Gemmula rarimaculata Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  45. ↑ Gemmula rosario Shikama, 1977. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  46. ↑ Gemmula sibogae (Schepman, 1913). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  47. ↑ Gemmula sibukoensis Powell, 1964. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  48. ↑ Gemmula sikatunai Olivera, 2004. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  49. ↑ Gemmula sogodensis Olivera, 2004. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  50. ↑ Gemmula speciosa (Reeve, 1842). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  51. ↑ Gemmula stupa Lee, 2001. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  52. ↑ Gemmula subfenestrata Kosuge, 1990. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  53. ↑ Gemmula vagata (Smith E. A., 1895). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  54. ↑ Gemmula webberae Kilburn, 1975. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  55. ↑ Gemmula westaustralis Kosuge, 1990. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  56. ↑ Gemmula bisinuata (Martens, 1901). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  57. ↑ Gemmula luzonica (Powell, 1964). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  58. ↑ Gemmula microscelida (Dall, 1895). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  59. ↑ Gemmula periscelida (Dall, 1889). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  60. ↑ Gemmula praesignis (Smith E. A., 1895). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  61. ↑ Gemmula rotatilis (Martens, 1902). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  62. ↑ Gemmula teschi (Powell, 1964). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  63. ↑ Gemmula tessellata Powell, 1967. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  64. ↑ Gemmula thielei Finlay H. J., 1930. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  65. ↑ Gemmula truncata (Schepman, 1913). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  66. ↑ Gemmula unedo (Kiener, 1840). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  • Powell, A.W.B. 1964. The Family Turridae in the Indo-Pacific. Part 1. The Subfamily Turrinae. Indo-Pacific Mollusca 1: 227-346
  • Kilburn, R.N. (1983) Turridae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of southern Africa and Mozambique. Part 1. Subfamily Turrinae. Annals of the Natal Museum, 25, 549–585.
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