Decimus Burton

FRS FRSA FSA FRIBA
Burton by Sir Thomas Lawrence
Born30 September 1800
North House, Southampton Terrace, Bloomsbury, London, England
Died14 December 1881(1881-12-14) (aged 81)
1 Gloucester Road, Kensington, London, England
Resting placeKensal Green Cemetery, London
EducationTonbridge School
Alma mater
OccupationArchitect
Notable work
Parents
Relatives

Decimus Burton FRS FRSA FSA FRIBA (30 September 1800 – 14 December 1881) was one of the foremost English architects and landscapers of the 19th century. He was the foremost Victorian architect in the Roman revival, Greek revival, Georgian neoclassical and Regency styles. He was a founding fellow and vice-president of the Royal Institute of British Architects, and from 1840 architect to the Royal Botanic Society, and an early member of the Athenaeum Club, London, whose clubhouse he designed and which the company of his father, James Burton, the pre-eminent Georgian London property developer, built.

Burton's works are Hyde Park, London (including the gate or screen of Hyde Park Corner, the Wellington Arch, and the Gates); Green Park and St James's Park; Regent's Park (including Cornwall Terrace, York Terrace, Clarence Terrace, Chester Terrace, and the villas of the Inner Circle which include his own mansion, The Holme, and the original Winfield House); the enclosure of the forecourt of Buckingham Palace from which he had Nash's Marble Arch moved; the clubhouse of the Athenaeum Club, London; Carlton House Terrace; Spring Gardens in St. James's; and the Palm House and the Temperate House at Kew Gardens. Burton designed the seaside towns of St Leonards-on-Sea, Fleetwood, and Folkestone, and also Royal Tunbridge Wells. His Calverley Estate (of which only a small proportion survives) was highly commended.

Burton was a member of London high society during the Georgian era and during the Regency era. He had close friendships with Princess Victoria (the future Queen Victoria); the Duchess of Kent; William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire, John Wilson Croker, and Sir Humphry Davy. The Burtons' London mansion, The Holme of Regent's Park, which was built by James's company to a design by his son Decimus Burton, was described by 20th century architectural critic Ian Nairn as 'a definition of Western civilization in a single view'. Burton also contributed to the design of their Tonbridge, Kent mansion, Mabledon.

Family

Decimus was the tenth child of James Burton, a pre-eminent London property developer (1761–1837), and Elizabeth Westley (12 December 1761 – 14 January 1837), of Loughton, Essex, the daughter of John and Mary Westley.[1][2] His father was born James Haliburton, and shortened his surname to Burton in 1794, between the births of his fourth and fifth children.[1][3][2][4][5] The paternal grandfather was William Haliburton (1731–1785),[1] a London property developer of Scottish descent.[1][5]

On his father's side, Decimus's great-great grandparents were Rev. James Haliburton (1681–1756) and Margaret Eliott, daughter of Sir William Eliott, 2nd Baronet, and aunt of George Augustus Eliott, 1st Baron Heathfield.[2] Decimus was descended from John Haliburton (1573–1627),[3] from whom Sir Walter Scott was descended on the maternal side.[4][1][3] Burton was a cousin of the Canadian author and British Tory MP Thomas Chandler Haliburton[6] and of the British civil servant Lord Haliburton,[5][7][8] who was the first native Canadian to be raised to the Peerage of the United Kingdom.[9]

Decimus's siblings included the Egyptologist James Burton, and the physician Henry Burton. He was the nephew of Constance Mary Fearon, who was the founder of the Francis Bacon Society.

Education and architectural style

Decimus was born at the 'very comfortable and well staffed' North House in the newly built Southampton Terrace, Bloomsbury, London.[10] From 1805,[11] Decimus was raised in his father's mansion, Mabledon House, in Kent.[12][13] Subsequent to the birth of his twelfth child, Jessy, in 1804, Decimus's father James Burton had purchased a site on a hill about one mile to the south of Tonbridge in Kent, where he constructed, to the designs of the architect Joseph T. Parkinson, in 1805,[11] the large country mansion which he named Mabledon House,[12][14] which was described in 1810 by the local authority as 'an elegant imitation of an ancient castellated mansion'.[12] The majority of the stone that James Burton required for Mabledon was quarried from the hill on which it was to be built, but Burton also purchased the stone that had been released by the recent demolition at a nearby mansion, Penshurst Place.[12] Decimus Burton was coincidentally commissioned to expand Mabledon, his childhood home, on several occasions after it had been sold by his father.[15]

Tuition by his father and George Maddox

Decimus first trained with his father and received drawing lessons from George Maddox.[16][17] Decimus's father James was a talented architect, in addition to the foremost contemporaneous property developer. Williams says of James Burton, "[He] was no ordinary builder. He could have put up an imposing and beautifully proportioned building, correct in every constructional detail, from the roughest of sketches tossed patronizingly at him by a 'gentleman architect'",[1] and "James Burton became adept at relieving the monotony of long residential terraces by allowing their central blocks to project slightly from the surfaces to each side, and by bringing forward, too, the houses at each end", and that "the ironwork in a classical style in James Burton's Bloomsbury terraces was, and often still is, particularly fine, though mass produced".[10]

Samuel Pepys Cockerell, advisor to the Governors of the Foundling Hospital, a contemporary of James Burton, commended James Burton's architectural excellence:

Without such a man, possessed of very considerable talents, unwearied industry, and a capital of his own, the extraordinary success of the improvement of the Foundling Estate could not have taken place... By his own peculiar resources of mind, he has succeeded in disposing of his buildings and rents, under all disadvantages of war, and of an unjust clamour which has repeatedly been raised against him. Mr Burton was ready to come forward with money and personal assistance to relieve and help forward those builders who were unable to proceed in their contracts; and in some instances he has been obliged to resume the undertaking and complete himself what has been weakly and imperfectly proceeded with....[18]

In 1815, James Burton took Decimus to Hastings, where the two would later design and build St Leonards-on-Sea and, in 1816, Decimus commenced work in James Burton's office.[19] While working for his father, Decimus was present in the design and construction of lower Regent Street. Simultaneously, Maddox taught Decimus architectural draughtsmanship, including the details of the five orders. After his first year of tuition by his father and Maddox, Decimus submitted to the Royal Academy of Arts a design for a bridge, which was commended by the academy.[20]

Tuition at Royal Academy Schools by John Soane

Burton has been described by Williams as "an exceptionally clever child" who demonstrated a lack of emotion characteristic of his family.[21] Decimus left Tonbridge School in 1816 and entered directly the Royal Academy Schools, in 1817.[22][17][23] His contemporaries at the Royal Academy included Sydney Smirke, with whom he would restore Temple Church, London between 1841 and 1843,[24] and William Tite.[23] As a consequence of his father's social position, Burton was able to enter the Schools at an unprecedentedly young age, without having been previously articled to an architect. There he was taught by Sir John Soane, for whom his brother, James, had also worked.[22][17]

