Frans Timmermans
Timmermans in 2023
Executive Vice President of the European Commission for the European Green Deal
In office
1 December 2019 – 22 August 2023
PresidentUrsula von der Leyen
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byMaroš Šefčovič
European Commissioner for Climate Action
In office
1 December 2019 – 22 August 2023
PresidentUrsula von der Leyen
Preceded byMiguel Arias Cañete
Succeeded byMaroš Šefčovič (acting)
First Vice President of the European Commission
In office
1 November 2014 – 30 November 2019
PresidentJean-Claude Juncker
Preceded byCatherine Ashton
Succeeded byPosition abolished
Minister of Foreign Affairs
In office
5 November 2012 – 17 October 2014
Prime MinisterMark Rutte
Preceded byUri Rosenthal
Succeeded byBert Koenders
State Secretary for Foreign Affairs
In office
22 February 2007 – 23 February 2010
Prime MinisterJan Peter Balkenende
Preceded byAtzo Nicolaï
Succeeded byBen Knapen
Member of the House of Representatives
Assumed office
6 December 2023
In office
9 June 2010 – 5 November 2012
In office
6 May 1998 – 22 February 2007
Personal details
Born
Franciscus Cornelis Gerardus Maria Timmermans

(1961-05-06) 6 May 1961
Maastricht, Netherlands
Political partyLabour Party (1990–present)
GroenLinks–PvdA (2023–present)
Other political
affiliations		Democrats 66 (1985)
Party of European Socialists
Spouse
Irene Timmermans
​
(m. 2000)​
Children4
EducationRadboud University (BA, MA)
Nancy 2 University (LLM, MA)

Franciscus Cornelis Gerardus Maria "Frans" Timmermans (Dutch pronunciation: [frɑnˈsɪskʏs kɔrˈneːlɪs xeːˈrɑrdʏs frɑns ˈtɪmərˌmɑns];[lower-alpha 1] born 6 May 1961) is a Dutch politician who most recently served as Executive Vice President of the European Commission for the European Green Deal and European Commissioner for Climate Action in the von der Leyen Commission from 2019 until his resignation in 2023. He is a member of the Dutch Labour Party (PvdA).

Timmermans previously served as First Vice-President to Jean-Claude Juncker and European Commissioner for Better Regulation, Interinstitutional Relations, the Rule of Law and the Charter of Fundamental Rights from 2014 to 2019. He was the lead candidate of the Party of European Socialists (PES) for President of the European Commission in the European election that was held in May 2019.

Timmermans was Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands from 2012 to 2014 in the Second Rutte cabinet and State Secretary for Foreign Affairs from 2007 to 2010 in the Fourth Balkenende cabinet, in charge of European Affairs. He was a member of the Dutch House of Representatives for the Labour Party from 1998 to 2007 and again from 2010 to 2012. He was a civil servant in the diplomatic service of the Netherlands from 1987 to 1998, when he became active in politics.

In July 2023, Timmermans announced his intention to become the next Prime Minister of the Netherlands and to contest the 2023 general election for the GroenLinks–PvdA alliance.[1] On 22 August 2023, he was elected as lead candidate by members of both parties.[2] Timmermans led GL–PvdA into the election, with the joint list receiving 15.5% of the total vote and 25 seats in the House of Representatives, an increase of 8 seats.

Early life and education

Timmermans was born on 6 May 1961 in Maastricht to a Roman Catholic family.[3] He attended elementary school in Sint-Stevens-Woluwe, Belgium before attending, from 1972 to 1975, the private Saint George's English School in Rome. From 1975 until 1980, he attended the athenaeum Bernardinuscollege in Heerlen, where he settled.[4]

In 1980, Timmermans entered the Radboud University Nijmegen, where he graduated with an MA degree in French literature in 1985. In 1984, he also enrolled at the Nancy-Université in Nancy, France, where he studied European law, French literature and history, obtaining LL.M. Eur and MA degrees in 1985. On 6 January 1986, he was conscripted in the Royal Netherlands Army as a private first class for the Dutch Military Intelligence and Security Service as a Russian Prisoner of War interrogator.

