A festive Turkmen luncheon laid out on a sachak (Turkmen tablecloth placed on the floor).
Sturgeon kebabs

Turkmen cuisine, the cuisine of Turkmenistan, is similar to that of the rest of Central Asia. Turkmen seminomadic culture revolved around animal husbandry, especially sheep herding, and accordingly Turkmen cuisine is noted for its focus on meat, particularly mutton and lamb.[1] One source notes,

The nomadic past has left a very noticeable trace in Turkmen cuisine - the basis of the diet is meat: lamb, meat of gazelles, non-working camels, wild fowl, chicken. Beef is consumed much less frequently because this food appeared on the table much later, Turkmens don't eat horse meat at all.[2]

Turkmen cuisine does not generally use spices or seasonings other than salt and black pepper, and is typically cooked with large amounts of widely available cottonseed oil.[3]

A description of Turkmen foods presented at an annual culinary festival included "...more than 15 kinds of soup, meat and fish delicacies, ruddy ichlekli (meat pies), appetizing gutaps with different fillings (pumpkin, spinach), crumbly pilaf, kelle bash ayak and chekdirme, whole roasted lamb, kakmach, hearty yarma, numerous salads, traditional pishme, as well as sweets..."[4] At a formal ribbon-cutting ceremony for new housing, the offerings included "...all kinds of meat, poultry and fish dishes, cereals, vegetables and gourds, soups, culinary products made of dough, dairy products and drinks prepared according to ancient recipes. These include tamdyrlama, ichlekli, yarma, dograma, different kinds of pilaf, çorba, somsa, pishme, süzme, çal, agaran and much else."[5]

Meat

Shashlyk (Turkmen: çişlik), skewered chunks of mutton, lamb, chicken, or sometimes fish, grilled over charcoal and garnished with raw sliced onion and a special vinegar-based sauce, is served in restaurants and often sold in the street. Shashlyk from pork and beef was introduced during the Russian Imperial period, and is easily found in major cities. Kebabs of ground meat are commonly prepared from beef and occasionally camel. Kakmach (Turkmen: kakmaç) is preserved, dried meat prepared in individual portions or strips. Kakmach may be fried in fat or baked in a tandoor, but it is traditionally dried like jerky in the hot desert sun.[1][3]

Gowurma is deep-fat-fried meat in bite-sized chunks, typically cooked in a cauldron (Turkmen: gazan, a large hemispherical iron pot placed over an open fire). Gowurma is used in various soups and can be eaten hot or cold, or put up for later use.[2]

Dumplings

A wide variety of filled pies and dumplings are available in restaurants and bazaars. Manty are steamed dumplings filled with ground meat, onions or pumpkin. Typical fried dishes include somsa, gutap (often filled with spinach), fitchi (fitçi), börek, and ichlekli (içlekli). These are popular with travelers and taxi drivers, as they can be eaten quickly on the run, and are often sold at roadside stands.

Fruit

Melons

Melon vendor from Samarkand, Russian Turkestan (picture taken around 1905 to 1915)

In the culinary arena, Turkmenistan is perhaps most famous for its melons (Turkmen: gawun), especially in the former Soviet Union, where it was once the major supplier. Turkmen state-controlled media have referred to the melon as the "tsarina of the garden" (Russian: царица бахчи).[6] Though very few melons are exported today,[7] they are a great source of national pride in Turkmenistan and subject of their own Melon Day holiday.[8] Turkmen sources claim the country is home to up to 400 distinct varieties.

Pomegranate

Residents of oases use pomegranate (Turkmen: nar) as a flavoring, often crushing for juice to be added to or mixed into dishes.[9]

Pumpkin

Pumpkins (Turkmen: kädi) are mainly used as a soup flavoring but, hollowed out, may be used as a vessel for baking casseroles or meats. Pumpkin seeds are crushed for cooking oil.[10]

Tomato

Although a foreign import from the New World, tomatoes have become a major influence on Turkmen cuisine in the last two centuries. Tomatoes are pickled, dried, pureed, and chopped for adding to dishes, and made into tomato soup and juice.[11]

Cereal-based dishes

Breads

Turkmen bread baking in tandyr
Pishme
Turkmen girls at a Novruz festival greet guests with pishme and dried fruits.

