Hudson Institute
Founded20 July 1961 (1961-07-20)[1]
Founders
Founded atCroton-on-Hudson, NY
Typenonprofit
13-1945157[2]
Legal status501(c)(3)[3]
PurposePromoting American leadership for a secure, free, and prosperous future[2]
Headquarters
OriginsRAND Corporation
Area served
United States of America
President and CEO
John P. Walters[lower-alpha 1][4]
Chairman
Sarah May Stern[lower-alpha 2][5]
SubsidiariesHudson Analytical Services Inc[2]
Revenue (2021)
$37,400,000[6]
Expenses (2021)$19,400,000[6]
Endowment (2021)$81,100,000[6]
Employees (2016)
60[7]
Volunteers (2016)
237[7]
Websitewww.hudson.org

Hudson Institute is an American conservative think tank based in Washington, D.C.[8][9][10] It was founded in 1961 in Croton-on-Hudson, New York, by futurist Herman Kahn and his colleagues at the RAND Corporation.

Kahn was a physicist and military consultant known for envisioning nuclear war scenarios. The institute's research branched out from the military into various areas including economics, health, education, and gambling.[8] Kahn died in 1983 and the institute moved to Indianapolis the year after.[8][11] The institute helped design Wisconsin's influential workfare program in the mid-1990s.[8][12][13] Hudson relocated to Washington, D.C., in 2004.[14] It has been noted for work with governments and industries including defense and agribusiness.[15][16][17][18]

History

Founder Herman Kahn

Founding to 1982

Hudson Institute was founded in 1961[19] by Herman Kahn, Max Singer, and Oscar M. Ruebhausen. Kahn was a Cold War icon, often interviewed in magazines, who was purported to have the highest IQ on record and partly inspired the 1964 movie Dr. Strangelove.[20][21] In 1960, while employed at the RAND Corporation, Kahn had given a series of lectures at Princeton University on scenarios related to nuclear war. In 1960, Princeton University Press published On Thermonuclear War, a book-length expansion of Kahn's lecture notes.[20][22] Major controversies ensued, and Kahn and RAND parted ways.

Kahn moved to Croton-on-Hudson, New York, intending to establish a new think tank that was less hierarchical and bureaucratic.[23] Along with Max Singer, a young government lawyer who had been Kahn's RAND colleague, and New York attorney Oscar Ruebhausen, Kahn founded the Hudson Institute on July 20, 1961.[24] Kahn has been described as Hudson's driving intellect while Singer developed the institute's organization.[25] Ruebhausen was an advisor to New York governor Nelson Rockefeller.[26]

Hudson's initial research projects largely represented Kahn's personal interests, which included the domestic and military use of nuclear power and scenario planning exercises about policy options and their possible outcomes.[27] The use of the word scenario in such exercises had been adapted from Hollywood storytelling as a more dignified word than "screenplay", and Kahn was an enthusiastic practitioner.[28][29] Kahn and his colleagues made pioneering contributions to nuclear deterrence theory and strategy during this period.[30]

Hudson's detailed analyses of "ladders of escalation"[31] and reports on the likely consequences of limited and unlimited nuclear exchanges, eventually published as Thinking About the Unthinkable in 1962[25] and On Escalation: Metaphors and Scenarios in 1965,[32] were influential within the Kennedy administration.[33] They helped the institute win its first major research contract from the Office of Civil Defense at the Pentagon.[34]

Meanwhile, in popular culture, Dr. Strangelove in 1964 borrowed many lines from Kahn's On Thermonuclear War,[20] and the methods of Kahn, Hudson and RAND also inspired the 1967 satirical book The Report From Iron Mountain, depicting a supposedly secret study on the dangers of peace.[35]

Kahn did not want Hudson limited to defense-related research,[36] and along with Singer, he recruited a staff from diverse academic backgrounds. Hudson also involved a wide range of consultants for analysis and policy, including French philosopher Raymond Aron,[37] African-American novelist Ralph Ellison,[20] political scientist Henry Kissinger, conceptual artist James Lee Byars,[38] and social scientist Daniel Bell.[37] Its focus expanded to include geopolitics,[39] economics,[40] demography, anthropology, science and technology,[39] education,[41] and urban planning.[42]