Aside from his native Dutch and Limburgish, Timmermans is fluent in English, French, German, Italian and Russian.[5][6][7]

Timmermans with Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte and Russian President Vladimir Putin, 6 March 2013

Diplomatic career

On 1 August 1987, Timmermans was discharged from military service in the Royal Netherlands Army. Timmermans joined the Dutch Civil Service as an officer in the Integration Department at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in The Hague. On 1 July 1990, he was appointed Deputy Secretary of the Dutch Embassy in Moscow, Russia. On 1 September 1993, he returned to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, as Deputy Head of the Bureau for European Development Cooperation. On 15 March 1994, he left the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, becoming Assistant to European Commissioner Hans van den Broek. Timmermans moved from this post a year later on 15 March 1995, to become Senior Advisor and Private Secretary to Max van der Stoel, the High Commissioner for National Minorities of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).

Political career

Member of the House of Representatives (1998–2007)

After the Dutch general election of 1998 Timmermans was elected a Member of the House of Representatives for the Labour Party and was installed as Member of the House of Representatives on 19 May 1998. He served as the Deputy Chairman of the Commission for Foreign Affairs from November 2001 until September 2002, when he became the Chairman of the Commission for Economic Affairs until 18 March 2003, when he again became the Deputy Chairman of the Commission for Foreign Affairs, serving until 22 February 2007. Timmermans represented the House of Representatives in the Convention on the Future of Europe from March 2002 until July 2003. Timmermans also served as a Member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from 21 September 1998 until 22 February 2007. Timmermans was reelected to the House of Representatives after the Dutch general elections of 2002 and 2003.

State Secretary for Foreign Affairs (2007–2010)

After the Dutch general election of 2006 the Labour Party, Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) and the ChristianUnion (CU) formed a coalition agreement which resulted in the formation of the Cabinet Balkenende IV. Timmermans became Undersecretary for Foreign Affairs and was responsible for the co-ordination of government policy towards the European Union, and was conferred the diplomatic title of Minister of European Affairs during international visits. A major theme of his time as Undersecretary for European Affairs was to increase support for European integration. This was done both by seeking greater influence of citizens on European policies and by improving communication and public perception; besides citizens the aim was that education should have also be more involved with Europe. The Treaty of Lisbon was signed whilst he was Undersecretary, before which Timmermans and Prime Minister Jan Peter Balkenende successfully lobbied to secure a greater role for national parliaments in European Union decision-making processes. In February 2010, NATO officially requested the Netherlands to extend its military involvement in Task Force Uruzgan. The Labour Party strongly opposed the extension of the mission and on 23 February 2010 the Cabinet Balkenende IV fell after the Labour Party officially withdrew its support with all Labour Party Cabinet members resigning.

Return as a Member of the House of Representatives (2010–2012)

Following the withdrawal of the Labour Party from the coalition government, the Cabinet Balkenende IV remained as a Demissionary Cabinet until the Dutch general election of 2010. Following a coalition agreement between the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (Vvd), Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) and the Party for Freedom (PVV), the Labour Party became the official opposition. Timmermans was returned to the House of Representatives, being installed on 17 June 2010. During his second term as a Member of the House of Representatives he served as Parliamentary Spokesman of the Labour Party for Foreign Affairs and European Affairs. Labour politician Ronald Plasterk accused Timmermans in 2016 of doing nothing for half a year in order to acquire this responsibility, which had initially been refused because of his previous office. He declined to comment.[8]

Minister of Foreign Affairs (2012–2014)

Timmermans with US Secretary of State John Kerry at the 2014 Nuclear Security Summit
Timmermans with President of the European Commission Jean-Claude Juncker and Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte, 7 January 2016

After the fall of the Cabinet Rutte I. The Dutch general election of 2012, resulted in the Labour Party and the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy forming a coalition agreement resulting in the formation of the Cabinet Rutte II, and Timmermans being appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs, taking office on 5 November 2012.

On 24 March and 25 March 2014 the Netherlands hosted the 2014 Nuclear Security Summit, Timmermans as Minister of Foreign Affairs was charged with welcoming all attending representatives.