Soane was an advocate of the Neo-Palladian style, but had repudiated, including to his students, Robert Smirke's new Theatre Royal, Covent Garden, which had not been built in proportion: Soane used special diagrams to demonstrate to his students, including Burton, the failings of Smirke's design, as a consequence of which he was ostracized within the Royal Academy and compelled to suspend his lectures.[25] Soane commended, in contradistinction, in 1815, as an archetype of neoclassical excellence, Robert Adam's Kedleston Hall: "In this superb structure he [Adam] has united... the taste and magnificence of a Roman villa with all the comforts and conveniences of an English Nobleman's residence".[20]

Tuition by John Nash

Whereas Decimus's father James Burton was vigorously industrious, and had become 'most gratifyingly rich',[10] John Nash's early years in private practice, and his first speculative developments, which failed either to sell or let, were unsuccessful, and his consequent financial shortage was exacerbated by the 'crazily extravagant' wife whom he had married before he had completed his training, until he was declared bankrupt in 1783.[26] To resolve his financial shortage, Nash cultivated the acquaintance of James Burton, who consented to patronize him.[27] James Burton was responsible for the social and financial patronage of the majority of Nash's London designs,[28] in addition to for their construction,[22] and Decimus became acquainted with Nash through his father.[28]

Architectural scholar Guy Williams has written, 'John Nash relied on James Burton for moral and financial support in his great enterprises. Decimus had showed precocious talent as a draughtsman and as an exponent of the classical style... John Nash needed the son's aid, as well as the father's'.[28] Subsequent to the Crown Estate's refusal to finance them, James Burton agreed to personally finance the construction projects of John Nash at Regent's Park, which he had already been commissioned to construct. In return, Nash agreed to promote the career of Decimus Burton.[22] Nash was a vehement advocate of the neoclassical revival endorsed by Soane, although he had lost interest in the plain stone edifices typical of the Georgian style, and instead advocated the use of stucco.[19] Decimus Burton entered the office of Nash in 1815,[29] where he worked alongside Augustus Charles Pugin, who detested the neoclassical style.[21] Decimus established his own architectural practice in 1821.[30]

In 1821, Nash invited Decimus to design Cornwall Terrace in Regent's Park, and Decimus was also invited by George Bellas Greenough, a close friend of the Prince Regent, Humphry Davy, and Nash, to design Grove House in Regent's Park. Greenough's invitation to Decimus Burton was 'virtually a family affair', for Greenhough had dined frequently with Decimus's parents and Decimus's brothers, including the physician Henry Burton. Greenough and Decimus finalized their designs during numerous meetings at the opera.[31]

Decimus's design, when the villa had been completed, was described in Proceedings of the Royal Society as, 'One of the most elegant and successful adaptations of the Grecian style to purposes of modern domestic architecture to be found in this or any country'. Subsequently, Nash invited Burton to design Clarence Terrace, Regent's Park.[32] Nash was appointed architectural 'overseer' for Decimus's Regent's Park projects:[33] Cornwall Terrace, York Terrace, Chester Terrace, Clarence Terrace, the villas along the Inner Circle, including The Holme and the London Colosseum according to Thomas Hornor's specifications.[34][22] However, to Nash's great annoyance, Decimus disregarded the latter's advice and developed the terraces according to his own style. As a result, Nash sought, unsuccessfully, to demolish and completely rebuild Chester Terrace.[16][22][14] Decimus subsequently eclipsed his master and emerged as the dominant force in the design of Carlton House Terrace,[22] where he exclusively designed No. 3 and No. 4.[35] Decimus also designed some of the villas of the Inner Circle: his villa for the Marquess of Hertford has been described as, 'decorated simplicity, such as the hand of taste, aided by the purse of wealth can alone execute'.[36]

Other influences

Carlton Gardens, to the design of which Burton made extensive contributions

Decimus was a polymath and a philomath and extremely erudite in both arts and sciences, as was demonstrated by the diversity of his library – a part of which was auctioned off by his nieces after his death. The sale catalogue listed 347 separate lots, some of which ran into many volumes,[22] and demonstrated the diversity of his intellectual interests: it contained the complete Proceedings of the Camden Society, in 135 volumes; and transactions of many of the learned societies of which Burton was a member; and the complete Histoire Naturelle (70 vols.) of G. L. L. Buffon and Bernard Germain de Lacépède;[22] and standard works on classical architecture, such as the five volumes of Colen Campbell, Vitruvius Britannicus by John Woolfe and James Gandon, James Gibbs's Book of Architecture, and William Kent's The Designs of Inigo Jones; and numerous topographical views and surveys of cities and counties in the collection;[22] and foreign-language texts, including volumes by Charles Percier and Jean-Baptiste Rondelet, and a complete set of Giovanni Battista Piranesi's works, and several dictionaries. The absence of any Grand Tour early in Decimus's career meant that his books and casts were the sources for his early designs, which are technically formal in style.[22][16] However, he subsequently travelled extensively in Europe and North America.[37] His first tours were of France and Spain, in 1826. He toured the Netherlands in 1846 and Germany in 1850.[22][17] He toured Italy, including Venice.[37] He toured Canada and the United States, after departing Liverpool for Halifax, Nova Scotia, with his cousin Thomas Chandler Haliburton, a Tory MP and author. Burton collected casts, which informed his work, over 200 of which he donated to the Victoria and Albert Museum, which displayed 18 of the same in its British Galleries.[37]

Although he was the leading exponent of Greek revival architecture, Burton was uniquely and significantly influenced by Ancient Roman architecture. It was in his Georgian neoclassical work that he attained the acme of his excellence.[22] Dana Arnold (2002) described his Neoclassical work thus:

"His use of the orders is always correct, but he showed a lack of pedantry in their application that sets him apart from some of his more doctrinaire contemporaries, such as Hamilton and Smirke. From Nash he had learned to combine the classical and the picturesque, and it is the picturesque that is predominant in much of his later work".[17]

In his later career, Decimus designed buildings in the Gothic revival style, the old English style and in the cottage orné style.[22][16] His Gothic revival designs are unoriginal as he had little sympathy for the style.[17]

Life

The Burton family mansion, The Holme in Regent's Park, which was built by the company of James Burton to a design by Decimus Burton. It has been described as "one of the most desirable private homes in London" by architectural scholar Guy Williams, and "a definition of Western civilization in a single view" by architectural critic Ian Nairn.