Kahn in 1962 predicted the rise of Japan as the world's second-largest economy and developed close ties to politicians and corporate leaders there.[43][9]

Hudson Institute used scenario-planning techniques to forecast long-term developments and was noted for its future studies. In 1967, Hudson published The Year 2000, a bestselling book commissioned by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[43] Many of the predictions proved correct, including technological developments like portable telephones and network-linked home and office computers.[44]

In 1970, The Emerging Japanese Superstate was published.[9] After the Club of Rome's 1972 report The Limits to Growth produced alarm about the possibility that population growth and resource depletion might result in a 21st-century global "collapse", Hudson responded with its own analysis, The Next 200 Years, which concluded instead that scientific and practical innovations were likely to significantly improve worldwide living standards.[42]

Hudson struggled with funding problems in the 1970s for reasons including increased competition from other think tanks for government grants.[45] It turned to grants from corporations such as IBM and Mobil.[46]

In his 1982 book The Coming Boom, Kahn argued that pro-growth tax and fiscal policies, information technology, and developments by the energy industry would make possible an unprecedented prosperity in the Western world by the early 21st century.[47][48] Kahn also foresaw unconventional extraction techniques like hydraulic fracturing.[42][46]

Within 20 years, Hudson had offices in Bonn,[49] Paris,[50] Brussels, Montreal[51] and Tokyo.[52] Other research projects were related to South Korea, Singapore, Australia[53] and Latin America.[54]

1983 to 2000

Shinzō Abe, Prime Minister of Japan, and Ken Weinstein At Hudson.
Joni Ernst and Peter Rough
President Tsai Accepts Hudson's Global Leadership Award, March 2023.
Ukrainian Ambassador to the US Oksana Markarova gave a keynote address to mark the one-year anniversary of Russia's invasion at Hudson Institute, February 2023.

After Kahn's sudden death at age 61 on July 7, 1983,[55] Hudson was restructured. Recruited by the City of Indianapolis and the Lilly Endowment, Hudson relocated its headquarters to Indiana in 1984.[11] In 1987, Mitch Daniels, a former aide to Senator Richard Lugar (R-IN) and President Ronald Reagan, was appointed CEO.[56]

William Eldridge Odom,[57] former director of the National Security Agency, became Hudson's director of national security studies;[58] economist Alan Reynolds became director of economic research.[59] Technologist George Gilder led a project on the implications of the digital era for American society.[60][61][62]

In 1990, Daniels quit to become vice president of corporate affairs at Eli Lilly and Company.[63] He was succeeded as CEO by Leslie Lenkowsky, a social scientist,[64] and former consultant to Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan.[65]

Under Lenkowsky, Hudson emphasized domestic and social policy. During the early 1990s, the institute did work concerning education reform and applied research on charter schools and school choice.[66][67]

Also in 1990, Hudson Institute spun off a subsidiary non-profit organization that took the name the Discovery Institute.[68]

At the initiative of Wisconsin governor Tommy Thompson,[64] two members of Hudson were in the small planning group that designed the Wisconsin Works welfare-to-work program. Hudson also helped fund the planning and evaluated the results.[12][13][69] A version was adopted nationwide in the 1996 federal welfare-reform legislation signed by President Bill Clinton.[70] In 2001, President George W. Bush's initiative on charitable choice was based[71] on Hudson's research[72] into social-service programs administered by faith-based organizations.[73]

Other Hudson research from this period included 1987's "Workforce 2000",[74] the "Blue Ribbon Commission on Hungary" (1990)[75] "International Baltic Economic Commission" (1991–93), on market-oriented reforms in the newly independent states of Eastern Europe,[76] and the 1997 follow-up study "Workforce 2020".[74]

In 1997, Lenkowsky was succeeded by Herbert London.[77][78]

2001 to 2016

After the September 11 attacks, Hudson emphasized international issues such as the Middle East, Latin America, and Islam. On June 1, 2004, Hudson relocated its headquarters to Washington, D.C.[14]

In 2012, Sarah May Stern became chairman of the board of trustees, and remains so to the present.[lower-alpha 2] [79][5]

In 2016, Hudson relocated from its McPherson Square headquarters[80] to a custom-built office space on Pennsylvania Avenue, near the U.S. Capitol and the White House.[81] The new LEED-certified[82] offices were designed by FOX Architects.[83] The Prime Minister of Japan Shinzo Abe presided over the opening of the new offices.[84]

Rebeccah Heinrichs, a senior fellow of Brookings, speaking at Alliance for Responsible Citizenship.