In May 2014, Timmermans condemned Geert Wilders' anti-Islam sticker, saying that "The Netherlands cannot be held responsible for the adolescent behavior of a single parliamentarian."[9] Timmermans said that Saudi Arabia is "deeply offended by the sticker action."[10]

On 17 July 2014, passenger flight Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 was shot down over Ukraine resulting in the deaths of 194 Dutch citizens. The next day Timmermans flew to Kyiv to meet with President Petro Poroshenko and Prime Minister Arseniy Yatsenyuk to discuss the matter, following which, on 21 July 2014, Timmermans addressed the United Nations Security Council in New York. Timmermans delivered an emotional speech which was widely praised by the international community. His speech called for Dutch Prime Minister Rutte and the International Community to help bring the victims home and start an investigation to make sure that those responsible are brought to justice. He states: "I call on the international community, on the Security Council, on anyone with influence on the situation on the ground: allow us to bring the victims’ remains home to their loved ones without any further delay. They deserve to be home." A statement in his speech about the careless way with which the local population was said to have treated the bodies of the victims appeared to be imprecise. Timmermans acknowledged this later on in a letter to the Dutch parliament.[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]

In August 2014, Timmermans called for an independent investigation into Israel's actions during the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict.[20]

In a speech at the Israel Council on Foreign Relations Timmermans explains the interconnectedness between Israel and Europe. These similarities, culture-wise and governmentally, mean that Europe holds Israel to a higher standard: namely, as a European country rather than a Middle Eastern country.[21] While this double standard could be perceived as antisemitic, Timmermans points out that "there is no way we can disentangle the destiny of Israel from the destiny of Europe". In pointing out this connection, Timmermans alludes to the responsibility that Europe has to maintain positive relations with Israel. While recognizing how young people in Europe are facing "rising disenchantment" to democracy, he calls on the European community to "help us find new, innovative ways of translating this inherent human necessity to be heard, to influence one's environment to be part of the decision making process". He believes the Netherlands should help fortify security guarantees for Israel, but cautions that Israel must be willing to give Palestinians full and equal rights in the West Bank and in Gaza.

European Commission

Juncker Commission (2014–2019)

The European Commission, of which Frans Timmermans was vice-president from 2014 through 2023

In September 2014, the Dutch Government nominated Frans Timmermans as its prospective member of the European Commission under President-elect Jean-Claude Juncker. On 1 November 2014, Timmermans took office as First Vice President in Juncker's European Commission, and served as President Juncker's first deputy and right-hand man. Timmermans' portfolio comprises Better Regulation, Inter-Institutional Relations, Rule of Law and Charter of Fundamental Rights.[22]

In May 2016, Timmermans said that Erdoğan's Turkey "has made impressive progress, particularly in recent weeks, on meeting the benchmarks of its visa liberalisation roadmap. There is still work to be done as a matter of urgency but if Turkey sustains the progress made, they can meet the remaining benchmarks."[23]

Timmermans repeatedly criticized Poland's judiciary reform,[24] saying that "these laws considerably increase the systemic threats to the rule of law in Poland."[25] In April 2019, the commission had launched a new infringement proceedings against Poland over independence of judges. Timmermans said: "The new disciplinary regime undermines the judicial independence of Polish judges by not offering necessary guarantees to protect them from political control, as required by the Court of Justice of the European Union."[26]

Timmermans supported the mandatory migrant quotas within the EU. He said that people coming to the EU "are fellow human beings who, I think, deserve to seek refuge when they flee the barbarism that the jihadists are inflicting upon them."[27]

Unsuccessful candidacy for the European Commission presidency

In October 2018, Frans Timmermans announced his candidacy for the office of President of the European Commission ahead of the 2019 European election. In December 2018, during the Congress of Lisbon, the Party of European Socialists acclaimed him as its candidate. He was formally nominated as the PES Common Candidate in Madrid in February 2019. Timmermans said he intended to challenge the dominance of the EPP by building a left coalition in the European Parliament.[28] His party finished second in the election behind the EPP, but after having discussed the parliamentary lead candidates Manfred Weber, Timmermans and occasionally also Margrethe Vestager of the three largest European parties in the parliament several times, the European Council initially intended to nominate Timmermans for the office of commission president mostly because of Weber's alleged missing experience on the international stage. However, when governments from Eastern Europe protested this decision because of their strong opposition against Timmerman's fight on behalf of the commission for the rule of law and against reforms which are prospected to undermine it in these countries, the Council almost unanimously proposed German Defense Minister Ursula von der Leyen as a compromise candidate in July 2019, a controversial decision among many members of the European Parliament, as she had neither been running for the office nor taken part in the European election, while such a process had informally been agreed as the gold standard since 2014. Therefore, the sole abstention with her nomination came from Germany themselves because part of the German coalition government did not accept such a move. Yet, von der Leyen was subsequently elected with a narrow majority by the European Parliament, promised to argue for a better implementation and formalisation of the desired parliamentary process in the future and announced that lead candidates Timmermans and Vestager would become vice-presidents in her commission.[29]

Von der Leyen Commission (2019–2023)

Timmermans delivering a speech about the Green Deal at the European Investment Bank Headquarters.