Burton has been described, by architectural scholar Guy Williams, as "rich, cool, well-dressed, apparently celibate, the designer and prime member of the Athenaeum, one of London's grandest gentlemens' clubs"[38] where Burton "mixed with many of the greatest in the land, meeting the most creative as well as those with enormous hereditary wealth".[39] By 1826, the name of Decimus Burton "was on the lips of everyone who cared at all about the arts and architecture": he was "very well liked [and] his modesty, politeness, and upright bearing were endearing" and "his integrity and professional competence were worthy of the greatest respect".[40] Burton was treated by the aristocracy 'more as a friend than as a professional advisor'[41] and his close friendships with, and patronage by, the aristocracy were undamaged by the vituperation of both his person and his neoclassical architecture by Augustus Pugin and his disciples. The Proceedings of the Royal Society commended Burton's "extreme amiability of character".[41]

The Burtons' social circle included Princess Victoria; the Duchess of Kent;[39] William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire;[42] John Wilson Croker; John Nash;[31] Sir Humphry Davy; George Bellas Greenough;[31] Sir Peter Hesketh-Fleetwood; and their Canadian cousin, Thomas Chandler Haliburton.[6] Decimus and his siblings, Jane, James (born 1786), Septimus, the solicitor, Octavia, and Jessy, would host Thomas on his visits to London.[43][14][17][44][45]

Burton was "on excellent terms" with Princess Victoria, and with the Duchess of Kent.[39] The Princess and the Duchess, with several courtiers, had laid the foundation stone of a Decimus Burton School in Tunbridge Wells, and, five weeks later, in autumn 1834, they had stayed, by Burton's invitation, at James Burton's private villa at St Leonards-on-Sea, until several weeks into 1835.[46]

From 1818, Burton resided, with his father, at The Holme, Regent's Park, which has been described as "one of the most desirable private homes in London",[47] which was designed as the Burton family mansion by Decimus, and built by James Burton's own company.[14] The Holme was the second villa to be built in Regent's Park, and the first of those to be designed or constructed by the Burton family. The hallmark of the Burton design is the large semi-circular bay that divided the principal elevation, and which extended for two storeys.[48] The original villa also had a conservatory of polygonal form, which used wrought iron glazing bars, then only recently patented, instead of the then customary wooden bars.[48] The first villa to be constructed in the park was St John's Lodge by John Raffield.[48]

Burton bought from the Crown a plot at Spring Gardens, St. James's Park, at the east end of The Mall, where he constructed, in the Georgian neoclassical townhouse style, No. 10, 12, and 14 Spring Gardens, as both his townhouse and his principal office.[49][50] The buildings no longer exist, but elevations of them appear in the former LCC's Survey of London Vol. XX, and views of their interiors have been preserved in Hastings Museum and Art Gallery.[50] At the end of 1834, Burton had two "comfortable well-staffed homes", one in Spring Gardens and one at Tunbridge Wells,[39] where he had another office at No. 10 Calverley Parade, where the Tunbridge Wells Town Hall now stands.[50] Williams records that, for Burton, "Money was rolling in. Income tax was of no concern. [Decimus] had a brother who could look after his business affairs and see to his investments".[39]

Burton retired in 1869,[51][52] and subsequently resided at his homes at Gloucester Gardens, Kensington, and St. Leonards Lodge, St. Leonards-on-Sea, which adjoined 'The Uplands' and 'The Lawn' developments which he had designed.[53] He never married nor had issue.[53] He died in December 1881, at 1 Gloucester Road, Kensington, and was buried in Kensal Green Cemetery, alongside his brother Henry Burton, and his sister Jessy Burton.[54][53] Decimus was the last of his siblings to die.[54][55] Over his grave is a tapering sarcophagus of grey Cornish granite, on a stepped base, with a shallow pyramidal cover.[55] His tomb was Grade II listed building in 2001.[55] On his death, his property, including his extensive library and all of his architectural drafts and notes passed to surviving members of his family, mostly to his nephew Alfred Henry Burton (d.1917)[56] or his two unmarried nieces, Helen and Emily Jane Wood, who subsequently sold their share, despite that he had left his library to the Royal Institute of British Architects, of which he had served as president.[22] However, Burton donated 200 of his extensive collection of casts, which informed his work, to the Victoria and Albert Museum, which displayed 18 of the same in its British Galleries.[37] Amongst Burton's possession on his death were an oil painting of St. John, copied by Sir Joshua Reynolds from a work by Raphael; a model of the Temple on the Ilissus at Athens; a statuette of an Angel copied from an original by Thorvaldsen; framed drawings of 'A Royal Palace' by Joseph Gandy ARA (b. 1771), who had been described as 'an English Piranesi'; and a bronze lamp suspended from a snake's mouth.[53] An obituary notice said "No architect was better known, and none was better respected, for he was amiable, considerable, and gentle to all".[57]

Career

Central London Parks

During the second half of the 1820s, the Commissioners of Woods and Forests and the King resolved that Hyde Park, and the area around it, must be renovated to the extent of the splendor of rival European capital cities, and that the essence of the new arrangement would be a triumphal approach to Buckingham Palace, which had been recently completed.[58] The committee of the project, led by the Prime Minister, Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool, and advised by Charles Arbuthnot, President of the Board of Commissioners of Woods and Forests, selected Decimus Burton as the project's architect: in 1828, when giving evidence to a Parliamentary select committee on the Government's spending on public works, Arbuthnot explained that he had nominated Burton 'having seen in the Regent's Park, and elsewhere, works which pleased my eye, from their architectural beauty and correctness'.[58] Burton intended to create an urban space dedicated to the celebration of the House of Hanover, national pride, and the nation's heroes.[22]

The renovation of Hyde Park, Green Park, and St James's Park, began, in 1825, with the demarcation of new drives and pathways, subsequent to which Burton designed new lodges and gates, viz. Cumberland Gate, Stanhope Gate, Grosvenor Gate, the Hyde Park Gate/Screen at Hyde Park Corner, and, later, the Prince of Wales's Gate, Knightsbridge, in the classical style. There were no authoritative precedents for such buildings, which required windows and chimney stacks, in the classical style, and, in the words of Guy Williams, 'Burton's reticent treatment of the supernumerary features' and of the cast iron gates and railings, was 'greatly admired'.[59]

At Hyde Park Corner, the King required that "some great ceremonial outwork that would be worthy of the new palace that lay to its rear", and accepted Burton's consequent proposal for a sequence comprising a gateway and a classical screen, and a triumphal arch, which would enable those approaching Buckingham Palace from the north to ride or drive first through the screen and then through the arch, before turning left to descend Constitution Hill and enter the forecourt of Buckingham Palace through Nash's Marble Arch.[60] The screen became the Roman revival Hyde Park Gate/Screen at Hyde Park Corner, which delighted the King and his Committee, and which architectural historian Guy Williams describes as 'one of the most pleasing architectural works that have survived from the neo-classical age'.[60] The triumphal arch became the Wellington Arch at Constitution Hill into Green Park, London, which has been described as 'one of London's best loved landmarks'.[28] Burton designed the arch's iron gates, which were constructed by Bramah and Co. of Pimlico.[61] Burton's original design for the triumphal arch, which was modelled on the Arch of Titus at Rome, on which the central and side blocks of the Screen had been modelled, was more technically perfect, and coherent with the Screen, than that of the arch that was subsequently built: this original design, however, was rejected by the committee – who had envisaged a design based on the Arch of Constantine (on which Nash's Marble Arch had been modelled) – because it was not sufficiently ostentatious. Burton created a new design, "to pander to the majestic ego", which was much larger and modelled on a fragment found in the Ancient Roman forum, which was accepted on 14 January 1826, and subsequently built as the present Wellington Arch.[40]