2016 to present

Vice President Mike Pence used the institute as his venue for a major policy speech concerning China[85][10] on October 4, 2018.

In 2021, Pompeo and Elaine Chao, Secretary of Transportation in the Trump administration, joined the institute.[86][87] In January 2021, John P. Walters was appointed president and CEO of the Hudson Institute. Walters succeeded Kenneth R. Weinstein, who became the first Walter P. Stern Distinguished Fellow.[88] Former U.S. attorney general William P. Barr joined as a distinguished fellow in 2022.[89]

On March 30, 2023, President Tsai Ing-wen of Taiwan attended an event held by the Hudson Institute, where she accepted the institute's Global Leadership Award. In response to the award event, the Foreign Ministry of China imposed sanctions on the institute, its Board of Trustees Chair Sarah May Stern, and its President and CEO John P. Walters.[90]

European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen chose the Hudson Institute to host a major address in October 2023 where she defended Israel's right to defend itself following Palestinian terror attacks.[91] In the speech, she voiced EU solidarity with Israel and drew parallels between acts of terror by Hamas and Russian dictator Vladimir Putin.[91] The speech was coordinated with the White House as President Joe Biden urged Congress to approve additional aid to support Ukraine and Israel as key allies of the United States.[92]

The Institute provides several briefing services, such as the Keystone Defense Initiative, where Rebecca Heinrichs is the Senior Fellow and Director.[93][94]

Hudson offers two annual awards, the Herman Kahn Award[9] and the Global Leadership Awards.[95][96] Past Hudson Institute honorees include Nikki Haley,[97] Paul Ryan,[98] Mike Pence,[99] Mike Pompeo,[100] Ronald Reagan, Henry Kissinger, Rupert Murdoch,[101] Dick Cheney,[9] Joseph Lieberman,[102] Benjamin Netanyahu,[103] David Petraeus, and Shinzo Abe.[104]

Funding

Hudson Institute is funded by donations from individuals, foundations, and corporations.[105] Notable funders of the Institute include the Silicon Valley Community Foundation, the Sarah Scaife Foundation, and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.[105]

As of 2021, the organization reported revenue of over $37m with under $20m in expenses and an endowment of $81m.[13]

Hudson Institute has accepted $7.9m from Donors Trust.[18] It has received $25,000 from Exxon Mobil since 1998 and less than $100,000 from Koch family foundations, both of which actively minimize climate change.[106]

The New York Times commented on Dennis Avery's attacks on organic farming: "The attack on organic food by a well-financed research organization suggests that, though organic food accounts for only 1 percent of food sales in the United States, the conventional food industry is worried".[107]

Another employee of the institute, Michael Fumento, was revealed to have received funding from Monsanto for his 1999 book Bio-Evolution. Monsanto's spokesman said: "It's our practice, that if we're dealing with an organization like this, that any funds we're giving should be unrestricted." Hudson's CEO and President Kenneth R. Weinstein told BusinessWeek that he was uncertain if the payment should have been disclosed. "That's a good question, period," he said.[17]

The New York Times suggested Huntington Ingalls Industries had used the Hudson Institute to enhance the company's argument for more nuclear-powered aircraft carriers, at a cost of US$11 billion each. The Times alleged that a former naval officer was paid by Hudson to publish an analysis endorsing more funding. The report was delivered to the House Armed Services subcommittee without disclosing that Huntington Ingalls had paid for part of the report. Hudson acknowledged the misconduct, describing it as a "mistake".[15]

The institute, which publishes frequent reports concerning China, has received funding from the Taiwanese government as have other prominent think tanks.[108]

Politics

Employees of Hudson Institute have made substantial political donations. During the 2022 election cycle, they donated $128,893 to federal campaigns the vast majority of which went to Republican candidates and PACs.[109] A major recipient was Rep. Liz Cheney (R-WY).