In 2019, President of the European Commission, Ursula von der Leyen requested Frans Timmermans continue in his role as First Vice President while also designating him as one of the three new Executive Vice Presidents of the European Commission. As Executive Vice President,[30] Timmermans is responsible for the European Green Deal.[31] Timmermans was also responsible for a European Green Deal and a European Climate Law[32] in their first hundred days in office.[30]

On 30 March 2021, Timmermans said in a tweet after talking to Swedish environmental activist Greta Thunberg that "The Commission remains committed" to making the Common Agricultural Policy "fulfill the objectives" of the European Green Deal.[33]

In October 2021, Timmermans suggested "the best answer" to the 2021 global energy crisis is "to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels." He said those blaming the European Green Deal were doing so "for perhaps ideological reasons or sometimes economic reasons in protecting their vested interests."[34] Euractiv reported that Timmermans told the European Parliament in Strasbourg "that “about one fifth” of the energy price increase can be attributed to rising CO2 prices on the EU's carbon market."[35]

Timmermans with Chinese Vice Premier Ding Xuexiang in Beijing, 4 July 2023

In July 2023 China and the European Union held the Fourth EU-China High Level Environment and Climate Dialogue. The European delegation to China was led by Frans Timmermans. Both sides declared they will continue to cooperate in stopping climate change, biodiversity loss and pollution. Both sides agree to ensure the success of COP28, implement the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, advance the High Seas Treaty, cooperate in water policy, reach a global agreement on plastic pollution by 2024. Both sides agree to support Circular economy.[36]

Candidacy for Prime Minister of the Netherlands (2023)

In July 2023, a snap election was called in the Netherlands after the collapse of the fourth Rutte cabinet.[37] After members of the Labour Party and GroenLinks voted to contest the election on a joint list, Timmermans declared his intention to become lead candidate (lijsttrekker) for the alliance and to succeed Mark Rutte as Prime Minister of the Netherlands.[1][38] His candidacy was met with widespread approval from both parties, including Labour Party leader Attje Kuiken and GroenLinks leader Jesse Klaver.[39] On 22 August 2023, during a joint GroenLinks–PvdA party meeting, Timmermans was confirmed as lead candidate with 92 percent of the vote.[40] He resigned from the European Commission on the same day, and was replaced in his role as Executive Vice-President for the European Green Deal by fellow vice president Maroš Šefčovič.[41]

The 2023 Dutch general election was held on 22 November 2023, and GL–PvdA ultimately finished in second place, with 25 seats, behind Geert Wilders' anti-immigration Party for Freedom (PVV). Following the election, there has been speculation that Timmermans could lead a grand coalition, or "big tent" government, alongside VVD, NSC, and one smaller party, potentially D66 or BBB.[42] Timmermans has ruled out working with the PVV, remarking that "we will never form a coalition with parties that pretend that asylum seekers are the source of all misery"[43]

Personal life

Timmermans has married twice, having two children in his first marriage, a daughter (born 1986) and a son (born 1989). Timmermans remarried in 2000 to Irene Timmermans; he and his second wife have a son (born 2004) and a daughter (born 2006). In 2021, he appeared on the Time 100, Time's annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world[44] and was named one of the 28 most influential people in Europe (in the "Doers" category) by Politico Europe.[45]

Honours and decorations

Decorations

Honorary degrees

Electoral history

Electoral history of Frans Timmermans
Year Body Party Pos. Votes Result Ref.
Party seats Individual
1998 House of Representatives Labour Party 18 7,561 45 Won [52]
2002 House of Representatives Labour Party 19 4,780 23 Won [53]
2003 House of Representatives Labour Party 19 7,786 42 Won [54]
2006 House of Representatives Labour Party 11 6,599 33 Won [55]
2010 House of Representatives Labour Party 9 8,684 30 Won [56]
2012 House of Representatives Labour Party 8 15,150 38 Won [57]
2019 European Parliament Labour Party 1 839,240 6 Won [58]
2023 House of Representatives GroenLinks–PvdA 1 760,521 25 Won [59]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ In isolation, Gerardus is pronounced [ɣeːˈrɑrdʏs].