Meals are almost always served with naan, Central Asian flatbread, known locally as çörek. Turkmen bread is prepared differently from other breads in the region in thick, round disc-shaped loaves baked in a traditional tamdyr clay oven. Bread baked with meat inside (etli çörek, or "meat bread") can be consumed as a meal in itself. Ýagly çörek (literally "oily bread, buttery bread") is a flaky, layered type of flat bread made with butter. Pishme (Turkmen: pişme) are soft, bite-sized, sweetened, fried breads traditionally presented to arriving guests as a welcoming gesture.

Bread bears highly symbolic importance in Turkmen culture.[12] It is considered highly impolite to turn a loaf of bread upside down or to mistreat bread in any way. There are many superstitions surrounding bread and its preparation. In the words of Turkmen state-controlled media,

...the main role in the hospitality of the peoples of Central Asia is played by bread - çörek, which also serves as a symbol of hospitality, brotherhood, honor, hard work, prosperity, gratitude and the kindest wishes. Bread is baked in many kinds...ancient recipes have many modern variations, but the matter is not even in the ingredients themselves, which determine the softness, puffiness and taste of dough, but in the special ritual of its preparation, especially for festive meals...[4]

The student of Turkmen culture Sergey Demidov wrote,

And yet, despite the high authority of the horse, there was something even higher and more sacred in the Turkmen household, bearing the stamp of taboo from ancient times. This was the tamdyr, the oven for baking çörek - a symbol of life, well-being and family hearth, supported by the sanctity of bread and, perhaps, by echoes of Zoroastrian-Mazdean beliefs associated with fire. Therefore, in the scale of ethical values there might have been a judgment such as: "It is better to slit a horse's throat or rob someone than to destroy a tamdyr".[13]

Pilaf

Pilaf (Turkmen: palaw, Russian: плов plov) is served at celebrations and to honored guests; one source calls it "king in Turkmen cuisine."[14] It consists of rice typically cooked with chunks of mutton and carrots, onions, and garlic, prepared in a large cast-iron cauldron. Different pilaf recipes may call for addition of raisins (Turkmen: kişmiş), fruits, fish, and ground meat.[3] Pilaf is traditionally eaten with the hands.

Porridges

Yarma (Turkmen: ýarma, from the Turkmen word ýarym "half, split") is cracked wheat cooked in sheep fat with very small pieces of mutton mixed in for flavor. The dish is claimed to have existed for at least one thousand years.[15] Shule (Turkmen: şüle) is a watery rice porridge with meat, sometimes served with shredded carrots.[16] Sorghum porridge (Turkmen: etli köje) is a traditional dish for the Novruz festival; the dish is ancient, for sorghum was introduced to the Turkmen by trade on the Silk Road.[17]

Casseroles

Chegdermeh (Turkmen: çegderme) is a mixture of boiled rice, fried meat, tomato, and chopped, sautéed onions, typically cooked in a cauldron.

Soups

Shurpa (Turkmen: şurpa), meat boullion, is the base of most soups. The most traditional Turkmen soups are various types of unash (Turkmen: unaş), made with milk and noodles or with beans and noodles. Other common soups include dograma (also dogramaly şurpa), made with diced organ meats and bread, onion, and tomato;[18] dumpling soup (Turkmen: etli börek şurpasy); and mung bean soup (Turkmen: şurpa maş).[2] Suytlash (Turkmen: süýtlaş, also süýtli unaş and süýtli aş) is a vermicelli pudding traditionally served as the second course at wedding feasts. Some variants use rice in lieu of vermicelli.[19] Though considered by some Turkmen to be a type of porridge, Turkmen cookbooks categorize it as a soup.[20][21] Drawing from culinary traditions of neighbors, lagman, a soupy Uyghur noodle dish, is also common.

Bottle of Turkmen brandy (cognac) bearing a portrait of Saparmurat Niyazov in a military uniform.

Beverages

As in the rest of Central Asia, green tea (Turkmen: çaý) is the primary drink, consumed at all hours. In the Turkmen language, çaý (pronounced "chai") can refer either to a meal (typically breakfast) or to sitting down for a visit over tea.[14][22] In the Dashoguz region, it is sometimes drunk "Kazakh-style" with milk, often to disguise the salty taste of the drinking water in that area.