The institute is generally described as conservative[8][9][77][87][10] and sometimes neoconservative.[110] Hudson says it hosts policymakers, foreign policy experts, and elected officials from across the political spectrum. According to its website, Hudson “challenges conventional thinking and helps manage strategic transitions through interdisciplinary studies in defense, international relations, economics, energy, technology, culture, and law.”[111]

Policy Centers

The Hudson Institute operates a number of policy centers focused on various issue areas. Many of them have prominent chairs and advisory board members.

Center for Peace and Security in the Middle East

Led by Michael Doran, the center studies challenges for America and its allies in the middle east in responding to the threats posed by inimical forces such as the Islamic Republic of Iran, Russia, and China to promote peace.[112][113]

China Center

The China Center at the Hudson Institute studies China with the "central goal of engendering America’s value-based, non-partisan, sound and effective responses to the China challenge."[114] The center was launched in May 2022.[115] It is directed by Miles Yu while Michael Pompeo serves as chair of the advisory board, which consists of Scott Morrison, Paula J. Dobriansky, Morgan Ortagus, and Kyle Bass as of August 2023.[116][117]

Center on Europe and Eurasia

The Center on Europe and Eurasia, led by Peter Rough, is focused on "checking Russia’s military aggression in Ukraine, countering China’s subversion of the continent, extricating Europe from strategic vulnerabilities, forging key links in Central Asia, and modernizing our transatlantic military posture and economic ties".[118][119] The center was launched in 2022.[120]

Japan Chair

The Japan Chair at the Hudson Institute is led by Kenneth R. Weinstein, a fellow at the Institute and its former CEO.[121] It is focused on strengthening the U.S.-Japan alliance. The Chair was founded in Spring 2009 under the leadership of General H.R. McMaster who now serves as chair of its advisory board.[122][123]

Hamilton Commission on Securing America’s National Security Innovation Base

The Hudson Institute houses this bipartisan commission which explores economic sectors critical to national security with the purpose of proposing policy recommendations to reduce dependence and advance U.S. leadership in these industries.

The commission is chaired by Nadia Schadlow and Arthur L. Herman.[124] The other members are:

  • Bryan Clark, Senior Fellow, Hudson Institute
  • Thomas Duesterberg, Senior Fellow, Hudson Institute
  • Mike Gallagher, Member, U.S. House of Representatives (R-WI)  
  • Sridhar Kota, Herrick Professor of Engineering, Professor of Mechanical Engineering at University of Michigan
  • Zara F. Larsen, President, The Larsen Group: Architects of Change
  • Ellen Lord, former Undersecretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment
  • Dale Lumme, National Executive Director, American Society of Naval Engineers
  • Stephanie Murphy, Former Member, House of Representatives (D-FL)  
  • Scott Paul, President, Alliance for American Manufacturing (AAM)
  • Heather Penney, Senior Resident Fellow, Mitchell Institute for Aerospace Studies
  • Kimberly Reed, former President and Chairman of the Board of Directors, Export-Import Bank of the United States (EXIM)
  • Pavneet Singh, Nonresident Fellow, the John L. Thornton China Center at Brookings Institution
  • Willy Shih, Robert and Jane Cizik Professor of Management Practice in Business Administration, Harvard Business School
  • Anthony Vinci, Adjunct Senior Fellow, Center for a New American Security (CNAS)
  • Lt. Gen. Eric J. Wesley, Executive Vice President, Flyer Defense, LLC.
  • Michael R. Wessel, President, The Wessel Group

Kleptocracy Initiative

Hudson launched the Kleptocracy Initiative in response to Russia's first invasion and occupation of Ukrainian Crimea in 2014.

In 2016, Hudson's Kleptocracy Initiative issued a report, authored by Ben Judah, sounding the alarm about offshore financial flows, and calling for the end of anonymous shell companies as a US national security priority.[125] The Hudson Institute received criticism by a member of its Kleptocracy Initiative advisory board when its 2018 awards gala was funded in part by Len Blavatnik, a magnate who had business dealings with Russian oligarchs who were on the United States sanctions list.[97]

Funding

2019 Finances:[126]

Notable personnel

Other notable persons

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Walters was appointed president in January 2001
  2. 1 2 Stern became chairman in 2012 per IRS Form-990 yr2012