Sculpture of the Triumphal Arch

The arch at Constitution Hill was left devoid of decorative sculpture as a result of the moratorium in 1828 on public building work, and, instead, despite the absolute objection of Burton, was mounted with an ungainly equestrian statue of the Duke of Wellington by Matthew Cotes Wyatt, the son of the then recently deceased James Wyatt, who had been selected by statue's commissioner, and one of its few subsequent advocates, Sir Frederick Trench. Matthew Cotes Wyatt was not competent: Guy Williams contends that he was 'not noticeably talented', and the Dictionary of National Biography that 'thanks to royal and other influential patronage, Wyatt enjoyed a reputation and practice to which his mediocre abilities hardly entitled him'.[62] Trench, and his patrons the Duke and Duchess of Rutland, had told the public subscribers to the statue that the statue would be place on top of Burton's triumphal arch at Hyde Park Corner: Burton expressed his opposition to this proposal 'as plainly and as vehemently as his nature allowed' consistently over successive years, because the ungainly statue would 'disfigure' his arch, for which it was much too large, and the surrounding neighbourhood, because it would have to be placed, contrary to all classical precedent, across, instead of parallel with, the roadway under the arch.[62]

Burton had envisaged that his arch would be topped with only a small quadriga whose horses would have been parallel with the road under the arch. Burton's objections were extensively endorsed by most of the aristocratic residents of London.[62] A writer in The Builder asked Charles Canning, the First Commissioner for Woods and Forests, to ban the project: "We have learnt, and can state positively, that Mr. Burton has the strongest objection possible against placing the group in question on the archway... and that he is taking no part whatever in the alteration proposed to be made in the upper part of the structure to prepare it to receive the pedestal... Mr. Burton, through the mildness which characterizes him, has not expressed this opinion so loudly and so publicly as he ought to have done.... an opinion prevails very generally, that he is a party to the proceedings, and this has induced many to be silent who would otherwise have spoken...".[62] The Prime Minister, Sir Robert Peel, contended that another site would be preferable, and proposed, on behalf of the Crown, to offer any other site, but the statue's subscribers rejected all alternative proposals. Every single MP except Sir Frederick Trench wanted the statue to be placed elsewhere.[62]

Canning wrote that 'the remonstrances which reach Her Majesty's Government against the proposed appropriation of the arch are so many and so strong, the representations of its architect, Mr. Burton, in the same sense, are so earnest, and the opinion of every other eminent architect, artist, or other competent authority who has been consulted on the subject is so decided [against the placing of the Wellington statue on the arch]".[62]

Decimus Burton himself wrote, "The arch would, I consider, suffer greatly in importance if the colossal statue in question be placed there, because it would become a mere pedestal. The want of proportion in the proposed surmount, compared with the columns and other details of the architecture, would show that they had been designed by different hands, and without reference for each other. ...I have desired to witness the completion of this building, as originally designed by me, and as approved by the Lords of the Treasury, yet I would prefer that the building should remain for the present in its forlorn and bare state, rather than a colossal equestrian statue should be placed upon it... I fear that if this appropriation of the building should be decided upon, a proposition would soon be made for removing altogether the facades of columns, the slender proportions of which would appear so incongruous and out of proportion compared with the prodigious dimensions of the statue".[62]

Burton had realized that the disciples of Pugin and advocates of Pugin's anti-classicism would remove all classical elements from his arch if permitted the opportunity to do so. The Government placed the Wellington statue on the arch in autumn 1846: Williams contends that the product was 'ridiculous'.[62] The Builder contended, "down, unquestionably, it must come. As the network of timber is removed, spar by spar, from before it, so do the folly of the experiment, the absurdity of the conjunction, and the greatness of the sacrifice become apparent. Its effect is even worse than we anticipated – the destruction of the arch by the statue, and of the statue by its elevation on the arch, more complete. Every post brings us letters urging renewed efforts to remove the figure to another site". The contestation about the prospective removal of the statue became national. However, the Government failed to remove the statue, despite that they had professed, when it had been placed, that they would do so if it provoked the aversion which it had provoked. Foreign intellectuals who visited London identified the incongruous fusion of the statue and the arch as "spectacular confirmation" of the "artistic ignorance of the English".[62] Architectural historian Guy Williams writes that "[the] arch at Hyde Park Corner is a visible reminder of one of the fiercest attacks that have ever been launched in the worlds of art and architecture. The face of London might have been very different now – freer, perhaps, of the 'monstrous carbuncles' so disliked by the present Prince of Wales – if the attacked party [Decimus Burton] had been a little more pugnacious, and so better equipped to stand his ground".[28]

Marble Arch before its relocation at the entrance to the newly rebuilt Buckingham Palace
Aerial view of Marble Arch

In 1847 the problem of accommodating Queen Victoria's expanding family was becoming acute. It was "solved" in two steps by Decimus Burton and W.A. Nesfield. With his eye for landscape, Burton had John Nash's triumphal monument, originally intended as the entrance to the palace, relocated to the north eastern corner of Hyde Park. He consulted on filling in the Buckingham Palace forecourt, creating new interiors and the courtyard we know today. The Royal Family were able to move in to more spacious premises. Moving the arch, stone by stone, was left to the engineering skills of Thomas Cubitt and took four years. The siting at the Cumberland Gate entrance to the park was eventually completed in 1851.[63]

During 1882, traffic congestion at Hyde Park Corner motivated advocacy for Burton's triumphal arch to be moved to the top of Constitution Hill to create space for traffic. In response to this advocacy, Burton's great-nephew Francis Fearon compiled and published a pamphlet that advocated the removal of the Wellington statue from the arch in the event of the removal of the arch to another location: Fearon contended that the arch should be 'relieved once and for all of its unsightly load'.[64] The campaign led by Fearon was successful: Wyatt's incongruous statue was removed to Aldershot, and its place on Burton's arch, which was moved to Constitution Hill in 1883,[22] was occupied by a Quadriga by Captain Adrian Jones. Jones' statue is not nearly as elegant as Burton's designed statue intended for the arch, but it is more coherent with the arch than Wyatt's statue, and its figures, unlike those of Wyatt's statue, are aligned with the roadway under the arch.[64]

London Zoo

By the end of 1829, Burton had completed London Zoo, which had opened in April 1828,[65] to fervent commendation.[66] Guy Williams records, "From all sides, Decimus Burton's Zoo buildings received the highest praise. They were playful - witty, even - while being architecturally beyond reproach. They made a visit to the Zoo an aesthetic, as well as an educational, pleasure. They brought a suggestion of foreign lands to the flattish expanses at the foot of Primrose Hill".[66] Burton laid out the Zoo in the picturesque style, and designed the early animal houses in the cottage orné style.[65] As a consequence of the success of his London Zoo designs, Burton received more commissions than he were able to complete himself, and, consequently, employed assistants, began to train pupils, and bought a plot at Spring Gardens, St. James's Park, at the east end of The Mall, where he constructed Nos. 10, and 11, and 12 Spring Gardens as both his townhouse and his office.[49]