References

  1. 1 2 Toby Sterling and Kate Abnett (20 July 2023), EU climate chief Timmermans to run in Dutch election Reuters.
  2. ↑ NOS Nieuws (22 August 2023), Timmermans officieel lijsttrekker PvdA/GroenLinks NOS.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Dr. F.C.G.M. (Frans) Timmermans". www.parlement.com.
  4. ↑ "Het Heerlen van Frans Timmermans". May 21, 2019.
  5. ↑ Stuttgarter Zeitung – "Frans Timmermans soll Super-Kommissar werden" (03.09.2014)
  6. ↑ "Timmermans: si, je spreche multiple talen". nos.nl. 7 October 2014.
  7. ↑ "Arme Frans". NU. 25 January 2012.
  8. ↑ Hendrickx, Frank; Meijer, Remco (27 December 2016). "Plasterk: Timmermans dwong buitenlandportefeuille af met niets doen". de Volkskrant (in Dutch).
  9. ↑ "Dutch send top diplomat to avert Saudi sanctions over anti-Islam stickers". Reuters. 21 May 2014.
  10. ↑ "Wilders damage control forces minister to Saudi Arabia". NL Times. 27 May 2014.
  11. ↑ "Hier de tekst van mijn speech in de VN... - Frans Timmermans - Facebook". Facebook.
  12. ↑ "U.N. Council, With Russia in Accord, Tells Insurgents to Open Wreckage Site". The New York Times. July 21, 2014.
  13. ↑ "Watch: Dutch foreign minister's powerful speech amid chaotic MH17 aftermath". Washington Post.
  14. ↑ "Dutch Foreign Minister Frans Timmermans Gives Perfect Response To Horror Of MH17". The Huffington Post UK. 22 July 2014.
  15. ↑ "Russia Backs UN Resolution for Access to Ukraine Plane Crash Site - News". The Moscow Times.
  16. ↑ "Emotional Speech from NL Foreign Minister". IrishmanAbroad.com. 22 July 2014.
  17. ↑ "Timmermans speech leads UN Security Council to condemn MH17 attack - NL Times". NL Times. Archived from the original on August 6, 2014.
  18. ↑ "Bill Clinton calls for tough response on MH17 and pays tribute to lost HIV researchers". Telegraph.co.uk. 23 July 2014.
  19. ↑ "Mythen rond de MH17". Trouw (in Dutch). 10 September 2014. Retrieved 2018-07-24.
  20. ↑ "Gaza is about Israel, not Jews: Timmermans". NL Times. 6 August 2014.
  21. ↑ Timmermans, Frans (2014). "Israel and the EU: Beyond the Horizon". Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs. 8: 73–79. doi:10.1080/23739770.2014.11446628. S2CID 147514902.
  22. ↑ "Timmermans wordt eerste vice-president van de Europese Commissie". nrc.nl.
  23. ↑ "European Commission backs visa-free travel for Turkey". The Irish Times. 4 May 2016.
  24. ↑ "Comments on Frans Timmermans' article on Poland". Polska.pl. 12 December 2016. Archived from the original on 9 July 2019. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
  25. ↑ "EU threatens Poland with sanctions as judiciary stand-off escalates". France 24. 19 July 2017.
  26. ↑ "EU targets Poland, Romania with defence of judicial independence". Reuters. 3 April 2019.
  27. ↑ "Commissioner and Czech minister argue over migration". EUobserver. 16 June 2017.
  28. ↑ "Timmermans lays ground for left coalition against EPP". POLITICO. May 16, 2019.
  29. ↑ "MEPs back von der Leyen as EU Commission head". BBC News. 16 July 2019.
  30. 1 2 "Mission letter of Frans Timmermans" (PDF). 10 September 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2021 – via ec.europa.eu.
  31. ↑ "EU climate action and the European Green Deal". Retrieved 16 September 2021 – via ec.europa.eu.
  32. ↑ "European Climate Law". Retrieved 16 September 2021 – via ec.europa.eu.
  33. ↑ "Greta Thunberg: Timmermans not doing enough to green EU farm policy". Politico. 30 March 2021.
  34. ↑ "EU countries look to Brussels for help with 'unprecedented' energy crisis". Politico. 6 October 2021.
  35. ↑ "The Green Brief: Europe's energy price crunch dilemna [sic]". Euractiv. 29 September 2021.