References

  1. ↑ "Hudson Institute, Inc." Division of Corporations. New York State Department of State. Retrieved October 30, 2017.
  2. 1 2 3 "Form 990: Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax". Hudson Institute Inc. Guidestar. December 31, 2015.
  3. ↑ "Hudson Institute Inc". Exempt Organizations Select Check. Internal Revenue Service. Retrieved October 30, 2017.
  4. 1 2 "John P. Walters President and CEO". Hudson Institute. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
  5. 1 2 "Hudson Institute - IRS Form-990 yr2012". ProPublica - Nonprofit Explorer. November 12, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2023.
  6. 1 2 3 "2021 Annual Report" (PDF). Hudson Institute. December 31, 2021. Retrieved August 22, 2022.
  7. 1 2 "Hudson Institute Inc" (PDF). Foundation Center. Retrieved July 23, 2019.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Wrabley, Jr., Raymond B. (July 17, 2015). Ness, Immanuel (ed.). Encyclopedia of Interest Groups and Lobbyists in the United States. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315704739. ISBN 978-1-317-47174-5.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Obe, Mitsuru (September 23, 2013). "Abe First Non-American to Win Conservative Hudson Institute Award". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
  10. 1 2 3 Riechmann, Deb; Miller, Zeke (October 5, 2018). "Vice President Pence accuses China of meddling in US". Associated Press. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
  11. 1 2 Feron, James (May 18, 1984). "Hudson Institute Moving to Midwest". The New York Times. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
  12. 1 2 Conant, James K. (2006). Wisconsin Politics and Government: America's Laboratory of Democracy. University of Nebraska Press. p. 229. ISBN 9780803215481.
  13. 1 2 3 Cabezas, Amalia L.; Reese, Ellen; Waller, Marguerite (2015). Wages of Empire: Neoliberal Policies, Repression, and Women's Poverty. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781317249474.
  14. 1 2 "The Hudson Institute". Laurel Hall. Archived from the original on March 4, 2015. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
  15. 1 2 Lipton, Eric; Williams, Brooke (August 7, 2016). "How Think Tanks Amplify Corporate America's Influence". The New York Times.
  16. ↑ Fang, Lee (September 15, 2021). "Intelligence Contract Funneled to Pro-War Think Tank Establishment". The Intercept. Retrieved September 20, 2021.
  17. 1 2 Javers, Eamon (January 13, 2006). "A Columnist Backed by Monsanto". BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on January 15, 2006. Retrieved April 26, 2012.
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  20. 1 2 3 4 Menand, Louis (June 27, 2005). "Fat Man". The New Yorker. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
  21. ↑ "Herman Kahn on World Annihilation, 1965 | WNYC | New York Public Radio, Podcasts, Live Streaming Radio, News". WNYC. Retrieved July 16, 2023.
  22. ↑ "About the book". BookFinder.com. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
  23. ↑ Paul Dragos Aligica, Kenneth R. Weinstein (2008). The Essential Herman Kahn: In Defense of Thinking. Lexington Books. p. 269. ISBN 978-0739128299.
  24. ↑ Pickett, Neil (April 1993). A History of Hudson Institute (PDF). Indianapolis: Hudson Institute. p. 5.
  25. 1 2 Pickett, Neil (April 1993). A History of Hudson Institute (PDF). Indianapolis: Hudson Institute. p. 6.
  26. ↑ Douglas, Martin (December 12, 2004). "Oscar M. Ruebhausen, 92, Former Rockefeller Adviser". The New York Times. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
  27. ↑ Sayers, Nicola (2010). A Guide to Scenario Planning in Higher Education. London: Leadership Foundation for Higher Education. p. 3. ISBN 978-1906627171.
  28. ↑ Ratcliffe, John (January 1, 2000). "Scenario Building: a Suitable Method for Strategic Property Planning?". Dublin Institute for Technology. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
  29. ↑ Pesner, Jeremy (May 3, 2016). "How to Predict the Future(s)". HuffPost. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
  30. ↑ Dor On, Ami (August 14, 2013). "The New, Dangerous Middle East". Israeli Homeland Security. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
  31. ↑ Nusbacher, Lynette (August 29, 2012). "Herman's Ladder: Climbing up and Climbing Down". The Times of Israel. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
  32. ↑ Sempa, Francis P (May 28, 2015). "Does The U.S. Need to Revive Its Nuclear Strategy?". The Diplomat. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