Architecture as environment

Burton was one of the first architects to consider the implications of architecture on the creation of distinct urban environments.[22] The evidence given by Burton to two Parliamentary select committees demonstrates the breadth of his knowledge, and the esteem in which his opinion was held by his contemporaries. Burton's evidence to the 1840 Select Committee, which discussed plans to develop Trafalgar Square, popularised his views on urban development.[22][lower-alpha 1] This is one of the first examples of public discourse about an urban space that acknowledged the potential for its national and political significance.[22][16]

Athenaeum Club

The Athenaeum was founded in 1824 at the instigation of John Wilson Croker, then Secretary to the Admiralty, who was primarily responsible for the organisation and early development of the club. In 1823, Croker wrote to Sir Humphry Davy, "I will take the opportunity of repeating the proposition I have made to you about a Club for Literary and Scientific men and followers of the Fine Arts. The fashionable and Military Clubs... have spoiled all the Coffee Houses and Taverns so that the artist, or mere literary man... are in a much worse position".[68]

Croker suggested 30 names for the club's organizing Committee, including the Earl of Aberdeen, the Earl of Ashburnham, Earl Spencer, Lord Palmerston, Sir Thomas Lawrence, Francis Chantrey, and Robert Smirke the Younger: all of those invited, except Richard Payne Knight, accepted.[68] The first meeting of the Athenaeum, with 14 men present, was held at the rooms of the Royal Society on 16 February 1824, where a committee was formed that resolved: first, that temporary premises would be rented at 12 Waterloo Place, which had been constructed by the company of Club member James Burton, the pre-eminent London property developer; and, second, that Decimus Burton, then 24 years old, would be commissioned to design a permanent clubhouse.[68] The Trustees of the Club who employed Burton were the Earl of Aberdeen, former Prime Minister and President of the Society of Antiquaries of London; Sir Thomas Lawrence, President of the Royal Academy; and Sir Humphry Davy, President of the Royal Society. Decimus continued to work for the club until 1864, and designed Croker's villa at Stokes Bay, near Gosport, in around 1840.[69] Burton's Athenaeum clubhouse is in the Neoclassical style, with both Ancient Greek, Ancient Roman, and Renaissance Italian elements:[70] it has a Doric portico with paired columns, and has been described by architectural scholar Guy Williams as 'a building of remarkable grace and astonishing novelty' with a central staircase that is 'distinctly Egyptian in flavour'.[71] The Corinthian-columns of the entrance hall, informed by those of the Athenian Tower of the Winds, are Greek: the barrel-vaulted ceiling Roman. John Summerson contends design were informed by that of Baldassare Peruzzi's 17th century Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne in Rome.[70]

Burton made himself responsible for the design of as many of the decorative features of the club as possible, including the clock-cases and the pendant light-fittings.[71] When the Clubhouse was completed in April 1830, the members of the Club Committee stated, "[They] are bound to express their entire satisfaction at the manner in which the work has been carried out by Mr. Burton. They can testify, and indeed the foregoing Accounts evince, the general accuracy of his estimates and they trust that the Club at large, as well as the public, must be satisfied of his professional skill, and the beauty of his architectural designs".[71] Decimus Burton subsequently became the "prime member of the Athenaeum, one of London's grandest gentlemen's clubs",[38] of which his father James was also a member.[72] The cast of the Apollo Belvedere positioned in the recess at the top of the principal staircase at the Athenaeum was a gift to the club from Decimus.[73] There is a photographic portrait of Decimus, taken in 1873, preserved at the club,[17] and the Club retains some furniture designed by Decimus.[72] Another early member was Sir Peter Hesketh-Fleetwood, a close friend of the Burtons.[44]

Calverley Estate

Burton was commissioned to develop the Calverley Estate by John Ward, an MP for whom he had designed his first neoclassical country residence. Great Mount Pleasant, a mansion owned by the Duke of Leeds, had been used by the Princess Victoria and the Duchess of Kent. The villas constructed by Burton on the Calverley Estate were intended for the gentry, and each would be able to accommodate several servants.[74] Burton's design is predominantly Georgian neoclassical in style, but includes elements of the Italianate-, Old English or Tudor-, neogothic-,[75] and cottage orne [76] styles. Burton designed 24 villas, the first of which was completed in autumn 1828: nearly twenty years would pass until the last villa of the series were complete. Burton also constructed a series of Tudor-style servants' cottages, and three grand entrances to the estate: the Victoria Gate, and the less ornate Keston Lodge and Farnborough Lodge.[74]

In 1832, Calverley Park Crescent, designed by Burton, modelled partially on those at Bath and Buxton, was constructed at Calverley. The Crescent contained 17 shops, and covered areas for spectators.[74] Burton's development of the Calverley Estate contained elements of the neoclassical-, the Old English-, and the neogothic styles, and was highly commended: it has been described as "a landmark in English domestic architecture" and the "prototype garden suburb".[77]

M. Wilson contends that 'Decimus Burton's laying out of the Calverley Estate is the best surviving embodiment of Early Victorian seriousness and refinement'.[78] Christopher Hussey, of Country Life, commended Burton's 'restrained eclectism' in the Calverley developments.[79] Williams contends that the Calverley Estate be 'one of the great architectural successes of the nineteenth century' and that 'Decimus Burton's reputation could be assured by his work here alone',[74] and describes Burton's villas at the estate as 'domestic masterpiece[s]'.[80] Henry Russell Hitchcock described Burton's Calverley Estate as 'the finest extant example' of its kind.[75] Sir John Soane's friend John Britton described Burton's Calverley as a 'beautiful pleasure garden'.[76]

Philip Whitbourn contends that Burton has been inaccurately 'sometimes stereotyped as [one] feeling no enthusiasm for the Gothic Revival' and that 'it is as a master not only of the neoclassical but also of the picturesque that Decimus Burton should be remembered'.[76] William Willicombe's subsequent designs on the Calverley Estate, including Lansdowne Road and Calverley Park Gardens, were informed by Burton, with whom he had worked on Burton's earlier parts of the town.[57]

Constructions in the neo-gothic style

Burton was commissioned to design Holy Trinity Church at Tunbridge Wells in the neo-gothic style: he unwisely accepted the commission despite that he was 'neither by temperament nor training' qualified to design a work in this style, of which he knew little, and his design was censured,[81] in addition to commended as a 'beautiful structure' and a 'handsome structure' which 'reflects great credit on the architect'.[82] A more unanimously successful attempt to design in the neogothic style was St Mary's Church, Goring-by-Sea, which he redesigned, for the Tory MP David Lyon, between 1836 and 1838.[83][84]