  36. ↑ "Joint Press Release following the Fourth EU-China High Level Environment and Climate Dialogue". Delegation of the European Union to the People’s Republic of China. the European Union. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  37. ↑ "Tweede Kamerverkiezingen zijn op woensdag 22 november, stemmen op één dag". NOS (in Dutch). 2023-07-14. Retrieved 2023-08-22.
  38. ↑ Eddy Wax (11 August 2023), EU climate chief Timmermans set to lead left-wing alliance into Dutch elections Politico Europe.
  39. ↑ "Kopstukken PvdA en GroenLinks steunen kandidatuur Timmermans". NOS (in Dutch). 2023-07-20. Retrieved 2023-08-22.
  40. ↑ "Frans Timmermans nu officieel lijsttrekker PvdA/GL". De Telegraaf. 2023-08-22. Retrieved 2023-08-24.
  41. ↑ "Executive Vice-President Timmermans resigns; Vice-President Šefčovič will take over his duties". European Commission. 2023-08-22. Retrieved 2023-08-23.
  42. ↑ Meijer, Bart; Sterling, Toby (2023-11-22). "Tough coalition talks ahead after far right's Dutch election win". Reuters. Retrieved 2023-11-24.
  43. ↑ "In a shock for Europe, anti-Islam populist Geert Wilders records a massive win in Dutch elections". AP News. 2023-11-22. Retrieved 2023-11-24.
  44. ↑ Calma, Justine (September 15, 2021). "These climate stars are among the world's most 'influential' people". The Verge. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  45. ↑ "Frans Timmermans". POLITICO. 2021-12-08. Retrieved 2021-12-13.
  46. ↑ Systems, Indaco. "Decretul nr. 1309/2006 privind conferirea Ordinului naţional Petru Merit în grad de Comandor". Lege5.
  47. ↑ "president.ee". www.president.ee.
  48. ↑ "Honorary doctorates - About UM - Maastricht University". www.maastrichtuniversity.nl.
  49. ↑ "Frans Timmermans primește titlul de Doctor Honoris Causa al SNSPA". www.digi24.ro.
  50. ↑ "Timmermans aboga por unir sociedades y política frente al cambio climático". euroefe.euractiv.es.
  51. ↑ "Eurocommissaris Frans Timmermans over de energietransitie". www.tudelft.nl.
  52. ↑ "Proces-verbaal zitting Kiesraad uitslag Tweede Kamerverkiezing 1998" [Records meeting Duch Electoral Council results 1998 general election] (PDF). Dutch Electoral Council (in Dutch). 19 May 1998. p. 11. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  53. ↑ "Proces-verbaal zitting uitslag Tweede Kamerverkiezing 2002" [Records meeting Duch Electoral Council results 2002 general election] (PDF). Dutch Electoral Council (in Dutch). 15 May 2002. pp. 22–23. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  54. ↑ "Proces-verbaal zitting Kiesraad uitslag Tweede Kamerverkiezing 2003" [Records meeting Duch Electoral Council results 2003 general election] (PDF). Dutch Electoral Council (in Dutch). 22 January 2003. pp. 50–85. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  55. ↑ "Proces-verbaal zitting Kiesraad uitslag Tweede Kamerverkiezing 2006" [Records meeting Duch Electoral Council results 2006 general election] (PDF). Dutch Electoral Council (in Dutch). 27 November 2006. pp. 26–28. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  56. ↑ "Uitslag Tweede Kamerverkiezing 2010" [Results 2010 general election] (PDF). Dutch Electoral Council (in Dutch). 16 June 2010. pp. 18–19. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  57. ↑ "Uitslag Tweede Kamerverkiezing 2012" [Results 2012 general election] (PDF). Dutch Electoral Council (in Dutch). 17 September 2012. pp. 20–58, 106–108. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  58. ↑ "Europees Parlement 23 mei 2019" [European Parliament 23 May 2019]. Dutch Electoral Council (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  59. ↑ "Proces-verbaal van de uitslag van de verkiezing van de Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal 2023 d.d. 4 december 2023" [Report of the results of the election of the House of Representatives on 4 December 2023] (PDF). Dutch Electoral Council (in Dutch). 4 December 2023. pp. 23–31, 199. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
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