  33. ↑ McKenzie, Donald (November–December 1984). "Nuclear War Planning and Strategies of Nuclear Coercion" (PDF). New Left Review. 1 (148).
  34. ↑ Brown, William M. (August 2, 1965). "A New Look at the Degign of Low-Budget Civil Defense Systems" (PDF). Defense Technical Information Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 16, 2016. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
  35. ↑ Kifner, John (January 30, 1999). "L. C. Lewin, Writer of Satire Of Government Plot, Dies at 82". The New York Times. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
  36. ↑ Pickett, Neil (April 1993). A History of Hudson Institute (PDF). Indianapolis: Hudson Institute. p. 12.
  37. 1 2 Pickett, Neil (April 1993). A History of Hudson Institute (PDF). Indianapolis: Hudson Institute. p. 7.
  38. ↑ Duval, Steven J. (January 29, 2014). "James Lee Byars and the Hudson Institute". ARC (Arts Research Collaboration at the Spencer Museum of Art, University of Kansas). Retrieved February 25, 2019.
  39. 1 2 Martin, Douglas (June 26, 2012). "Anthony J. Wiener, Forecaster of the Future, Is Dead at 81". The New York Times. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
  40. ↑ "Corporate Environment Program" (PDF). Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. September 1974. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 21, 2016. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
  41. ↑ Gagnon, Paul (March 1, 1978). "Our Children's Crippled Future, by Frank E. Armbruster with Paul Bracken". Commentary. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
  42. 1 2 3 Kovner, Bruce (December 1, 1976). "The Next 200 Years, by Herman Kahn, William Brown, and Leon Martel; RIO: Reshaping the International Order, edited by Jan Tinber". Commentary. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
  43. 1 2 Pickett, Neil (April 1993). A History of Hudson Institute (PDF). Indianapolis: Hudson Institute. p. 15.
  44. ↑ Albright, Richard E. (January 2002). "What Can Past Technology Forecasts Tell Us About the Future" (PDF). Albright Strategy. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
  45. ↑ Frohnen, Bruce; Nelson, Jeffrey O.; Beer, Jeremy (2014). American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia. United States: Intercollegiate Studies Institute (ORD). ISBN 9781497651579.
  46. 1 2 Parisi, Anthony J. (February 26, 1978). "Herman Kahn Revisited". The New York Times. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
  47. ↑ Passell, Peter (September 12, 1982). "Why is Herman Kahn Smiling?". The New York Times. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
  48. ↑ Grier, Peter (November 5, 1982). "Why Herman Kahn sees a bright economic future ahead". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
  49. ↑ Johnston, William B. (June 1987). "Workforce 2000" (PDF). Institute of Education Sciences. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
  50. ↑ Pickett, Neil (April 1993). A History of Hudson Institute (PDF). Indianapolis: Hudson Institute. p. 16.
  51. ↑ Pickett, Neil (April 1993). A History of Hudson Institute (PDF). Indianapolis: Hudson Institute. p. 2.
  52. ↑ Pickett, Neil (April 1993). A History of Hudson Institute (PDF). Indianapolis: Hudson Institute. p. 17.
  53. ↑ Pickett, Neil (April 1993). A History of Hudson Institute (PDF). Indianapolis: Hudson Institute. p. 20.
  54. ↑ "Measure" (PDF). Hewlett-Packard. March 1970. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
  55. ↑ Teaster, Joseph B (July 8, 1983). "Herman Kahn dies; Futurist and Thinker on Nuclear Strategy". The New York Times. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
  56. ↑ Pickett, Neil (April 1993). A History of Hudson Institute (PDF). Indianapolis: Hudson Institute. p. 31.
  57. ↑ Kingston, Margo (May 3, 2004). "Is US withdrawal the least worst option?". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
  58. ↑ Odom, William E. (April 21, 1991). "Heavy Portents in Korean Gambit : Gorbachev's visit to Roh Tae Woo, not limited results in Tokyo, offers the best clues to his Asian strategy". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
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  61. ↑ Gilder, George (March–April 1991). "Into the Telecosm". Harvard Business Review. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
  62. ↑ Pickett, Neil (April 1993). A History of Hudson Institute (PDF). Indianapolis: Hudson Institute. p. 32.
  63. ↑ "Curriculum Vitae for Mitchell E. Daniels, Jr". Purdue University. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