Neoclassical Houses of Parliament and vituperation by Augustus W. N. Pugin

Burton created a design for a new neoclassical Houses of Parliament.[85] Decimus Burton and his pupils commended the purchase of the Elgin Marbles for the nation, and the erection of a neoclassical gallery in which they could be displayed to the same, and subsequently contended that the Burning of Parliament in the fire of 1834 were an opportunity for the creation of a splendid neoclassical replacement of the Houses of Parliament, in which the Elgin Marbles could be displayed: they expressed their aversion that the new seat of the British Empire would "be doomed to crouch and wither in the groinings [sic], vaultings, tracery, pointed roof, and flying buttresses of a Gothic building…":[86] a building of a style that they contended to be improper ‘to the prevailing sentiment of an age so enlightened’. In contradistinction to the neo-gothic style, they commended those who had ‘built St. Paul's Cathedral, to the satisfaction of an applauding posterity, in the more beautiful and universal style of Roman architecture’.[86]

However, the Prime Minister, Sir Robert Peel, wanted, now that he were premier, to disassociate himself from the controversial John Wilson Croker, who was a founding member of the Athenaeum, close associate of the Burtons, an advocate of neoclassicism, and repudiator of the neo-gothic style: consequently, Peel appointed a committee chaired by Edward Cust, a detestor of the style of Nash and William Wilkins, which resolved that the new Houses of Parliament would have to be in either the ‘gothic’ or the ‘Elizabethan’ style.[86]

Augustus Pugin, the foremost expert on the Gothic, had to submit each of his designs through, and thus in the name of, other architects, James Gillespie-Graham and Charles Barry, because he had recently openly and fervently converted to Roman Catholicism, as a consequence of which any design submitted in his own name would certainly have been automatically rejected;[86] the design he submitted for improvements to Balliol College, Oxford, in 1843 were rejected for this reason.[87] The design for Parliament that Pugin submitted through Barry won the competition.[86] Subsequent to the announcement of the design ascribed to Barry, William Richard Hamilton, who had been secretary to Lord Elgin during the acquisition and transportation of the Elgin Marbles,[88] published a pamphlet in which he censured the fact that ‘gothic barbarism’ had been preferred to the masterful designs of Ancient Greece and Rome: but the judgement was not altered, and was ratified by the Commons and the Lords.[86] The commissioners subsequently appointed Pugin to assist in the construction of the interior of the new Palace, to the design of which Pugin himself had been the foremost determiner.[86] The first stone of the new Pugin-Barry design was laid on 27 April 1840.[89]

Vituperation of Burton by Pugin

During the competition for the design of the new Houses of Parliament, Burton, "the land's leading classicist",[90] was vituperated with continuous invective, which Guy Williams has described as an "anti-Burton campaign",[91] by the foremost advocate of the neo-gothic style, Augustus Pugin,[92] who was made enviously reproachful that Burton "had done much more that Pugin's father (Augustus Charles Pugin) to alter the appearance of London".[93] Pugin attempted to popularize advocacy of the neo-gothic, and repudiation of the neoclassical, by composing and illustrating books that contended the supremacy of the former and the degeneracy of the latter, which were published from 1835.[94]

In 1845, Pugin, in his Contrasts: or a Parallel Between the Noble Edifices of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries and Similar Buildings of the Present Day, which the author had to publish himself as a consequence of the extent of the defamation of society architects therein, satirized John Nash as "Mr Wash, Plasterer, who jobs out Day Work on Moderate Terms", and Burton as "Talent of No Consequence, Premium Required", and included satirical sketches of Nash's Buckingham Palace and Burton's Wellington Arch.[94] Consequently, the amount of commissions received by Burton declined,[95] although he retained a close friendship with the aristocrats amongst his patrons, who continued to commission him.[41] Burton completed a new portico, hall, and staircase for William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire's Devonshire House;[95] additions to 10 Belgrave Square for the second Earl of Burlington;[96] the enlargement of Grimston Park, Yorkshire, for John Hobart Caradoc, 2nd Baron Howden and the Russian Princess Bagration; additions to Syon House for Lord Prudhoe; and a new town, Fleetwood, in Lancashire, for Sir Peter Hesketh-Fleetwood.[95]

Glasshouses

Decimus was primarily responsible for the 'Great Stove' [conservatory] at Chatsworth House for the 6th Duke of Devonshire, for which Joseph Paxton has been erroneously attributed primary responsibility and credit.[97] Architectural historian Guy Williams is unequivocal: Decimus Burton was "[the] designer of the Great Stove at Chatsworth". Burton, who was advisor to the Royal Botanic Society, also designed the 'Winter Garden' glasshouse of the Royal Botanic Society in Regent's Park, and the Palm House, originally named 'the Stove', and Temperate House at Kew Gardens.[98] The constructed Palm House is the consequence of the collaboration of Burton and Richard Turner: 'Decimus Burton contributed his considerable flair for creating refined and elegant structures and Richard Turner a singular talent for metal fabrication'.[99] Burton's Palm House has been described as "one of the boldest pieces of 19th century functionalism in existence - much bolder indeed, and hence aesthetically much more satisfying than Crystal Palace ever was".[100]

Philip Whitbourn contends that Burton's Palm House 'could have a just claim as the world's most important surviving Victorian glass and iron structure'.[100] Joseph Paxton's Crystal Palace was derived almost entirely from the glasshouse work of Decimus Burton and Richard Turner.[101] Subsequent to his retirement there, Decimus designed and constructed several buildings at St Leonards-on-Sea.[6] Burton's Temperate House at Kew, which is double the size of his Palm House and the world's largest surviving Victorian glass structure,[102] was only completed after his death, in 1898, and has become one of his most popularly acclaimed works:[91] Williams writes of the Temperate House, "It makes one wonder how much the appearance of London might not have been improved if Augustus W. N. Pugin had never started his anti-Burton campaign".[91] Burton's other works at Kew include the Museum No.1, the Campanile, and the Main Entrance Gates to Kew Green. Burton's Glasshouses at Kew constituted the UK's case for Kew to be made an UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2002.[102][103]

Further studies and elections

From 1830 to 1834, Burton studied at Clifford's Inn. The architectural historian, Sir Nikolaus Pevsner, believes that Decimus was the designer of the Gatehouse and the Inn buildings.[104]

In 1832 Decimus Burton was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.[2] He became a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts; a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London; a founding Fellow, and later vice-president, of the Royal Institute of British Architects;[50] and was architect to the Royal Botanic Society from 1840.[16][22][105][34][106] An 1828 testimonial for his election to Fellowship of the Society of Antiquaries described him as 'Architect and Gentleman, well versed in the History and Antiquaries of this Kingdom':[88] he was elected FSA on 8 January 1829, during the tenure of W. R. Hamilton, Chief Commissioner of Woods and Forests, as vice-president.[88]