Gatyk, a thick drinking yogurt similar to kefir, is often served with breakfast and sometimes used as a condiment on börek or manty, replacing the traditional sour cream. The drink the nation is known for, however, is çal ("chal"), fermented camel's milk, which is a white sparkling beverage with a sour flavour, popular in Central Asia, particularly in Turkmenistan.[23] Because of specific preparation requirements and its being extremely perishable, çal presents a great challenge for exporters to ship outside Turkmenistan or the region for foreign consumption.[24] It is similar to the Kyrgyz drink shoro. One source notes that Turkmens like to skim agaran (a type of butter) from the surface of chal.[25]

Alcoholic beverages

Vodka (Turkmen: arak) is the most popular alcoholic beverage, due to its relatively low cost, followed by beer, wine, brandy, and sparkling wine (Russian: шампанское shampanskoye).Spirits and beer were introduced during the Russian imperial period. Beer was introduced in the 19th century by German brewers and though not a traditional beverage is popular in urban areas. Two domestic beer brands, Berk and Zip, are produced in Turkmenistan.[26][27][28]

Archeological exploration indicates viticulture in the oasis area north of the Kopet Dag Mountains dates to the 3rd-2nd centuries BCE. Wheat was cultivated in the lowlands and vineyards were planted in the foothills. Wine grapes were also grown in the upper Murghab Valley near the present-day Turkmenistan-Afghanistan border. Introduction of Islam to Central Asia did not impede continuation of wine production, in part because wine is central to Sufism.[29] In the 21st century, Turkmenistan produces over 200 different grape wines and brandies from 100 grape varieties.[30]

Fish

Fish forms part of the traditional diet of Turkmen tribes residing near the Caspian Sea and along the Amu Darya. The Caspian Turkmen recipes call for both grilling and frying fish, but serving with "sesame, rice, apricots, raisins, pomegranate juice."[31]

Foreign influences

Restaurants in Turkmenistan often also serve Russian fare such as pelmeni, buckwheat (grechka), golubtsy, and a wide variety of mayonnaise-based salads. The potato and tomato, both introduced from the New World, are widely used in meal preparation.[32] Urban steakhouses have appeared in Ashgabat, the capital city.[33][34][35]

See also

Bibliography

  • Bagdasarov, A.; Vanukevich, A.; Hudaýşukurow, T. (1981), Tуркменская кулинария [Turkmen Cuisine] (in Russian), Ashgabat: Izdatel'stvo "Turkmenistan"
  • Berdimuhamedow, Gurbanguly (2014), Turkmen dastarkhan, Dishes of the national cuisine, Ashgabat: Turkmen State Publishing Service Volume 1, Volume 2
  • Eden, Caroline (2020), Red Sands, London: Quadrille, ISBN 978-1-787-134829
  • Esenova, Gyulshat (2019), Sachak, Traditional Turkmen Recipes in a Modern Kitchen, ISBN 978-0-578-81405-6
  • One Turkmen Kitchen, One Turkmen Kitchen, retrieved 25 January 2023, website with recipes
  • Туркменская национальная кухня и ее особенности [Turkmen national cuisine and its particulars] (in Russian), Infoabad, 20 November 2021, retrieved 26 January 2023