  64. 1 2 Miller, John J. (2003). "Strategic Investment in Ideas" (PDF). PhilanthropyRoundtable. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
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  66. ↑ Celis, William (December 20, 1992). "A Would-Be Model for Reviving Ailing Public Schools". The New York Times. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
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  68. ↑ Wilgoren, Jodi (August 21, 2005). "Politicized Scholars Put Evolution on the Defensive". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
  69. ↑ "The 3-Minute Interview: Kenneth R. Weinstein". Washington Examiner. November 7, 2011. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
  70. ↑ Jouzaitis, Carol (September 30, 1996). "Welfare Reform: Now It's Up To States". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
  71. ↑ Burke, Vee (August 9, 2004). "Charitable Choice, Faith-Based Initiatives, and TANF" (PDF). Oswego State University of New York. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 13, 2017. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
  72. ↑ "Charitable Choice" (PDF). United States General Accounting Office. January 2002. Retrieved November 16, 2016.
  73. ↑ Sherman, Amy L. "Empowering Compassion" (PDF). Faith in Communities. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
  74. 1 2 D'Amico, Carol. "Back to the future: A current view of workforce 2000 and projections for 2020". BookSC. Archived from the original on November 18, 2016. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
  75. ↑ Uchitelle, Louis (January 15, 1990). "U.S. Foundations Seek an East Bloc Role". The New York Times. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
  76. ↑ Kusmer, Ken (October 28, 1991). "Quayle Signs Agreement to Spur Private Investment in Baltics". AP News Archive. Archived from the original on April 8, 2023. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
  77. 1 2 Roberts, Sam (November 12, 2018). "Herbert London, Conservative Savant and Social Critic, Dies at 79". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
  78. ↑ "Leslie Lenkowsky: : Faculty: Profiles: Faculty Directory: Faculty & Research: Directory: Indiana University". Directory. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
  79. ↑ "Sarah May Stern". Hudson Institute. Retrieved July 16, 2023.
  80. ↑ "Jewish Insider's Daily Kickoff: June 6, 2016". Haaretz Daily Newspaper. June 6, 2016. Retrieved August 8, 2019.
  81. ↑ "Hudson Institute launches new HQ on Pennsylvania Ave". McMorrowReports. March 21, 2016. Retrieved August 8, 2019.
  82. ↑ "Hudson Institute". KGO. Retrieved August 8, 2019.
  83. ↑ "Hudson Institute Offices – Washington DC". Office Snapshots. April 27, 2016. Retrieved August 8, 2019.
  84. ↑ "Grand Opening Featuring Prime Minister Shinzo Abe". Hudson Institute. Retrieved August 8, 2019.
  85. ↑ Perlez, Jane (October 5, 2018). "Pence's China Speech Seen as Portent of 'New Cold War'". The New York Times. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
  86. ↑ Nichols, Hans (January 27, 2021). "Scoop: Pompeo to stay in DC and join Hudson Institute". Axios. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
  87. 1 2 Axelrod, Tal (January 27, 2021). "Pompeo to join conservative think tank Hudson Institute". The Hill. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
  88. ↑ "Kennneth R. Weinstein, Walter P. Stern Distinguished Fellow". Hudson Institute. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
  89. ↑ "William P. Barr, Distinguished Fellow". Hudson Institute. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
  90. ↑ WU, HUIZHONG (August 7, 2023). "China sanctions Reagan library, others over Tsai's US trip". AP News. Retrieved April 7, 2023.
  91. 1 2 "European Council President Calls For Egypt Assistance Amid Gaza Attacks". VOA. October 20, 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2023.
  92. ↑ Milne, Richard; Bounds, Andy; Dubois, Laura (October 20, 2023). "Why the EU-US summit won't yield any breakthroughs on trade". Financial Times. Retrieved October 21, 2023.
  93. ↑ "AFGSC Commander discusses current mission, future with Hudson Institute". www.afgsc.af.mil. Retrieved November 21, 2023.
  94. ↑ "Rebeccah Heinrichs - Providence". providencemag.com. July 10, 2019. Retrieved November 21, 2023.
  95. ↑ Gordon, Amanda L. (December 1, 2015). "Rupert Murdoch and Jerry Hall Root for U.S. at Think-Tank Gala". Bloomberg. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
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