Protégés

Burton trained his nephew, Henry Marley Burton (1821–1880)[91] the son of his eldest brother, William Ford Burton.[53] Henry Marley Burton succeeded to Decimus's architectural practice subsequent to Decimus's retirement.[91][17][53] In 1866, Henry Marley was commissioned by John George Dodson, 1st Baron Monk Bretton to design a mansion at Coneyborough. Decimus had previously designed Bineham in Chailey for Dodson's brother-in-law, John Blencowe. Burton also taught the architects Henry Currey,[107][108] George Mair,[108] John Crake,[108] Arthur William Hakewill,[108] and E.J. May,[108][54] who was his last pupil.[109][110][34]

Legacy

Despite the fact that he had left his library to the Royal Institute of British Architects, of which he had served as president, most of it was deposited instead with his two unmarried nieces, Helen and Emily Jane Wood, who subsequently sold it, and the remainder was distributed among other family members. As a consequence, according to Dana Arnold, there is a gross imbalance between the ‘scale and significance’ of Decimus Burton's work and the amount of documentary evidence about it that has come into the public domain. Given the fragmentary nature of written sources concerning his work, he has tended to be relegated, quite undeservedly, 'to the margins of architectural histories’. However, Burton's works in London, especially those around Hyde Park, Green Park, Regent's Park, remains a lasting and resplendent memorial.[22] His reputation has increased since the commencement of the 20th century,[111] during which a Burtons' St Leonards Society has been founded in St Leonards-on-Sea to 'encourage the preservation of the work of James and Decimus Burton and to prevent development unsympathetic to its character', which has successfully thwarted several attempts to create new developments that would have violated the beauty of the Burtons' project.[111]

The recently completed restoration (2018) of the Temperate House at London's Kew Gardens has prompted a re-evaluation of Burton's horticultural designs.[112] Douglas Murphy contends that Burton's use of "Iron and glass, through shedding ornament and aiming for efficient performance over capricious pomp, was retroactively understood as the historic forerunner of Modernism, meaning that what had been thought of as mere engineering was allowed to enter the pantheon of true architecture. Burton's name was now fortunately attached to some of the most significant works of that type".[113]

Burton's legacy on either side of the Irish Sea endures. In April 2017 the Hearsum Collection, in collaboration with The Royal Parks and Ireland's Office of Public Works, mounted an exhibition at Dublin's Phoenix Park entitled Parks, Our Shared Heritage: The Phoenix Park, Dublin & The Royal Parks, London, demonstrating the historical links between Richmond Park (and other Royal Parks in London) and Phoenix Park.[114] This exhibition was also displayed at the Mall Galleries in London in July and August 2017.[115]

The Palm House and lake to Victoria Gate

List of architectural projects

The projects are listed by county in alphabetical order. The list is based on the work of Whitbourn 2003, and on the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography entry for "Burton, Decimus (1800–1881)", by Dana Arnold. Any other sources are specified individually.

Buckinghamshire

Derbyshire

  • The Great Conservatory and the Home Farm at Chatsworth (1836–1840: Conservatory demolished circa 1920))[35]

Dorset

East Sussex

St Leonards-on-Sea

In 1828 Burton's father, James, bought an estate in East Sussex, on which he built the new town of St Leonard's-on-Sea, as a pleasure resort for the gentry. Decimus designed the majority of the buildings.[4][116]

Central London

Hampshire

Hertfordshire

  • Haydon Hill House, Bushey (1840s; later extended – now a Grade II listed building and converted into flats)

Kent

Lancashire

Burton's work with his father on the East Sussex town of St Leonards-on-Sea, between 1827 and 1837, had so impressed their friend, and fellow Atheneaum Club member, Peter Hesketh-Fleetwood that he commissioned Burton to design and lay out his new port and seaside resort of Fleetwood.[44]

Norfolk

  • Sennowe Hall, near Guist, extended 1855–56, remodelled 1908 – very little of Burton's work survives.

North Yorkshire

Nottinghamshire

  • The Grammar School, Retford (1855–1857)

West Sussex

Ireland

Burton spent two decades of his life modernising and landscaping the neglected site of Phoenix Park, Dublin. This included many works on the paths, relocation of monuments and construction of gates to an area previously dominated by military and police barracks.[127]