References

  1. 1 2 "Туркменская кухня. Особенности" [Turkmen cuisine. Particulars] (in Russian). Мастер & повар / Кулинарная школа. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
  2. 1 2 3 Туркменская кухня (in Russian), Виртуальный музей "Сокровища Туркменистана", retrieved 25 January 2023
  3. 1 2 3 Bagdasarov, A.; Vanukevich, A.; Hudaýşukurow, T. (1981), Tуркменская кулинария [Turkmen Cuisine] (in Russian), Ashgabat: Izdatel'stvo "Turkmenistan"
  4. 1 2 Международный фестиваль национальных блюд народов стран Центральной Азии (in Russian), Туркменистан сегодня, 6 August 2021
  5. ↑ Президент Сердар Бердымухамедов принял участие в открытии нового коттеджного комплекса в приморье (in Russian), Туркменистан сегодня, 1 August 2022
  6. ↑ Фестиваль национальных блюд народов стран Центральной Азии обогатил традиции добрососедских угощений (in Russian), Туркменистан сегодня, 13 August 2021
  7. ↑ Turkmenistan: Country Report to the FAO International Technical Conference on Plant Genetic Resource, Leipzig, 1996, p. 6. Retrieved April 15, 2008
  8. ↑ Растения и Животные в Легендах и Верованиях Туркмен [Plants and Animals in Legends and Beliefs of Turkmen] (PDF), Этнография туркмен (in Russian), Moscow: Старый сад, 2020, pp. 97–98
  9. ↑ Туркменская кухня (in Russian), Anur Tour, retrieved 26 January 2023
  10. ↑ Туркменская национальная кухня и ее особенности [Turkmen national cuisine and its particulars] (in Russian), Infoabad, 20 November 2021, retrieved 26 January 2023
  11. ↑ Bagdasarov, A.; Vanukevich, A.; Hudaýşukurow, T. (1981), "Chapter XII, Jams and other preparations", Tуркменская кулинария [Turkmen Cuisine] (in Russian), Ashgabat: Izdatel'stvo "Turkmenistan"
  12. ↑ Sacred Words "Tamdyr" and "Chorek" Paseviev, Ikar. Retrieved April 15, 2008
  13. ↑ Растения и Животные в Легендах и Верованиях Туркмен [Plants and Animals in Legends and Beliefs of Turkmen] (PDF), Этнография туркмен (in Russian), Moscow: Старый сад, 2020, p. 349
  14. 1 2 Awde, Nicholas; Dirks, William; Amandurdyev, Amandurdy (2005), Turkmen Dictionary and Phrasebook, New York: Hippocrene Books, ISBN 0-7818-1072-8, page 133
  15. ↑ Berdimuhamedow, Gurbanguly (2014), Turkmen dastarkhan, Dishes of the national cuisine, Ashgabat: Turkmen State Publishing Service Volume 1, page 154
  16. ↑ Berdimuhamedow, Gurbanguly (2014), Turkmen dastarkhan, Dishes of the national cuisine, Ashgabat: Turkmen State Publishing Service Volume 1, page 60
  17. ↑ Esenova, Gyulshat (2019), Sachak, Traditional Turkmen Recipes in a Modern Kitchen, ISBN 978-0-578-81405-6, page 151
  18. ↑ Bagdasarov, A.; Vanukevich, A.; Hudaýşukurow, T. (1981), Tуркменская кулинария [Turkmen Cuisine] (in Russian), Ashgabat: Izdatel'stvo "Turkmenistan", p. 84
  19. ↑ Vermicelli Pudding (Süýtlaş), One Turkmen Kitchen, retrieved 26 January 2023
  20. ↑ Bagdasarov, A.; Vanukevich, A.; Hudaýşukurow, T. (1981), Tуркменская кулинария [Turkmen Cuisine] (in Russian), Ashgabat: Izdatel'stvo "Turkmenistan", p. 90
  21. ↑ Esenova, Gyulshat (2019), Sachak, Traditional Turkmen Recipes in a Modern Kitchen, p. 134, ISBN 978-0-578-81405-6
  22. ↑ Heron, Joan (2014), Chai Budesh? Anyone for Tea?: A Peace Corps Memoir of Turkmenistan, America Star Books, ISBN 978-1633821538
  23. ↑ Anatoly Khazanov, Nomads and the outside world, Second edition, University of Wisconsin Press, 1994, p. 49
  24. ↑ Great Culinary Dictionary. "Chal" Archived 2007-10-13 at the Wayback Machine in Russian, retrieved April 11, 2007
  25. ↑ I.Barkhanov. Neutral Turkmenistan newspaper Archived 2005-11-10 at the Wayback Machine, in Russian, August 9, 2001.
  26. ↑ ZIP company website
  27. ↑ Туркменское пиво (in Russian), Turkmen.News, 8 August 2012
  28. ↑ Информационный бюллетень (PDF), Финансирование и консультации для малого бизнеса в Туркменистане (in Russian), EBRD, January 2017
  29. ↑ Muradov, Ruslan G. (2019), Семь тысяч лет виноградарства [Seven Thousand Years of Viticulture] (in Russian), Форум плюс
  30. ↑ В Туркменистане производятся вина и коньяки 200 наименований [In Turkmenistan 200 types of wine and brandy are produced] (in Russian), SNG Today, 22 November 2017
  31. ↑ Berdimuhamedow, Gurbanguly (2014), Turkmen dastarkhan, Dishes of the national cuisine, Ashgabat: Turkmen State Publishing Service Volume 1, page 148
  32. ↑ Bagdasarov, A.; Vanukevich, A.; Hudaýşukurow, T. (1981), Tуркменская кулинария [Turkmen Cuisine] (in Russian), Ashgabat: Izdatel'stvo "Turkmenistan"
  33. ↑ Argentina Steak House
  34. ↑ Nevada Steak House
  35. ↑ Alp Et Steakhouse
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