Phoenix Park – Dublin, Republic of Ireland

See also

References and notes

  1. ↑ The proceedings were reported in the Civil Engineer and Architect's Journal, 7 September 1840[67]
  2. ↑ One widely publicized event was a "Grand Scottish Fête" on 16 September 1834 "with a tightrope performance by Pablo Fanque, the black circus performer who would later dominate the Victorian circus and achieve immortality in The Beatles song, "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!".[124]
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Williams 1990, p. 18
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Pedigree of Decimus Burton (1800–1881), The Weald, Public Archives of Kent, Surrey, and Sussex". Archived from the original on 15 May 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  3. 1 2 3 Whitbourn 2003, p. 9.
  4. 1 2 3 "Who were the Burtons?". The Burtons' St Leonards Society. Retrieved 18 June 2016.
  5. 1 2 3 Davies 2005, pp. 71–73.
  6. 1 2 3 Williams 1990, p. 127
  7. ↑ Burton, James (1783–1811). "The Diary of James Burton". The National Archives. Retrieved 18 June 2018 – via Hastings Museum and Art Gallery.
  8. ↑ "Haliburton [Haleburton; formerly Burton], James (1788–1862), Egyptologist". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/11926. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  9. ↑ Morgan, Henry James, ed. (1903). Types of Canadian Women and of Women who are or have been Connected with Canada. Toronto: Williams Briggs. p. 142.
  10. 1 2 3 Williams 1990, p. 19
  11. 1 2 Williams 1990, p. 135
  12. 1 2 3 4 Williams 1990, pp. 19–20
  13. ↑ Whitbourn 2003, p. 10.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Bowdler, Roger. "Burton [Haliburton], James". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/50182. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  15. ↑ "History of Mabledon House, Kent". Retrieved 17 March 2017.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Curl, James Stevens (1999). The Dictionary of Architecture. Vol. 1 Aba – Byz. Oxford University Press. p. 133. ISBN 0-19-860678-8.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Arnold, Dana (2003). "Sample biographical essay for Burton, Decimus". Reading Architectural History. Routledge. pp. 66–67. ISBN 978-1-134-53231-5.
  18. ↑ Williams 1990, pp. 20–21
  19. 1 2 Williams 1990, p. 28
  20. 1 2 Williams 1990, p. 29
  21. 1 2 Williams 1990, p. 21
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Arnold, Dana. "Burton, Decimus". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4125. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  23. 1 2 Whitbourn 2003, p. 11.
  24. 1 2 Whitbourn 2003, p. 45.
  25. ↑ Williams 1990, pp. 27–28
  26. ↑ Williams 1990, p. 14
  27. ↑ Williams 1990, p. 16
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 Williams 1990, pp. 11–12
  29. ↑ Williams 1990, p. 30
  30. ↑ Williams 1990, p. 136
  31. 1 2 3 Williams 1990, pp. 38–39
  32. ↑ Williams 1990, p. 40
  33. ↑ Arnold, Dana (2005). Rural Urbanism: London Landscapes in the Early 19th Century. Manchester University Press. p. 58.
  34. 1 2 3 4 Basic biographical details of Decimus Burton at the Dictionary of Scottish Architects Biographical Database.
  35. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Williams 1990, pp. 135–157
  36. 1 2 Jones 2017, p. 209.
  37. 1 2 3 4 Whitbourn 2003, pp. 12–13.
  38. 1 2 Williams 1990, Inside Cover
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 Williams 1990, p. 66
  40. 1 2 Williams 1990, p. 51
  41. 1 2 3 Williams 1990, p. 108
  42. ↑ Williams 1990, p. 84
  43. ↑ Davies 2005, p. 72.
  44. 1 2 3 Curtis & Curtis 1994, p. .
  45. ↑ Cooke, Neil M. R. "Haliburton [Haleburton; formerly Burton], James (1788–1862), Egyptologist". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/11926. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  46. ↑ Williams 1990, pp. 66–67
  47. 1 2 Williams 1990, p. 133
  48. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Williams 1990, p. 37
  49. 1 2 Williams 1990, p. 55
  50. 1 2 3 4 Whitbourn 2003, p. 53.
  51. ↑ Basic biographical details of Henry Marley Burton at the Dictionary of Scottish Architects Biographical Database.
  52. ↑ "Fountain Design of Edgar Burton to commemorate James Burton". Retrieved 20 February 2016.
  53. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Whitbourn 2003, p. 56.
  54. 1 2 3 Williams 1990, p. 130
  55. 1 2 3 Historic England. "Tomb of Decimus Burton (1389239)". National Heritage List for England.
  56. ↑ Williams 1990, p. 157
  57. 1 2 Whitbourn 2003, p. 58.
  58. 1 2 Williams 1990, p. 49
  59. ↑ Williams 1990, pp. 49–50
  60. 1 2 Williams 1990, p. 50
  61. ↑ Whitbourn 2003, p. 18.
  62. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Williams 1990, pp. 85–94
  63. ↑ Historic England. "Marble Arch (1492760)". Research records (formerly PastScape). Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  64. 1 2 Williams 1990, pp. 131–133
  65. 1 2 Whitbourn 2003, p. 34.
  66. 1 2 Williams 1990, p. 54
  67. ↑ "The Nelson Monument and Trafalgar Square". Civil Engineer and Architect's Journal. 7 September 1840. p. 304. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
  68. 1 2 3 Williams 1990, pp. 43–45
  69. ↑ Whitbourn 2003, pp. 15–16.
  70. 1 2 3 Whitbourn 2003, pp. 21–22.
  71. 1 2 3 Williams 1990, pp. 46–48
  72. 1 2 "Athenaeum Club, London. Homepage".
  73. ↑ "Grand Staircase, The Athenaeum Club". The Victorian Web.
  74. 1 2 3 4 Williams 1990, pp. 56–59
  75. 1 2 Whitbourn 2003, pp. 24–25.
  76. 1 2 3 Whitbourn 2003, pp. 34–35.
  77. ↑ Whitbourn 2003, p. 8.
  78. ↑ Jones 2017, p. 287.
  79. ↑ Jones 2017, p. 35.
  80. ↑ Williams 1990, p. 134
  81. ↑ Williams 1990, p. 56
  82. ↑ Whitbourn 2003, p. 42.
  83. ↑ Williams 1990, p. 143
  84. 1 2 "David Lyon junior". Legacies of British Slave-ownership. Retrieved 18 June 2018 – via ucl.ac.uk.
  85. ↑ Williams 1990, p. 62
  86. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Williams 1990, pp. 69–75
  87. ↑ Williams 1990, p. 150
  88. 1 2 3 Whitbourn 2003, p. 7.
  89. ↑ Williams 1990, p. 147
  90. ↑ Williams 1990, p. 83
  91. 1 2 3 4 5 Williams 1990, p. 129
  92. ↑ Williams 1990, pp. 67–78
  93. ↑ Williams 1990, p. 75
  94. 1 2 Williams 1990, pp. 75–77
  95. 1 2 3 Williams 1990, pp. 83–84
  96. ↑ Williams 1990, p. 146
  97. ↑ Williams 1990, pp. 97–99
  98. ↑ Williams 1990, pp. 100–102
  99. ↑ Williams 1990, pp. 103–104
  100. 1 2 Whitbourn 2003, p. 51.
  101. ↑ Williams 1990, p. 114
  102. 1 2 Whitbourn 2003, p. 52.
  103. ↑ Whitbourn 2003, pp. 56–57.
  104. ↑ Bradley & Pevsner 2002, pp. 293–294.
  105. ↑ Colvin 2008.
  106. ↑ Jones, R.P. (1905). "The Life and Works of Decimus Burton". Architectural Review. XVII.
  107. 1 2 Whitbourn 2003, p. 49.
  108. 1 2 3 4 5 Whitbourn 2003, pp. 57–58.
  109. ↑ Grant, Sandra. "E J May". Architecture and architects. The Bedford Park Society.
  110. ↑ "ARCHIVE OF LORD MONK BRETTON OF CONYBORO IN BARCOMBE". The National Archives. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
  111. 1 2 Williams 1990, pp. 132–134
  112. ↑ Coulter 1996, p. .
  113. ↑ Murphy, Douglas (26 March 2018). "The Contradictory Career of Decimus Burton". Apollo: The International Art Magazine. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
  114. ↑ Fionnuala Fallon (1 April 2017). "Park yourself in Dublin's finest garden". The Irish Times. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
  115. ↑ "Parks – Our Shared Heritage". London: The Mall Galleries. July 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  116. ↑ McKie, David (6 February 2006). "Ghosts of St. Leonard's". The Guardian.
  117. 1 2 Williams 1990, p. 137
  118. 1 2 3 4 Whitbourn 2003, p. 19.
  119. ↑ Elmes 1852, p. 144.
  120. ↑ Paul Wilson. "Architecture at ZSL London Zoo, Regent's Park". Zoological Society of London. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  121. ↑ Baillie 1901, p. 167.
  122. ↑ "The Lawns". London Borough of Croydon. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
  123. 1 2 Coulter 1996, pp. 80–84.
  124. ↑ Warwick 1982, Ch. 5.
  125. ↑ Jones 2017, p. 236.
  126. 1 2 3 Homan 1984, p. 106.
  127. ↑ "Phoenix Park: History from the Georgian Period to the Present. The Nineteenth Century and the Decimus Burton Era".
  128. ↑ "Dictionary of Irish Architects, 1720–1940".
  129. ↑ "Chapelized Gate Lodge, Phoenix Park". Dublin. 5 February 2010. [accessed 5 December 2018]

Sources

Further reading

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